Genotype and fungicide effects on late-season root growth of winter wheat

The aim of this work was to investigate differences among genotypes in post-anthesis root growth and distribution of modern UK winter wheat cultivars, and the effects of fungicide applications. Post-anthesis root growth of up to six cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), given either one or three applications of fungicide, was studied in field experiments during two seasons. Total root mass remained unchanged between GS63 (anthesis) and GS85, but root length increased significantly from 14.7 to 31.4 km m⁻² in one season. Overall, there was no evidence for a decline in either root mass or length during grain filling. Root mass as a proportion of total plant mass was about 0.05 at GS85. There were significant differences among cultivars in root length and mass especially below 30 cm. Malacca had the smallest root length and Savannah the largest, and Shamrock had a significantly larger root system below 40 cm in both seasons. Fungicide applied at ear emergence had no significant effect on root mass in either season but increased root length (P<0.01) in the more disease-prone season. By maintaining a green canopy for longer, fungicide applied at flag leaf emergence may have resulted in delayed senescence of the root system and contributed to the post-anthesis maintenance of root mass and length. Section Editor: R. W. Bell     

乙醇预处理麦秆的酶解性能研究简

采用H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇法对麦秆进行预处理,比较预处理后麦秆的主要化学组成、纤维素酶解性能和半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇特性,并进行物料衡算。结果表明：H2 SO4催化和自催化乙醇预处理过程中纤维素固体回收率大于90％。添加非离子表面活性剂吐温20和吐温80没有显著提高H2 SO4催化乙醇预处理后纤维素的酶解葡萄糖得率及半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇的产量,而对自催化乙醇处理后麦秆的酶解和半同步糖化发酵过程有一定程度的促进作用,相应的酶解葡聚糖转化率由72.7％提高到85.0％,而半同步糖化发酵过程中乙醇质量浓度提高了11.4％。物料衡算结果表明：酸催化和自催化乙醇预处理后葡聚糖回收率分别为91.0％和95.4％;半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的得率分别为10.4和11.6 g（按100 g原料计）。     

Sensitivity to prochloraz in populations of the eyespot fungus, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, in relation to fungicide treatments and their efficacy in continuous winter wheat

Eyespot was assessed and grain yields determined in the eighth and ninth years (1992 and 1993) of a field experiment in which the fungicides carbendazim and prochloraz were applied, separately or in mixtures, to plots of successive crops of winter wheat. Populations of the eyespot fungus, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, were characterised by the proportions of cultures grown on agar from infected stems that were W-type or R-type, or were carbendazim-resistant or carbendazim-sensitive. Sensitivity to prochloraz in agar was determined for isolates from populations sampled in 1992 using restricted maximum likelihood analysis of EC50s (concentrations needed to decrease colony growth by 50%), to deal with the unbalanced data, and comparisons were made by Wald statistics. Control by prochloraz was maintained but in 1992, as in some previous years, its application with carbendazim was more effective than its application alone. Selection by prochloraz for strains sensitive to carbendazim continued to occur and may have contributed to its sometimes relatively poorer performance in the absence of carbendazim. R-type isolates taken from prochloraz-treated plots, with or without carbendazim, in 1992 were less sensitive to prochloraz than were isolates from plots untreated with prochloraz. There was evidence of a greater range of sensitivities to prochloraz in R-type than in W-type isolates (although some uncertainty results from the small numbers of W-type isolates obtained from some treatments), which would explain the selection of the R-type by prochloraz. The significance of these findings to modern wheat growing practices is considered.     

甘肃省冬小麦生长发育对暖冬现象的响应

运用甘肃省天水、西峰两地1951-2005年的气温资料及天水、西峰农业气象试验站1981-2003年冬小麦物候观测资料,分析探讨了甘肃冬小麦种植区50多年的冬季气温变暖趋势及冬小麦生长发育过程对气候变暖的响应．结果表明：冬季气温升高对冬小麦生长发育产生了较大影响．在最近20多年,冬小麦越冬死亡率下降到2％以下,越冬天数减少了7～8d,整个生育期缩短8～10d,返青一开花期天数延长7d,这有利于冬小麦生产及气候资源的利用-同时,冬季气温升高及降水减少也使冬小麦产量稳定性变差,麦田病、虫危害发生率增加,给冬小麦的安全生产增加了不确定因素．     

引入小麦秸秆抑制番茄根结线虫病

为了研究引入秸秆碳源对土壤根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)病害的抑制效果,以番茄为供试作物,设置3个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量进行了为期6个月的室内盆栽试验。结果表明:引入小麦秸秆能够抑制根结线虫病害的发生,但添加秸秆量过多会对番茄的生长产生负面作用。以华北农田小麦秸秆还田模式平均输入量为基本单位N,秸秆添加量为1N(2.08g/kg)、2N(4.16g/kg)、4N(8.32g/kg)时对根结线虫病的抑制率分别是:51.4%,94.0%,39.5%;当秸秆添加量为1N、2N时,番茄的株高、茎粗、开花率等指标没有明显下降,但当秸秆添加量升高至4N时,这些指标均明显下降。引入小麦秸秆后,土壤线虫群落结构发生了变化,植食性线虫的比例均有所下降,而食细菌、食真菌和杂食捕食性线虫的比例均有所上升。1N,2N,4N3个处理植食性线虫的比例分别下降了17.6%,97.3%和2.0%,而食细菌线虫的比例分别上升了100.5%,189.7%和117.8%,其中2N处理的线虫群落结构变化幅度最大;食真菌线虫的比例在4N处理中显著上升,增长率为350%,而杂食捕食性线虫则在1N处理中明显上升,增长率为66.7%。综合番茄生长指标、对根结线虫抑制率及土壤线虫群落结构变化3方面的结果,添加秸秆量为2N时对番茄根结线虫病的抑制效果最好。     

气候变化背景下华北地区冬小麦生育期的变化特征

以21世纪初近10年的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)生育期调研数据和气象站点数据为基础, 利用“多元逐步回归分析+残差插值”方法, 绘制了2000年后华北地区冬小麦生育期等值线图, 通过研究两个时期(1971-1980年和21世纪初近10年)华北地区气候资源及冬小麦生育期的变化, 探讨了气候变化对华北地区冬小麦生育期的影响。结果表明: (1)华北地区北部年均气温及≥10 ℃积温增加显著, 但降水减少, 暖干趋势明显, 中部和南部年平均气温和≥10 ℃积温也呈现增加趋势, 但降水增多, 日照下降, 出现暖湿趋势; (2)除南部江苏、安徽两省冬小麦播种期无明显变化外, 华北地区冬小麦播种期普遍推迟, 一般在7-10天; 冬小麦返青期变化较为复杂, 西部地区的冬小麦返青期推迟2-10天, 而东南部的山东、安徽及江苏地区冬小麦返青期明显提前, 一般在5-7天; 华北地区冬小麦的拔节期提前, 北部地区幅度较大, 为5-10天; 冬小麦抽穗期推迟明显, 以华北中部和北部最为明显, 为10-15天; 除华北南部胶东半岛外, 华北大部分地区冬小麦成熟期推迟, 一般在5-10天; (3)气候要素的波动是引起华北地区冬小麦生育期变化的主要原因: 日照时数与冬小麦返青期和拔节期呈显著相关, 日照时数减少, 冬小麦返青期和拔节期提前, 而受年平均气温升高的影响, 冬小麦抽穗期有所推迟, 积温的增加对冬小麦成熟期有推迟作用, 同时降水对冬小麦生长的拔节和抽穗有促进作用。     

不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异分析

旱地小麦高产栽培中品种起着重要作用,研究不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种干物质累积和转移的差异,对黄土高原旱区作物高产稳产有重要意义。以9个旱地冬小麦品种为材料,通过田间试验研究了不同产量水平旱地冬小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率、叶面积、SPAD值以及光合速率的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种的生物量、花前花后干物质累积量、干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均存在明显差异。与不施肥相比,高、中、低3个产量水平小麦品种在低养分投入时,成熟期生物量分别提高29%,22%和6%,高水平时分别提高46%,39%和23%,高产品种的生物量及其对养分投入的敏感程度明显高于低产品种。不同品种的花后干物质累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加,但花前营养器官中储存物质的转移量、转移率和对籽粒的贡献率却明显随之下降。功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期高、中、低3个产量水平品种的SPAD值在低养分投入条件下分别为20.7、17.5和13.7;高养分投入时,分别为35、26.1和16.8。高产品种西农88的光合速率为6.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1),中产和低产品种的平均光合速率分别为4.3μmolCO.2m-.2s-1和4.0μmolCO.2m-.2s-1,高产品种功能叶(旗叶)在灌浆期能保持较高的SPAD值和光合速率,因而花后能生产较多的干物质,但其花前干物质转移量、转移率及转移干物质对籽粒的贡献率均没有明显优势。可见,花后较高的叶绿素水平、光合速率和干物质累积是旱地小麦品种高产的重要原因。选择优良品种,采取合理的栽培措施,特别是通过养分调控保持花后具较高的干物质累积量是西北旱地进一步提高冬小麦产量的重要途径。     

农田秸秆覆盖对冬小麦水氮效应的影响

通过田间试验研究了杨凌红油土农田秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦的水氮效应.结果表明,秸秆覆盖使土壤水分状况明显改善,从而使补充灌水的效果相应减小,氮肥的作用更加突出;无覆盖条件下,水氮交互效应均为负值,而秸秆覆盖时水氮有正的交互作用.旱地秸秆覆盖条件下更应重视养分的投入.无秸秆覆盖条件下小麦取得高产的基础是良好的土壤底墒和充足的氮肥.秸秆覆盖使小麦达到最高产量所需要的灌水量降低,灌水时期后延.不论有无秸秆覆盖,拔节期灌水对冬小麦籽粒产量没有显著影响.     

Analysis of spatial and yearly variation in winter survival of winter wheat

 Four years of winter survival data for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected on a loam soil located on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Ontario (45° 23′N, 75° 43′W). The site was low-lying and subject to frequent winter flooding and ice sheet formation. It appeared level although there was microtopographic variation with a range in elevation of approximately 0.15 m. The objective of the study was to gain insight into factors which might affect winter survival. Two varieties, a soft white and a hard red winter wheat, were planted in September. Crop establishment was measured in late fall and the percentage survival was measured in April of the following year. We assumed the large spatial differences in survival were not totally random, but rather were affected by spatial variation in environmental factors such as snow and ice depth, soil moisture and temperature. Hourly measurements of soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m were recorded throughout the fall, winter and spring. Fall and spring soil moisture at the same depth were measured on the plot, as well as snow and ice depth at selected times throughout the winter. Measurements were taken on a grid covering the plot to help explain spatial variation in survival. In addition, detailed measurements of elevation were taken on a grid. Meteorological data were available from the nearby weather site. While soil temperatures were never low enough to kill plants according to the CERES model, the spatial variation in winter survival was associated with differences in elevation and the resulting surface drainage patterns. Received: 23 March 1998/Accepted: 21 October 1998     

Biomethanation of rice and wheat straw

When rice or wheat straw was added to cattle dung slurry and digested anaerobically, daily gas production increased from 176 to 331 l/kg total solids with 100% rice straw and to 194 l/kg total solids with 40% wheat straw. Not only was methane production enhanced by adding chopped crop residues but a greater biodegradability of organic matter in the straws was achieved.The authors are with the Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Unit, Tata Energy Research Institute, 158 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110 003, India     

麦秸翻压还田对隔茬冬小麦旗叶抗性的生理效应

为了揭示秸秆翻压还田对冬小麦旗叶叶片衰老及抗性指标的变化规律,试验设置4个小麦秸秆翻压还田量(0、4500、6000、7500kg/hm2),测定分析了冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等抗性指标。结果表明,秸秆还田可明显减缓冬小麦植株衰老过程中叶片叶绿素的降解和光合速率下降,并有效调节叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降、可溶性蛋白质含量下降和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,延缓了冬小麦生育后期叶片的衰老;通过对各抗性指标与光合速率的相关性分析表明,各抗性指标在抑制冬小麦衰老过程中的作用大小依次为:丙二醛>可溶性蛋白质>POD活性>SOD的活性(丙二醛-0.999**;可溶性蛋白质0.997**;POD活性0.976*;SOD活性0.954*)。综合各处理的抗性指标得出,处理Ⅲ(6000kg/hm2)在提高作物后期抗逆性能力方面表现较好,处理Ⅳ(7500kg/hm2)表现较差。     

Assessment of leaf/stem ratio in wheat straw feedstock and impact on enzymatic conversion

The composition of wheat straw leaf and stem fractions were characterized using traditional strong acid hydrolysis, and monoclonal antibodies using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). These results are then related to high throughput lignocellulose pretreatment and saccharification screening data. Pure leaf fraction of wheat straw was the least recalcitrant compared to pure stem and easily digested by commercial cellulases after moderate hydrothermal pretreatment; 63% and 31% (w/w) of glucan, 88% and 61% of xylan were released from the leaf and stem fractions, respectively. By preparing samples of various leaf‐to‐stem (L/S) ratios, we found shifting conversion behavior as processing parameters were modified. Increasing the enzyme dosage, pretreatment temperature and pretreatment time all significantly improved conversion rates in samples with more than 50% leaf content, whereas less impact was observed on samples with less than 50% leaf content. Enzyme affinity, desorption and readsorption with leaf and stem fractions may affect the sugar yield in wheat straw saccharification. The data suggest that the L/S ratio is an important parameter when adjusting or optimizing conversion processes and additionally in feedstock breeding. Furthermore, this highlights the need for rapid techniques for determining L/S ratio in wheat straw harvests. The CoMPP data on specific carbohydrates and leaf pectin highlight carbohydrate epitopes that may be useful as markers in the development of novel screening techniques; especially pectin or arabinogalactan proteins related epitopes are promising.     

Seasonal variation in the response of Hagberg falling and liquefaciton numbers to propiconazole fungicide in wheat

The hypothesis was tested that seasonal differences in the response to propiconazole fungicide of hagberg failling and liquefaction numbers are related to grain drying rate, as indicated by potential evaportranspiration. The response of Hagberg failling and liquefaciton numbers to late-season applicaitions of propiconazole was calculated using data from a field experiments in each of the years 1981 to 1990 on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Agalong grown with similar husbandry at one site. Cumulative potential evapotranspiration was calculated over seven different periods during grain ripening. No visible sprouting occurred in any experiment and Hagberg falling number was above 250 s in nine of the 10 years. Disease severity on the flag leaf was less than 7% in nine of the 10 years, and diseases were generally controlled well by propiconazole. There were no significant relationships between the response of Hagberg falling number and any of the potential evapotranspiration variables. The response of liquefaction number was exponentially related to each of three cumulative potential evapotranspiration variables which covered periods before the estimated date of 40% moisture content. Years with lower cumulative potential evapotranspiration gave the greater responses, but the relationships were considerably influenced by the two lowest potential evapotranspiration years. It was concluded that these data provide indirect evidence that the response of Hagberg falling number (when transformed to liquefaction number) to fungicide is mediated through grain drying rate, and furthermore that the results are compatible with the hypothesis that pre-maturity alpha-amylase activity is stimulated by slow grain drying.     

The physiological response of winter wheat to reductions in plant density

The effects of reducing the plant density of winter wheat (cv. Haven) on canopy formation, radiation absorption and dry matter production and partitioning were investigated in field experiments in 1996/97 and 1997/98. Crop densities established ranged from 19 to 338 plants m^?2. Grain yield was maintained with large reductions in plant density. At low plant densities the relative growth rate of the crop increased allowing a maintenance of crop dry matter production. An 18 fold reduction in plant density led only to a six fold reduction in green area index at the beginning of stem extension and by anthesis the difference was less than two fold. Crops grown at low plant densities increased green area per plant through increased duration of tiller production, green area per shoot and shoot survival. Main stem leaf number, phyllochron and tiller production rate were not significantly affected by plant density. Radiation use efficiency was greater at the low plant densities. We propose that better radiation distribution through the canopy and increased canopy nitrogen ratio were the causative mechanisms for this increase in RUE. As a result of increased green area per shoot and a decrease in ear production, more radiation was absorbed per shoot at the low plant densities, allowing an increase in grain number per ear from 32 to 48.     

秸秆覆盖和灌溉对冬小麦农田光能利用率的影响

研究了秸秆覆盖和灌溉对冬小麦农田光能利用率的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖降低了冬小麦的基本苗、分蘖数及生育前期的叶面积指数,但到生育后期,覆盖处理的叶面积指数反而升高.覆盖和灌溉降低了光合有效辐射（PAR）的底层透射率和冠层反射率,使PAR总截获率升高.覆盖和灌溉主要增加了40～60 cm高度的PAR截获率.覆盖处理籽粒光能利用率降低,茎叶光能利用率和总光能利用率升高.     

A comparison of the digestibility of straw from different winter wheat cultivars before and after ammonia treatment

The digestibility of straw from six cultivars of winter wheat was assessed before and after ammonia treatment using the cellulase-reducing sugar (CRS) test and the in vitro ‘D’ test. Large intercultivar differences in digestibility were recorded both before and after ammonia treatment with both tests. There were considerable differences between cultivars in the degree of improvement in digestibility brought about by ammonia treatment. There was no correlation between the results of the two tests. The results obtained areediscussed with reference to the difference in mechanism of the CRS and in vitro ‘D’ test and the utilisation of waste cereal straw.     

Water potential gradients of tall and short cultivars of winter wheat

Summary Water and osmotic potentials were measured with thermocouple psychrometers, weekly after heading, two times each day at pre-dawn and at noon, in flag leaves and grain of tall and short cultivars of winter wheat grown in the field under rain-fed conditions.Water was held with less tension in the grain than in the leaf for both tall and short cultivars. The tall cultivars had lower leaf water potentials, but higher grain water potentials, than the short cultivars. The grain osmotic potential was lower in the short cultivars compared to the tall ones. Grain yield of short cultivars (1810 kg/ha) was more than that of tall cultivars (1730 kg/ha). Apparently higher leaf water potentials of short cultivars enabled more photosynthates to move into the grain.     

气候变化对我国华北地区冬小麦发育和产量的影响

验证作物模型在我国华北冬小麦主产区是否适应的基础上,采用作物模型与气候模式相结合的研究方法,定量化地模拟预测了未来100年气候变化对华北冬小麦生产的影响.结果表明,从2000～2004年,华北地区冬小麦产量的模拟值与实测值的变化趋势基本一致,且生育期和产量变化不大.未来100年内华北地区冬小麦的生长期可能会有所缩短,平均缩短8.4 d;产量也会有不同程度的下降,平均减产10.1％.适当采取应对措施可以有效降低冬小麦的减产趋势.     

Seasonal mycorrhizal colonization of winter wheat and its effect on wheat growth under dryland field conditions

 A field experiment was conducted to determine the seasonal patterns of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in a dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system and to determine wheat growth and P uptake responses to inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus. Broadcast-incorporated treatments included (1) no inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus, with and without P fertilizer, and (2) mycorrhizal fungal inoculation at a rate of 5000 spores of Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith), per 30 cm in each row, with and without fertilizer P. Winter wheat was seeded within a day after treatments were imposed, and roots were sampled at five growth stages to quantify AM. Shoot samples were also taken for determination of dry matter, grain yield and yield components, and N and P uptake. No AM infection was evident during the fall months following seeding, which was characterized by low soil temperature, while during the spring, the AM increased gradually. Increases in wheat grain yields by enhanced AM were of similar magnitude to the response obtained from P fertilization. However, responses differed at intermediate growth stages. At the tillering stage, P uptake was mainly increased by P fertilization but not by fungal inoculation. At harvest, enhanced AM increased P uptake regardless of whether or not fertilizer P was added. The AM symbiosis increased with rising soil temperatures in the spring, in time to enhance late-season P accumulation and grain production. Accepted: 15 July 1998     

秸秆还田配施有机无机肥料对冬小麦土壤水氮变化及其微生物群落和活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究秸秆还田配施不同肥料对冬小麦土壤的培肥效果以及对土壤水氮环境、酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响,为合理的秸秆还田方式与土壤可持续利用提供决策依据。试验于中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行,以冬小麦为研究对象,玉米秸秆全量还田为基础,设置五个处理,分别为(1)单施化肥(TF),(2)70%化肥+普通有机肥(TM),(3)70%化肥+微生物有机肥(TE),(4)70%化肥+微生物促腐菌剂(TJ),(5)70%化肥+微生物有机肥+微生物促腐菌剂(TEJ)。观测冬小麦生长中的水氮条件,分析小麦收获后土壤环境因子、酶活性以及磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)变化特征;采用RDA冗余分析,识别环境因子、酶活性与土壤微生物群落结构之间的相关关系,研究秸秆还田与不同施肥方式组合对土壤的培肥效果。结果表明,相较施用化肥(TF),秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥(TE)显著提高了小麦生育后期的土壤含水率(13.3%—20.5%);施用普通有机肥(TM)能够提高小麦生育后期土壤硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)与铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)含量;且两者均能提高土壤微生物氮(MBN)与可溶性氮(DON)含量以及β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)活性;但对土壤中酸性磷酸酶(AP)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性无显著影响。各施肥组合中,TE处理PLFA总量最高(4733.1 ng/g),且微生物群落多样性指数均显著高于TF处理。βG、CBH活性与土壤微生物群落多样性存在正相关关系, MBN与DON与土壤微生物群落多样性关系最为密切,环境因子对微生物群落多样性影响的重要性排序为Moisture NH~+_4-N Avail-P TempNO~-_3-N pHEC。秸秆还田配施有机肥与微生物有机肥能合理调节土壤水氮环境,显著提高土壤微生物的数量与活性,有利于土壤生态环境的改善,其中秸秆还田配施微生物有机肥(TE)效果最为显著。