三江平原地区大豆根腐病病株上镰孢菌的分离鉴定

为了明确引起三江平原地区大豆根腐病的镰孢菌(Fusarium)种类及优势种群,对该地区大豆根腐病样本进行了采集。通过组织分离和形态学鉴定,共鉴定出6种镰孢菌,分别为木贼镰孢(F.equiseti)、尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum)、芬芳镰孢(F.redolens)、半裸镰孢(F.semitectum)、腐皮镰孢(F.solani)和拟轮枝镰孢(F.verticillioides)。其中尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum)的分离频率最高,达16.67%。对6种镰孢菌的形态学特征进行了描述。     

我国部分地区蔬菜镰孢菌的分离及鉴定

对采自我国6省18市（县）的蔬菜根茎样本进行了组织分离和形态学鉴定,共鉴定出镰孢菌10个种.其中尖镰孢（Fusarium oxysporum）为优势茵,占镰孢菌总量的73.42％,其他种类的镰孢菌为锐顶镰孢(F.acuminatum)、弯角镰孢（F.camptoceras）、蓝色镰孢（F.coeruleunm）、木贼镰...     

河北省苹果园根际土壤中疑似致病镰孢菌种类

为了解引起河北省苹果再植病害的病原菌,在河北省10个地区苹果园中采集土壤样品,在实验室进行病原菌的诱集分离培养,根据形态和分子特征对主要病原菌进行种类鉴定。结果表明,在分离得到的293株真菌中,有116株镰孢菌,为分离频率最高的真菌。在形态学鉴定的基础上,对供试镰孢菌进行了分子鉴定。在基于核糖体基因内转录间隔区（rDNA-ITS）序列与翻译延长因子1α（EF-1α）序列片段构建的系统发育树中,代表菌株分别与GenBank登记的所属菌株聚于同一群。研究结果明确了河北省苹果再植病害的疑似致病镰孢菌,包括：尖孢镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、木贼镰孢F. equiseti、锐顶镰孢F. acuminatum、层出镰孢F. proliferatum和茄腐镰孢F. solani。     

甘肃大葱贮藏期镰孢菌腐烂病病原鉴定

【目的】大葱在贮藏期频繁发生镰孢菌腐烂病,损失严重。明确该病害病原种类对病害防治具有重要意义。【方法】利用组织分离法对采集自甘肃省兰州市(区)蔬菜市场的16份大葱贮藏期镰孢菌腐烂病病样进行病原物的分离、纯化培养,经单孢分离后根据形态学特征,再结合r DNA-ITS、EF-1a(tef)基因序列分析的方法进行鉴定。【结果】共分离得到80株镰孢菌,经鉴定分属3个种,即层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、尖孢镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)和燕麦镰孢菌(F.avenaceum),其中层出镰孢菌为大葱镰孢菌腐烂病的优势致病菌,分离频率为52.50%。对兰州白葱不同部位进行致病性测定,结果表明层出镰孢菌对大葱鳞茎的致病力最强,而燕麦镰孢菌对大葱鳞茎的致病力最弱。【结论】3种镰孢菌作为该病害的病原,属国内首次报道。     

采用EF-1α序列及气生菌丝上的孢子形态特征对九州镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌和厚垣镰孢菌的鉴定

对九州镰孢菌Fusarium kyushuense、厚垣镰孢菌F. chlamydosporum 和拟枝孢镰孢菌F. sporotrichioides在气生菌丝上产生的孢子进行了比较。九州镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生多隔孢子（即中型分生孢子）;厚垣镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生的主要是0隔针叶状分生孢子;拟枝孢镰孢菌在气生菌丝上产生两种类型的分生孢子：芜菁形、单胞分生孢子以及椭圆形、0－1隔的分生孢子。多隔的气生孢子（中型分生孢子）在厚垣镰孢菌和拟枝孢镰孢菌这两个种中偶尔可以观察到,但是不应作为对这两个种进行鉴定的主要     

我国东北地区玉米穗腐镰孢菌的种类及其分离频率

从辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省采集的43份玉米病穗上共分离获得327株镰孢菌,根据形态特征鉴定属于7个种,其分离频率分别为半裸镰孢菌(Fusarium semitecturrt)37.77%,尖孢镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)3.51%,拟轮枝镰孢菌(F.verticillioides)3.57%,克鲁克威尔镰孢菌(F.c...     

湖北省蔬菜根际土壤中的镰孢菌分布特征

为明确湖北省蔬菜产区镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.)的种类及分布特征,本研究从湖北省13个地级市蔬菜产区采集根际土壤样品55份,对土样中的镰孢菌进行分离、纯化和鉴定,获得271株镰孢菌;通过镰孢菌特异性引物扩增、测序等分子生物学技术,鉴定出尖孢镰孢菌(F. oxysporum)118株,占分离菌株43.6%;木贼孢菌(F. equiseti)46株,占17.0%;共享镰孢菌(F.commune)45株,占16.6%;茄病镰孢菌(F. solani)31株,占11.4%;藤仓镰孢菌(F. fujikuroi)11株,占4.1%;镰孢霉菌(F.delphinoides)6株,占2.2%;轮纹镰孢菌(F. concentricum)5株,占1.8%;三线镰孢菌(F. tricinctum)3株,占1.1%;镰孢菌属(Fusarium spp.)6株,占2.2%。通过与致病菌尖孢镰孢菌番茄专化型(F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)菌株进行对峙培养,筛选出拮抗镰孢菌16株,包括尖孢镰孢菌(F. oxysporum)4株,茄病镰孢菌(F. solani)4株,轮纹镰孢菌(F. concentricum)3株,三线镰孢菌(F.tricinctum)3株,木贼孢菌(F. equiseti)和藤仓镰孢菌(F. fujikuroi)各1株。本研究明确了湖北省蔬菜产区的镰孢菌属真菌的种类和多样性特征,为蔬菜镰孢菌病害的防治提供科学依据。     

滩涂盐碱地根际镰孢菌种类、非生物胁迫抗性及致病性

镰孢菌Fusarium spp.通常引起多种作物病害,但其中某些种类可作为植物内生菌从而提高植物的生长和抗逆性。因此,研究非农田生态系统镰孢菌物种多样性和生态功能具有重要的科学意义。本研究对分离自滩涂盐碱地盐生植物根际的23株镰孢菌进行了种类鉴定、非生物胁迫抗性及毒性评价研究。结果表明：经形态学和多基因联合建树分析(ITS+rpb2+tef1-α),这些菌株属于7个系统发育种,多数菌株属于尖孢镰孢菌F.oxysporum、恶臭镰孢菌F.foetens和藤仓镰孢菌F.fujikuroi。在7种非生物胁迫条件下[H2O2、亚硫酸氢钠甲萘醌(menadionesodiumbisulfite,MSB)、KCl、山梨醇(sorbitol)、荧光增白剂(calcofluorwhite,CFW)、刚果红(congored)、NaCl]测定菌株抗性,上述3种镰孢菌与Fusariumsp.1表现出相似的抗性能力;Fusariumsp.2和Fusarium sp.3尤其在离子胁迫和渗透胁迫方面表现出较强的适应性;芳香镰孢菌F. ambrosium则对多种胁迫均比较敏感。PCR检测表明大多数菌株含有恩镰孢菌...     

香蕉上的镰孢菌种类及其系统发育关系(英文)

镰孢菌属真菌是香蕉上的重要病原菌,主要引起香蕉枯萎病以及香蕉冠腐病,在我国已明确引起香蕉枯萎病的病原为尖孢镰孢古巴专化型 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC)1号和4号生理小种,但是引起香蕉冠腐病的镰孢菌种类还未明确。为了解香蕉上镰孢菌在种间及种内水平上的多样性,2008–2011 年间作者从华南地区不同的水果市场及香蕉果园采集香蕉样品90份,分离得到143株镰孢菌。通过形态学观察及基于 EF-1α基因的系统进化分析鉴定出10种镰孢菌,即F. oxysporum、F. solani、F. camptoceras、F. pallidoroseum、F. stiloides、F. chlamydosporum、F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari,以及藤仓赤霉复合种(Gibberella fujikuroi species complex,GFC)中 3 个未定名的类群。轮纹镰孢 F. concentricum 及甘蔗镰孢 F.sacchari 是香蕉果实中最常见种,前菌为我国首次报道,后菌是首次报道与香蕉有关。对从香蕉上分离的藤仓赤霉复合种(GFC)及尖孢镰孢复合种(FOSC)的EF-1α序列进行了系统发育分析,其GFC中的27个菌株组成的单系群可分为7个不同的亚群,分别为 F.verticillioides、F. proliferatum、F. concentricum、F. sacchari 以及3个没有描述过的菌系 Fusarium sp. 1、Fusarium sp.2和 Fusarium sp.3;FOSC中的50个菌株形成2大分枝共12个谱系,分离自我国华南地区的21株尖孢镰孢形成7个谱系,其中 13株已知的香蕉枯萎病病原菌分布在3个谱系中,我国大陆的香蕉枯萎病病原菌菌株与来源于台湾地区及东南亚的菌株亲缘关系较近,FOC1号生理小种的遗传分化大于4号生理小种,FOC 1号生理小种与分离自香蕉果实上的尖孢镰孢菌的亲缘关系比与FOC 4号生理小种的亲缘关系更近。研究结果表明,我国香蕉上存在着丰富的镰孢菌种类,而且种内遗传多样性丰富。     

中国土壤中小镰孢属的两个新种

报道分离自土壤中的小镰孢属Fusariella二新种:棘柄小镰孢Fusariellaechinulata和中华小镰孢Fusariellasinensis。棘柄小镰孢与坎斯小镰孢F.kansensis、间型小镰孢F.intermedia和侧弯小镰孢F.obstipa形态近似,它们的如下区分:新种的分生孢子明显要比F.intermedia的宽,比F.kansensis的小,其产孢瓶体具棘刺与F.obstipa光滑的产孢瓶体可以区分。中华小镰孢与F.obstipa近似,但其产孢瓶体色泽较暗且明显粗糙,而后者的产孢瓶体无色,光滑,另外,新种的分生孢子较后者的要小,二者容易区分。二新种的模式标本(干制培养物)保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

南极沉积物来源抗菌细菌的筛选及抑菌物质的鉴定

【背景】科学研究表明,由于南极环境条件特殊,微生物资源丰富,有望筛选出功效显著的抗菌微生物。【目的】以黄瓜枯萎病致病菌木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)为指示菌,从南极沉积物中分离筛选具有拮抗作用的细菌菌株并对其抑菌物质进行初步鉴定。【方法】应用平板对峙法和琼脂扩散法分别对样品和发酵液进行初筛和复筛,筛选出对F. equiseti抑菌效果最强的菌株,基于形态学、生理生化、分子生物学分析,对该菌株进行鉴定。之后,对目标菌株发酵上清中的抑菌物质进行抑菌谱研究,并对其抑菌成分进行温度和pH的稳定性检测,通过硫酸铵沉淀的方法初步鉴定发酵液中的抑菌物质。【结果】从南极沉积物样品中共分离纯化出62株细菌,有5株具有较好的抑菌效果,其中抑菌效果最强的菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp.spizizenii),命名为JYM35。抑菌谱检测结果显示,菌株JYM35对丝瓜枯萎病致病菌层生镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)和辣椒枯萎病致病菌F. equiseti具有较强的抑菌效果,对长豆褐腐病致病菌笄霉属(Choanephora)有较明显的拮抗作用,对水产致病菌副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)和溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)也有一定的拮抗作用。菌株JYM35发酵上清中所含的抑菌物质热稳定性强且耐碱不耐酸,硫酸铵沉淀后可初步确定其抑菌物质隶属蛋白类。【结论】菌株JYM35是一株产蛋白类活性物质的广谱型抑菌菌株,对枯萎病致病菌的拮抗作用最强。因此具有较好的开发利用价值。     

Colonisation of barley roots by endophytic Fusarium equiseti and Pochonia chlamydosporia: Effects on plant growth and disease

Colonisation of plant roots by endophytic fungi may confer benefits to the host such as protection against abiotic or biotic stresses or plant growth promotion. The exploitation of these properties is of great relevance at an applied level, either to increase yields of agricultural crops or in reforestation activities. Fusarium equiseti is a naturally occurring endophyte in vegetation under stress in Mediterranean ecosystems. Pochonia chlamydosporia is a nematode egg-parasitic fungus with a worldwide distribution. Both fungi have the capacity to colonise roots of non-host plants endophytically and to protect them against phytopathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root population dynamics of these fungi under non-axenic practical conditions. Both fungal species were inoculated into barley roots. Their presence in roots and effects on plant growth and incidence of disease caused by the pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were monitored periodically. Both fungi colonised barley roots endophytically over the duration of the experiment and competed with other existing fungal root colonisers. Furthermore, colonisation of roots by P. chlamydosporia promoted plant growth. Although a clear suppressive effect on disease could not be detected, F. equiseti isolates reduced the mean root lesion length caused by the pathogen. Results of this work suggest that both F. equiseti and P. chlamydosporia are long-term root endophytes that confer beneficial effects to the host plant.     

镰刀菌属一新种──链状镰刀菌

本文描述了镰刀菌属的一个新种——链状镰刀菌,其主要特征小型分生孢子椭圆形,基部平,链状生长。大型分生孢子纺锤形,从多口芽梗长出。文中还讨论了新种与其它镰刀菌的关系。模式标本保藏在中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

Extracellular enzymatic activity of Fusarium section Liseola isolates

Extracellular enzymatic activity of Fusarium species from section Liseola was determined by the Api-Zym^R test, a semiquantitative method for assaying different cellular enzymes. This enzyme testing system was evaluated for possible use as a species identification aid. Twenty-two strains of Fusarium section Liseola were used: 8 of F. moniliforme, 6 of F. proliferatum, 6 of F. subglutinans and 2 of F. anthophilum. The optimal spore concentration was also determined for maximal activity in Api-Zym^R assay. According to our findings, the species showed little difference in Api-Zym^R enzymatic profiles, being not suitable for identification of these species. Only F. subglutinans and F. anthophilum showed a different enzymatic pattern. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The distribution ofFusarium species in soils planted to millet and sorghum in Lesotho,Nigeria and Zimbabwe

Samples from soils planted to millet and sorghum from Lesotho, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe were processed and a total of 3,291Fusarium cultures were recovered. Of these 1,296 cultures were isolated from plant debris and 1,995 cultures were recovered from soil dilutions. The most prevalent species recovered wereF. oxysporum (37%),F. equiset (30%),F. solani (14%),F. moniliforme (6%),F. compactum (5%),F. nygamai (4%), andF. chlamydosporum (2%). OtherFusarium species isolated wereF. merismoides, F. polyphialidicum, F. graminearum, F. subglutinans, F. sambucinum, F. longipes, F. semitectum, F. dimerum, F. lateritium, and a group of cultures designated as population A which resembleF. camptoceras. Fusarium equiseti was the predominant species in soil samples from Nigeria and Zimbabwe, whileF. oxysporum was the predominant species recovered from soil from Lesotho.Contribution No. 1881, Fusarium Research Center, Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University.     

Fusarium Species From Plant Debris Associated With Soils From Maize Production Areas in the Transkei Region of South Africa

Fusarium species were isolated from plant debris in soil samples collected from cultivated maize fields and from undisturbed grasslands in two areas of the Transkei region. A total of 1205 Fusarium isolates were recovered from 27 soil samples. Fifteen Fusarium species were recovered from plant debris from Bizana soils and 13 Fusarium species from plant debris from Centane soils. The two dominant Fusarium species in both areas were F. oxysporum and F. equiseti. Very few isolates of F. moniliforme and F. subglutinans were recovered, but both of these species had significantly higher relative densities in cultivated soils than in undisturbed soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mycotoxin production and cytotoxicity of Fusarium strains isolated from Norwegian cereals

Thirty-four isolates of the eight most common Fusarium species isolated from Norwegian cereals; F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides, F. torulosum and F. tricinctum were studied for their cytotoxicity and ability to produce mycotoxins. The strains were cultivated on rice, and analysed for trichothecenes (all species), zearalenone (all species), fusarochromanone (F. equiseti), wortmannin (F. torulosum), moniliformin and enniatins (F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. torulosum). The cytotoxicity of the extracts were examined with an (in vitro) MTT-cell culture assay. All F. graminearum and five of seven F. culmorum isolates belonged to chemotype IA, producing deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, while the two other F. culmorum strains were nivalenol producers (chemotype II). The F. equiseti isolates and one of the F. poae isolates produced both type A and B trichothecenes, and relatively large quantities of fusarochromanone were detected in the F. equiseti cultures. All Fusarium species studied showed significant cytotoxicity, but with a large variation between species, and also within each species. F. sporotrichioides and F. equiseti showed the highest average cytotoxicity. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.