水杨酸与植物抗非生物胁迫

本文综述了水杨酸在诱导植物抗（耐）非生物胁迫如重金属、自氧、紫外辐射、过冷、热激、水分亏缺和盐胁迫等方面的进展,并探讨了水杨酸作用的分子、生理机制。     

Regulation of Antioxidant Enzymes by Salicylic Acid in Cucumber Leaves

Activities of the antioxidant enzymes involved in superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) metabolism were determined and the contents of O2 and 14202 were also measured. All concentrations of sahcylic acid (SA) tested (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mmoL/L) significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities not only in the first treated true leaf (leaf 1 ) but also in the second untreated true leaf (leaf 2) of Cucumis sativus L. When the leaves were treated with 1 mmol/L SA within 6 to 72 h, the activity of POD increased by 22 % to 67% in the treated leaf 1 and by 14% to 86% in the untreated leaf 2. However, no changes were observed during 3 h after treatment and at 96 h following treatment. Measurement of O2- and H202 showed that there was a significant decrease in 02' content and an increase in H202 content after SA treatment, but catalase (CAT) activity was only slighfiy inhibited and this suggested that the reason of the increase in H2O2 by SA treatment is not due to the inhibition of CAT but rather the increase in SOD activity. It was also found that SA at all concentrations tested could not induce new SOD isozyme but it induced 1 to 2 bands of new POD isozyme within one day after treatment. The results indicate that SA might involve in the regulation of antioxidant enzymes.     

The Role of Salicylic Acid Signal in Plant Growth,Development and Abiotic Stress

In nature, plants are constantly affected by adverse conditions. Unlike animals, plants can resist these adverse stresses only by insisting on their original positions. Stress can be divided into biological stress and abiotic stress, abiotic stress directly affects the growth, development and yield of plants, it spans all developmental stages from seed germination to senescence. In order to adapt to changing environment, plants have evolved well-developed mechanisms that help to perceive the stress signals and enable optimal growth response. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important endogenous signal molecule in plants, which not only regulate some plant growth and development processes, but also plays an important part in plant stress resistance. Much work about salicylic acid has been done on the immunity of plants to pathogens, and the synthesis and signal transduction of SA are clearly understood, its function in plant growth, development and abiotic stress is also well learned, we systemically summarized the multiple function of SA signal in non-pathogen-related response, such review should help us understand the common but essential function of SA signal in modulating plant growth, development and abiotic stress.     

Glutathione as an Antioxidant and Regulatory Molecule in Plants Under Abiotic Stress Conditions

The glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) redox couple is involved in several physiologic processes in plants under both optimal and stress conditions. It participates in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the cells. The redox state of the GSH/GSSG couple is defined by its reducing capacity and the half-cell reduction potential, and differs in the various organs, tissues, cells, and compartments, changing during the growth and development of the plants. When characterizing this redox couple, the synthesis, degradation, oxidation, and transport of GSH and its conjugation with the sulfhydryl groups of other compounds should be considered. Under optimal growth conditions, the high GSH/GSSG ratio results in a reducing environment in the cells which maintains the appropriate structure and activity of protein molecules because of the inhibition of the formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges. In response to abiotic stresses, the GSH/GSSG ratio decreases due to the oxidation of GSH during the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and changes in its metabolism. The lower GSH/GSSG ratio activates various defense mechanisms through a redox signalling pathway, which includes several oxidants, antioxidants, and stress hormones. In addition, GSH may control gene expression and the activity of proteins through glutathionylation and thiol-disulfide conversion. This review discusses the size and redox state of the GSH pool, including their regulation, their role in redox signalling and defense processes, and the changes caused by abiotic stress.     

Salicylic Acid Application Mitigates Oxidative Damage and Improves the Growth Performance of Barley under Drought Stress

Drought is a severe environmental constraint, causing a significant reduction in crop productivity across the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant growth regulator that helps plants cope with the adverse effects induced by various abiotic stresses. The current study investigated the potential effects of SA on drought tolerance efficacy in two barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes, namely BARI barley 5 and BARI barley 7. Ten-day-old barley seedlings were exposed to drought stress by maintaining 7.5% soil moisture content in the absence or presence of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM SA. Drought exposure led to severe damage to both genotypes, as indicated by phenotypic aberrations and reduction of dry biomass. On the other hand, the application of SA to drought-stressed plants protected both barley genotypes from the adverse effects of drought, which was reflected in the improvement of phenotypes and biomass production. SA supplementation improved relative water content and proline levels in drought-stressed barley genotypes, indicating the osmotic adjustment functions of SA under water-deficit conditions. Drought stress induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂ ^•− ), and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves of barley plants. Exogenous supply of SA reduced oxidative damage by restricting the accumulation of ROS through the stimulation of the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Among the three-applied concentrations of SA, 0.5 mM SA exhibited better mitigating effects against drought stress considering the phenotypic performance and biochemical data. Furthermore, BARI barley 5 showed better performance under drought stress than BARI barley 7 in the presence of SA application. Collectively, our results suggest that SA played a crucial role in improving water status and antioxidant defense strategy to protect barley plants from the deleterious effects of water deficiency.     

Differential thiol oxidation of the signaling proteins Akt,PTEN or PP2A determines whether Akt phosphorylation is enhanced or inhibited by oxidative stress in C2C12 myotubes derived from skeletal muscle

Oxidative stress, caused by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been hypothesized to cause or exacerbate skeletal muscle wasting in a number of diseases and chronic conditions. ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide, have the potential to affect signal transduction pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt pathway that regulates protein synthesis. Previous studies have found contradictory outcomes for the effect of ROS on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, where oxidative stress can either enhance or inhibit Akt phosphorylation. The apparent contradictions could reflect differences in experimental cell types or types of ROS treatments. We replicate both effects in myotubes of cultured skeletal muscle C2C12 cells, and show that increased oxidative stress can either inhibit or enhance Akt phosphorylation. This differential response could be explained: thiol oxidation of Akt, but not the phosphatases PTEN or PP2A, caused a decline in Akt phosphorylation; whereas the thiol oxidation of Akt, PTEN and PP2A increased Akt phosphorylation. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of the effects of oxidative stress on a signal transduction pathway comes not only from identifying the proteins susceptible to thiol oxidation, but also their relative sensitivity to ROS.     

氧化应激与幽门螺杆菌感染相关性胃炎

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)是一种选择性定植于胃上皮细胞的革兰氏阴性菌,是一种广泛传染的病原菌,也是诱导产生慢性胃炎的主要因素之一。近年来研究表明幽门螺杆菌感染诱导机体产生氧化应激反应,并通过各种逃逸机制避免被杀灭。幽门螺杆菌能不断刺激中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞表达活性氧和活性氮,导致体内活性氧和活性氮的过度积累,致使细胞的凋亡和胃粘膜损伤的加剧,这是导致胃炎发生及加重的重要因素。本文对幽门螺杆感染引起氧化应激反应的研究进展作简要综述。     

Crop Improvement and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Promoted by Moringa Leaf Extract

Moringa leaf extract (MLE) has been shown to promote beneficial outcomes in animals and plants. It is rich in amino acids, antioxidants, phytohormones, minerals, and many other bioactive compounds with nutritional and growth-promoting potential. Recent reports indicated that MLE improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MLE-mediated abiotic stress tolerance remains limited. This review summarizes the existing literature on the role of MLE in promoting plant abiotic stress acclimation processes. MLE is applied to plants in a variety of ways, including foliar spray, rooting media, and seed priming. Exogenous application of MLE promoted crop plant growth, photosynthesis, and yield under both nonstress and abiotic stress conditions. MLE treatment reduced the severity of osmotic and oxidative stress in plants by regulating osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant synthesis, and secondary metabolites. MLE also improves mineral homeostasis in the presence of abiotic stress. Overall, this review describes the potential mechanisms underpinning MLE-mediated stress tolerance.     

谷胱甘肽转移酶在植物抵抗非生物胁迫方面的角色

非生物胁迫因子如高盐、干旱、低温、重金属污染等严重影响植物的生长和繁殖。植物进化出一系列包括各种酶类物质的系统抵抗逆境所带来的氧化伤害。谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST,EC 2.5.1.18)是由多种功能的蛋白质组成的超家族,在植物遭受高盐、干旱、低温胁迫时,GSTs可清除活性氧,保护植物细胞膜结构和蛋白质活性。对谷胱甘肽转移酶在植物抵御非生物胁迫中的作用进行综述,为今后利用基因工程育种提供理论依据。     

Effects of Chronic Haloperidol and/or Clozapine on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Rat Brain

Decreased antioxidant activity is considered as one of the causes of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients in a prolonged neuroleptic treatment course. Haloperidol (HAL) has been hypothesized to increase oxidative stress, while clozapine (CLO) would produce less oxidative damage. The objective was to determine whether CLO for 28 days could reverse or attenuate HAL-induced oxidative damage in animals previously treated with HAL for 28 days. HAL significantly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels in the cortex (CX) and striatum and increased protein carbonyls in hippocampus (HP) and CX and this was not attenuated by CLO treatment. In the total radical trapping antioxidant parameter assay there was a decrease in the HP total antioxidant potential induced by HAL and by treatment with HAL + CLO. Our findings demonstrated that the atypical antipsychotic CLO could not revert oxidative damage caused by HAL.     

Venlafaxine Modulates Depression-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain and Medulla of Rat

Venlafaxine is an approved antidepressant that is an inhibitor of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Medical treatment with oral venlafaxine can be beneficial to depression due to reducing free radical production in the brain and medulla of depression- induced rats because oxidative stress may a play role in some depression. We investigated the effect of venlafaxine administration and experimental depression on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in cortex brain, medulla and erythrocytes of rats. Thirty male wistar rats were used and were randomly divided into three groups. Venlafaxine (20 mg/kg) was orally supplemented to depression-induced rats constituting the first group for four week. Second group was depression-induced group although third group was used as control. Depressions in the first and second groups were induced on day zero of the study by chronic mild stress. Brain, medulla and erythrocytes samples were taken from all animals on day 28. Depression resulted in significant decrease in the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and vitamin C concentrations of cortex brain, glutathione (GSH) value of medulla although their levels were increased by venlafaxine administration to the animals of depression group. The lipid peroxidation levels in the three tissues and nitric oxide value in cortex brain elevated although their levels were decreased by venlafaxine administration. There were no significant changes in cortex brain vitamin A, erythrocytes vitamin C, GSH-Px and GSH, medulla vitamin A, GSH and GSH-Px values. In conclusion, cortex brain within the three tissues was most affected by oxidative stress although there was the beneficial effect of venlafaxine in the brain of depression-induced rats on investigated antioxidant defenses in the rat model. The treatment of depression by venlafaxine may also play a role in preventing oxidative stress. Abstract of the paper was submitted in 1st Ion Channels and Oxidative Stress Congress, 14–16 September 2006, Isparta, Turkey.     

Inhibitory Effect of Ascorbic Acid on the Proliferation and Invasion of Hepatoma Cells in Culture

Effect of ascorbic acid (AsA) on the proliferation and invasion of rat ascites hepatoma AH109A cells was investigated by measuring [³H]thymidine incorporation into acid-insoluble fraction of the cells and by co-culturing the hepatoma cells with rat mesentery-derived mesothelial cells, respectively. AsA suppressed the invasion of AH109A cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 62.5–500 μM, while it inhibited the proliferation of the cells at higher concentrations of 250 and 500 μM. Hepatoma cells previously cultured with hypoxanthine (HX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) or with hydrogen peroxide showed increased invasive activities. AsA suppressed the reactive oxygen species-potentiated invasive capacity by simultaneously treating AH109A cells with AsA, HX and XO or with AsA and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, AsA reduced the intracellular peroxide levels in AH109A cells. These results suggest that the antioxidative property of AsA may be involved in its anti-invasive action on hepatoma cells.     

Mitochondria in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in cell, tissues, and organism

The recent knowledge on mitochondria as the substantial source of reactive oxygen species, namely superoxide and hydrogen peroxide efflux from mitochondria, is reviewed, as well as nitric oxide and subsequent peroxynitrite generation in mitochondria and their effects. The reactive oxygen species formation in extramitochondrial locations, in peroxisomes, by cytochrome P450, and NADPH oxidase reaction, is also briefly discussed. Conditions are pointed out under which mitochondria represent the major ROS source for the cell: higher percentage of non-phosphorylating and coupled mitochondria, in vivo oxygen levels leading to increased intensity of the reverse electron transport in the respiratory chain, and nitric oxide effects on the redox state of cytochromes. We formulate hypotheses on the crucial role of ROS generated in mitochondria for the whole cell and organism, in concert with extramitochondrial ROS and antioxidant defense. We hypothesize that a sudden decline of mitochondrial ROS production converts cells or their microenvironment into a “ROS sink” represented by the instantly released excessive capacity of ROS-detoxification mechanisms. A partial but immediate decline of mitochondrial ROS production may be triggered by activation of mitochondrial uncoupling, specifically by activation of recruited or constitutively present uncoupling proteins such as UCP2, which may counterbalance the mild oxidative stress.     

A polyphenolic flavonoid glabridin: Oxidative stress response in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Glabridin a polyphenolic flavonoid from Glycyrrhiza glabra is known to possess several therapeutic properties. In the present study, we report for the first time the in vitro antibacterial activity (MIC values ranging from 3.12 to 25 μg/mL) of glabridin against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of S. aureus by inducing oxidative stress. Increased levels of H₂O₂ and NO were observed in a dose-dependent manner after treatment of glabridin that further affected macromolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. Surprisingly, glabridin was found to possess antioxidant properties when used at lower concentrations using three different methods including DPPH, FRAP, and SOD assays. These observations were further validated through the expression analysis of oxidative stress-responsive genes using qRT-PCR wherein glabridin was observed to up- and down-regulate these genes at lower and higher concentrations, respectively. In in vitro combination experiments, glabridin was found to reduce the MIC of different antibiotics such as norfloxacin, oxacillin, and vancomycin by up to 4-fold, while the MIC of glabridin itself was found to be reduced by up to 8-fold in the presence of antibiotics. A synergistic interaction was observed between norfloxacin and glabridin when used in combination against multidrug-resistant clinical isolate SA 4627 of Staphylococcus aureus at much lower concentrations, indicating the suitability of glabridin in combination therapy.     

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense responses of Etroplus suratensis to acute temperature fluctuations

Fishes are always exposed to various environmental stresses and the chances of succumbing to such stresses are of great physiological concern. Any change in temperature from the ambient condition can induce various metabolic and physiological changes in the body. The present study evaluates the effects of temperature induced stress on the antioxidant profile of Etroplus suratensis such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation. Fishes of same size were kept in a thermostatized bath at three different temperature regimes viz 16 °C, 27 °C (ambient temperature) and 38 °C for 72 h. These temperatures were selected based on the CT Max (Critical Thermal Maximum) and CT Min (Critical Thermal Minimum) exhibited by E. suratensis. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was found maximum in brain and muscle respectively during the 48th hour of exposure in fishes kept at 38 °C. At 16 °C the antioxidant response of glutathione peroxidase was maximum in muscles, whereas the lipid peroxidation rate was found to be high in gills compared to other tissues. The profound increase in the levels of oxidative stress related biomarkers indicate that the thermal stressors severely affected oxidative state of E. suratensis by the second day of experiment. Such down-regulation of redox state accompanied with the induction of oxidative stress cascade may lead to physiological damage in various tissues in fishes, in vivo. However current data indicate that a transition to low and high temperature environment from ambient condition severely affected the levels and profile of the antioxidant markers overtime in E. suratensis.     

Free radicals and senescence

There is a significant body of experimental evidence that a rise in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to senescence. Here we review experiments where entry into senescence has been evaluated in cells whose intracellular ROS levels have been modulated by growth in either high or low ambient oxygen concentrations, or where the cellular antioxidant status has been perturbed. In addition, we discuss the observations that senescence triggered by oncogene expression also appears to be in part mediated by a rise in ROS levels. Finally, we discuss the emerging evidence that in vivo senescence might also be triggered by a rise in cellular oxidant levels. Although these data tend to support a role for ROS in mediating senescence, significant questions remain as to whether ROS act in a random or specific fashion and what precise oxidant species acts as the potential senescence trigger.     

水杨酸对黄瓜叶片抗氧化剂酶系的调节作用

分析了水杨酸（ＳＡ）对黄瓜（ＣｕｃｕｍｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）叶片抗氧化剂酶系活性及活性氧水平的调节作用。不同浓度的ＳＡ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）均能显著地提高被处理叶片超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性,而且还能诱导同株的非处理叶片中ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性增加。用１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＡ处理第一片真叶,在处理后６～７２ｈ,ＰＯＤ活性增加了２２％～６７％,同株非处理的第二片真叶ＰＯＤ活性增加了１４％～８６％,但是,在ＳＡ处理后３ｈ之前以及处理９６ｈ之后,ＰＯＤ活性没有变化。ＳＡ能够显著降低超氧物阴离子含量和提高过氧化氢水平,但它对过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的抑制作用很弱,表明ＳＡ提高体内过氧化氢含量的原因主要是通过提高ＳＯＤ活性而不是抑制ＣＡＴ活性。同工酶分析表明,ＳＡ不能诱导新的ＳＯＤ同工酶,但可以诱导新的ＰＯＤ同工酶。     

干旱胁迫下外源水杨酸对野生大豆生理特性的影响

目的:研究不同浓度的水杨酸对10％聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)胁迫下野生大豆生理特性的影响.方法:以野生大豆为试验材料,采用盆栽土培法,研究野生大豆幼苗抗氧化酶活性,渗透调解物质及膜质过氧化变化规律.结果:1.5 mmol/L水杨酸明显提高了PEG胁迫下野生大豆过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),减轻了膜脂...     

Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities

Proline and betaine accumulate in plant cells under environmental stresses including salt stress. Here, we investigated effects of proline and betaine on the growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) culture cells in suspension under salt stress. Both proline and betaine mitigated the inhibition of growth of BY-2 cells under salt stress and the mitigating effect of proline was more than that of betaine. Salt stress significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase in BY-2 cells. Exogenous application of proline or betaine alleviated the reduction in catalase and peroxidase activities but not SOD activity under salt stress. In addition, proline was found to be effective in alleviating the inhibition of salt stress-induced catalase and peroxidase activities in BY-2 cells. Neither proline nor betaine directly scavenged superoxide (O(2)(-)) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). It is concluded that exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine because of its superior ability to increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes.