Detection of small sequence differences using competitive PCR: molecular monitoring of genetically improved, mercury-reducing bacteria

A quantitative PCR approach is presented to detect small genomic sequence differences for molecular quantification of recombinant DNA. The only unique genetic feature of the mercury-reducing, genetically improved Pseudomonas putida KT2442::mer73 available to distinguish it from its native mercury-resistant relatives is the DNA sequence crossing the border of the insertion site of the introduced DNA fragment. The quantification assay is a combination of specific PCR amplification and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). Gene quantification is provided by a competitively co-amplified DNA standard constructed by point mutation PCR. After computing the denaturation behavior of the target DNA stretch, a single base difference was introduced to achieve maximum migration difference in TGGE between the original target DNA and the modified standard without altering the PCR amplification efficiency. This competitive PCR strategy is a highly specific and sensitive way to detect small sequence differences and to monitor recombinant DNA in effluxes of biotechnological plants.     

A linear DNA molecule of 5.9 kilobase-pairs is highly homologous to the chloroplast DNA in the green alga Chlamydomonas moewusii

Summary The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas moewusii contains small DNA species of unknown cellular location. We report that the most abundant of these DNAs, here designated low-molecular-weight DNA (LMW DNA), is a linear molecule of 5.9 kilobase pairs (kbp). Southern blot hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis revealed that the LMW DNA sequence also exists as an integrated sequence in a discrete region of the chloroplast genome. We have confirmed earlier reports that small DNA species related to the LMW DNA are absent from Chlamydomonas eugametos, an alga which is interfertile with C. moewusii. In the C. eugametos chloroplast genome we found only remnants of the LMW DNA sequence.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNA of Marteilia refringens validates the existence of phylum Paramyxea (Desportes and Perkins, 1990)

Marteilia refringens is recognized as one of the most significant pathogens of bivalve molluscs. The nucleotide sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of Marteilia refringens is used to elucidate the phylogenetic position of the phylum Paramyxea. Genomic DNA was extracted from sporangia of Marteilia, purified from infected blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, and flat oysters, Ostrea edulis. The sequences obtained from Marteilia species purified from both oysters and mussels were identical. The sequence identity was confirmed by in situ hybridization using a DNA probe targeted to a variable region of the ribosomal DNA. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence of M. refringens is very different from all known sequences of eukaryotic organisms, including those of myxosporeans and haplosporeans. Therefore, the phylum Paramyxea should continue to be recognized as an independent eukaryotic phylum.     

Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of DNA

There are three major obstacles to the analysis of the nucleotide sequence in a DNA molecule starting from a known location in the DNA molecule. First, it is difficult to obtain large quantities of homogeneous DNA. Second, even the smallest DNA molecules contain several thousand nucleotides which make sequence analysis prohibitive. Third, there are no highly base-specific DNAases available for degrading DNA for sequence analysis. We have overcome some of these obstacles; first, by incorporating highly labelled deoxynucleotides into DNA in vitro, small amounts of material can be used for sequence analysis. Second, the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules can now be determined from the 5′-terminal. Thus, two dodecanucleotide sequences corresponding to the two cohesive ends of λ DNA have been determined¹ and a nona-decanucleotide sequence corresponding to one cohesive end of phage 186 DNA has been completed². So far, our approach is limited to starting the analysis from the 5′-ends of a DNA molecule. A more general approach is being developed for starting the analysis from other selected parts of a DNA molecule with the use of specifically designed primers.     

In vitro methylation of DNA with Hpa II methylase.

The enzyme Hpa II methylase extracted and partially purified from Haemophilus parainfluenza catalyzes the methylation of the tetranucleotide sequence CCGG at the internal cytosine. The enzyme will methylate this sequence if both DNA strands are unmethylated or if only one strand is unmethylated. Conditions have been developed for producing fully methylated DNA from various sources. In vitro methylation of this site protects the DNA against digestion by the restriction enzyme Hpa II as well as the enzyme Sma I which recognizes the hexanucleotide sequence CCCGGG. These properties make this enzyme a valuable tool for analyzing methylation in eukaryotic DNA where the sequence CCGG is highly methylated. The activity of this methylase on such DNA indicates the degree of undermethylation of the CCGG sequence. Several examples show that this technique can be used to detect small changes in the methylation state of eukaryotic DNA.     

Dramatic size variation of yeast mitochondrial RNAs suggests that RNase P RNAs can be quite small

The gene coding for the AU-rich RNA required for mitochondrial RNase P activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a 490-base RNA while that in Candida glabrata codes for a 227-base RNA. We have detected a 140-nucleotide RNA coded by the mitochondrial DNA from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera by hybridization with an oligonucleotide complementary to a conserved sequence found in mitochondrial and prokaryotic RNase P RNAs. DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from the region coding for this RNA revealed a second conserved sequence block characteristic of RNase P RNA genes and the presence of a downstream tRNA(Pro) gene. Like previously characterized mitochondrial RNase P RNAs, this small RNA is extremely AU-rich. The discovery of this 140-base RNA suggests that naturally occurring RNase P RNAs may be quite small.     

Isolation of a repeated DNA sequence from Bordetella pertussis

A repeated DNA sequence in the genome of Bordetella pertussis has been demonstrated. At least 20 copies of this sequence could be observed in either BamHI or EcoRI restriction enzyme digests of chromosomal DNA; fragments carrying the repeated DNA sequence ranged in size from about 1.5 to 20 kbp. The repeated DNA sequence was cloned from two separate regions of the B. pertussis genome, as shown by restriction enzyme site maps of the two clones and by hybridization studies. A small number of differences in the pattern of hybridization of the repeated DNA sequence to chromosomal DNA from several strains of B. pertussis was observed. No repeated DNA sequences were observed in one strain each of B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, and there was no hybridization of B. pertussis DNA to Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA. The repeated DNA sequence was subcloned on a 2.54 kbp BamHI fragment from one of the two original clones. Restriction enzyme digests and hybridization studies showed that the repeated DNA sequence was about 1 kbp in size and had a single, internal ClaI site.     

Sequence and structure analysis of cryptic plasmid pN30 from oil-oxidizing strain Rhodococcus erythropolis 30

Nucleotide sequence of cryptic plasmid pN30 from a Rhodococcus erythropolis 30 soil isolate was determined. Plasmid DNA consists of 5403 nucleotide pairs and contains about 62% GC pairs, which is typical of Rhodococcus DNA. No significant homology was determined between the pN30 DNA sequence and those of known plasmids. Computer-aided analysis of pN30 sequence revealed open reading frames that encode proteins strongly homologous to replicative proteins encoded by small cryptic plasmids of different actinomycetes.     

High sensitivity mapping of methylated cytosines.

An understanding of DNA methylation and its potential role in gene control during development, aging and cancer has been hampered by a lack of sensitive methods which can resolve exact methylation patterns from only small quantities of DNA. We have now developed a genomic sequencing technique which is capable of detecting every methylated cytosine on both strands of any target sequence, using DNA isolated from fewer than 100 cells. In this method, sodium bisulphite is used to convert cytosine residues to uracil residues in single-stranded DNA, under conditions whereby 5-methylcytosine remains non-reactive. The converted DNA is amplified with specific primers and sequenced. All the cytosine residues remaining in the sequence represent previously methylated cytosines in the genome. The work described has defined procedures that maximise the efficiency of denaturation, bisulphite conversion and amplification, to permit methylation mapping of single genes from small amounts of genomic DNA, readily available from germ cells and early developmental stages.     

Presence, isolation and characterization of yolk DNA from chicken eggs

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Construction, analysis, and application to 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis of a recombinant phage DNA library from flow-sorted human Y chromosomes

The analysis of a recombinant human Y-enriched Hind III total digest phage library prepared from the DNA of flow sorted human Y chromosomes is described. Out of 43 phage inserts from the library thus far mapped, 25 revealed hybridization with Y chromosomal DNA. These inserts may be divided into five groups according to their degree of Y specific hybridization: inserts that hybridize with one single copy or slightly repeated Y-specific DNA sequence, Y-specific repeated sequences of various restriction fragment lengths, Y-chromosomal DNA sequence(s) shared by a sequence on the X and/or on autosomes, Y-specific DNA sequences in addition to multiple X and/or autosomal sequences, or Y-specific repeated DNA in addition to multiple X and/or autosomal sequences. Application of probes from this library for diagnostic purposes is shown in two 46,XY patients with gonadal dysgenesis and small deletions of the Y short arm.     

DNA Binding Properties of the Small Cascade Subunit Csa5

CRISPR-Cas systems provide immunity against viral attacks in archaeal and bacterial cells. Type I systems employ a Cas protein complex termed Cascade, which utilizes small CRISPR RNAs to detect and degrade the exogenic DNA. A small sequence motif, the PAM, marks the foreign substrates. Previously, a recombinant type I-A Cascade complex from the archaeon Thermoproteus tenax was shown to target and degrade DNA in vitro, dependent on a native PAM sequence. Here, we present the biochemical analysis of the small subunit, Csa5, of this Cascade complex. T. tenax Csa5 preferentially bound ssDNA and mutants that showed decreased ssDNA-binding and reduced Cascade-mediated DNA cleavage were identified. Csa5 oligomerization prevented DNA binding. Specific recognition of the PAM sequence was not observed. Phylogenetic analyses identified Csa5 as a universal member of type I-A systems and revealed three distinct groups. A potential role of Csa5 in R-loop stabilization is discussed.     

Low molecular weight RNAs with homologies to cellular DNA at sites of adenovirus DNA insertion in hamster or mouse cells.

The adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-transformed hamster cell line HE5 contains one or very few integrated copies of Ad2 DNA. At the site of insertion of Ad2 DNA, the cellular DNA sequence has been completely preserved and has homologies to small unpolyadenylated, cytoplasmic RNAs of 300 nucleotides in length and to minority populations of smaller RNAs present in HE5 cells and in normal hamster cells. The 300-nucleotide RNA is present on average in approximately 20 copies per cell. This RNA, and shorter RNAs, reveal homologies to the hamster DNA sequence of approximately 400 nucleotides to the right of the site of insertion of Ad2 DNA, which is present in one or very few copies per genome. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA segment homologous to this RNA does not contain open reading frames in excess of a sequence encoding 18 amino acids. Thus, it is unlikely that the small RNAs are actually translated and their function is unknown. The nucleotide sequence does not exhibit similarities to known low mol. wt. RNAs of eukaryotic origin. The low mol. wt. cellular RNA has been found in HE5 cells, in other hamster cell lines and organs, and also in mouse cells. There are differences with respect to size and abundance in the RNAs smaller than 300 nucleotides between HE5 cells and LSH hamster embryo cells. The adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-induced mouse tumor CBA-12-1-T carries greater than 30 copies of integrated Ad12 DNA. The cellular DNA sequence at the site of Ad12 DNA insertion exhibits homologies to small RNAs (approximately 300 nucleotides long) from mouse cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of cloned human alphoid satellite with an unusual monomeric construction: evidence for enrichment in HeLa small polydisperse circular DNA.

A recombinant DNA plasmid library was constructed from HeLa cell extrachromosomal circular DNA and the sequence organization of one family of clones, which contain sequences enriched in HeLa small polydisperse circular (spc) DNA, was studied by restriction mapping and base sequence analysis. Restriction mapping revealed each clone to be composed solely of imperfect tandem repeats of ca. 170 bp. The entire DNA sequence of one clone was determined and found to be alphoid satellite with a variant monomeric construction.     

DNA sequence of a human Sm autoimmune antigen. The multigene family contains a processed pseudogene

The sequence of a complementary DNA clone coding for a human autoimmune antigen has been determined. This DNA sequence predicts the amino acid sequence of a small protein ("E") which is associated with small nuclear RNA in human cells. Analysis of the predicted protein sequence suggests that the E protein is not closely related to other nucleic acid binding proteins. Screening of a human genomic DNA library has led to the isolation of several members of the E protein multigene family. Sequence analysis of one member of this family reveals that it is flanked by direct repeats and contains several mutations. One of these mutations, an insertion, terminates the long open reading frame. These features are compatible with the designation of this sequence as a processed pseudogene.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus megaterium gene coding for small, acid-soluble spore protein B.

The Bacillus megaterium gene coding for small, acid-soluble spore protein (SASP) B was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The amino acid sequence predicted from the DNA sequence was identical to that determined previously for SASP B, with the exception of the amino-terminal methionine predicted from the gene sequence which is presumably removed posttranslationally and an asparagine residue predicted at position 21 which was originally identified as an aspartate residue. The mRNA encoded by the SASP B gene is synthesized for only a discrete period midway in sporulation, in parallel with mRNAs coding for other SASPs. The small size of the SASP B mRNA (365 nucleotides) indicated that the mRNA is monocistronic. The SASP B gene itself hybridized strongly to only one band in Southern blots of restriction enzyme digests of B. megaterium DNA, suggesting that the SASP B gene is not a member of a highly conserved multigene family, as is the case for other SASP genes.     

Sequence and Structure Analysis of Cryptic Plasmid pN30 from Oil-Oxidizing Strain <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodococcus erythropolis</Emphasis> 30

Nucleotide sequence of cryptic plasmid pN30 from a Rhodococcus erythropolis 30 soil isolate was determined. Plasmid DNA consists of 5403 nucleotide pairs and contains about 62% GC pairs, which is typical of Rhodococcus DNA. No significant homology was determined between the pN30 DNA sequence and those of known plasmids. Computer-aided analysis of pN30 sequence revealed open reading frames that encode proteins strongly homologous to replicative proteins encoded by small cryptic plasmids of different actinomycetes.