洞庭湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹与理化因子的关系

对东洞庭湖7个采样站点的浮游生物群落DNA多态性进行了RAPD指纹分析,并探讨了其DNA指纹与理化因子的关系。结果如下:(1)从80条随机引物中筛选出的11条引物共获得148条谱带,多态率为98.6%;所用引物在各站点可获得45—70条扩增谱带,平均为57.6条,其中Ⅳ站最少;(2)Ⅳ站的泥沙含量最高(75.5mg/L),其他各站在1.2—40.3mg/L;各站点间的pH值比较接近,都呈弱碱性;Ⅰ站的TN、TDN及TP含量最高,Ⅲ站的TDP最高,但各站点相差不大。相似性聚类分析表明,浮游生物群落DNA指纹将7个站点划分为两大类———Ⅳ站作为单独的一类而明显有别于其他6个站点,这与洞庭湖浮游生物分布的主要制约因子———泥沙含量的聚类结果是一致的。因此,研究表明浮游生物群落DNA指纹与环境主要限制因子是密切相关的,这类资料的积累将为建立简易、有效的水资源质量评价体系提供科学依据。     

东湖浮游生物群落DNA指纹结构及其与环境理化因子的关系

对武汉东湖5个不同湖区的浮游生物群落DNA进行了RAPD指纹分析,并探讨了DNA指纹结构与环境理化因子的关系．结果表明：所筛选的9条随机引物共扩增210条大小为150～2000bp的谱带,多态率为93．3％．各站点平均有42条谱带,其中Ⅳ站最多（53条）,Ⅴ站最少（35条）．Ⅰ站的PO4^3--P、TP含量最高,Ⅴ站的NH4^＋-N、TN、NO2^--N含量最高,Ⅳ站各理化因子含量均低于其他站点,站点间COD、碱度、硬度、钙含量差异不大．相似性聚类分析表明,基于RAPD标记的浮游生物群落指纹将5个站点划分为两类：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ站聚为一枝,Ⅳ、Ⅴ站聚为另一枝．这与湖区主要理化因子的聚类结果一致．说明东湖不同湖区浮游生物群落DNA指纹与其环境理化因子密切相关．     

武汉东湖浮游生物群落DNA多态性与富营养化

对武汉东湖不同程度富营养化湖区 ,即站 、站 与站 浮游生物进行了群落级 DNA多态性的 DNA指纹研究 ,并就其拓扑结构与富营养化特征参数之间关系进行了分析。实验结果如下 :(1)各站点总氮、总磷及叶绿素 a分别为 1.14 6～ 2 .2 35mg/ L、0 .0 13～ 0 .2 10 mg/ L 和 4 0 .2 5～ 10 9.2 2 μg/ L;(2 )所筛选的 5个随机引物共获得 2 9个扩增位点 ,其中多态位点占75 .9% ,各引物扩增谱带数在 2～ 6间。站 的扩增条带数最多、谱带多态率最高 (6 9.6 % )、特有带最多 ;(3)特定浮游生物类群的特异性 PCR扩增谱带为 1～ 6条不等 ,站间差别甚小。聚类及综合分析表明 :DNA指纹拓扑结构与浮游生物及特定浮游生物类群的物种多样性丰度相吻合 ,并与富营养化主要指示参数存在明显相关 ,即在一定范围内浮游生物群落 DNA多态性与富营养化程度呈反方向发展 ,而原生动物则表现出同向性发展趋势。因此 ,群落级 DNA指纹分析不仅能为生态学研究洞开一片新颖的视窗 ,并有可能孕育出一种简便而灵敏的水体富营养化危机预警系统     

DNA指纹分析技术在群落级生命系统应用的可能性

DNA指纹分析是一种关于整体遗传结构分析的强有力的分子生物学技术 ,广泛应用于种群及个体水平层次生命系统。本文以东湖浮游生物为对象 ,用随机引物和特异引物进行扩增探讨了DNA指纹分析技术在群落级生命系统应用的可能性。实验表明 :取自分别处于超富营养水平、富营养水平和中营养水平的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ站样本的模板DNA ,无论是以随机引物M 0 1、M 0 2、M 0 3、M 18及M 19还是特异引物CW15 94 6 / 4 7、EGMS6、EGMS4、ITS1及HSP扩增均获得清晰且稳定的图谱 ;各站间浮游生物群落DNA指纹拓扑结构存在明显的表观差异 :居中营养水平的Ⅲ站谱带较多 ,而分别居富营养水平、超富营养水平的Ⅱ站和Ⅰ站较少 ;各站既有特异性谱带也有共有的谱带 ,Ⅲ站包含了Ⅱ站和Ⅰ站 33%— 10 0 %的谱带。本文还结合现有有关物种生物多样性及理化方面的资料 ,对所获得群落DNA指纹图谱的生物学意义进行尝试性的、定性的讨论。     

RAPD标记在山葡萄种质鉴定中的应用

采用修改后的CTAB 法获得了高质量的基因组DNA 。利用RAPD 标记技术对山葡萄7 份种质进行鉴定, 用4 个引物(从30 个引物中筛选)对试材进行PCR 扩增, 共扩增出30 条谱带, 平均每条引物产生7.5 条谱带, 其中21 条谱带为多态性谱带, 占总谱带数的70%。不同引物扩增的谱带数不同, 范围在6~9 条之间。利用4 个引物扩增出的多态性谱带可以将7 份山葡萄种质区分。     

7个品种变叶木过氧化物酶同工酶分析

本试验对7个品种变叶木的形态特征进行比较,并利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对各品种过氧化物酶同工酶进行分析。结果表明,各品种的过氧化物酶同工酶谱不一;7个品种变叶木共有14条谱带,2号谱带最多为11条,5号谱带最少为6条;其谱带分为3个区(A=0~0.18,B=0.18~0.35,C=0.35~0.5);并对7个品种的亲缘关系进行聚类分析。     

鳜塘浮游生物DNA序列多样性、水质和疾病的关系

应用RAPD技术研究了鳜塘水生生态系统中浮游生物群落α-多样性,分析了浮游生物群落DNA序列丰富度与水质和疾病发生之间的关系,探讨了池塘养殖密度和短周期、小密度、高投饵量养殖方式对浮游生物群落DNA序列丰富度及水质的影响.结果表明：1)鳜塘浮游生物群落DNA序列丰富度与水质综合指数呈显著负相关关系(P<0.01); 2)池塘高密度养殖会造成浮游生物丰富度降低和水质综合指数升高;3)短周期、小密度、高投饵量的养殖模式对环境的损伤较大;4)浮游生物群落DNA指纹01矩阵和水质理化因子样品聚类分析表明,发病塘在水质理化因子和浮游生物群落上具有相似性,为鳜疾病预报模型的建立奠定了基础.     

二十八份玉米自交系的RAPD亲缘关系分析

采用RAPD技术,对28份玉米自交系的亲缘关系进行分析。旨在DNA水平上揭示玉米自交系之间的亲缘关系,为进一步提高玉米杂种优势利用水平提供有益的信息从100个10bp随机引物中筛选出24个多态性较好的引物,对28份玉米自交系DNA进行扩增,扩增出24张DNA指纹图谱,其中多态性DNA谱带106条,占总扩增带数的64％。利用DNA扩增结果进行聚类分析,建立了28个玉米自交系的亲缘天系树状图,将供试材料划分为五个类群,RAPD分析结果与已知系谱的亲缘关系基本一致。     

32个柿主栽品种SSR图谱构建及遗传变异分析

以32份柿主栽品种为试验材料,利用SSR标记技术构建其指纹图谱并进行遗传多样性分析。从78对候选引物中筛选出20对多态性高、稳定性好的引物作为核心引物,构建柿主栽品种SSR指纹图谱。结果显示:(1)20对引物在32份材料中共扩增出183条多态性条带,每对引物扩增出3～20条不等,平均每对引物扩增出9.15条,多态性比率为81.3%。各个位点的杂合度在0.410 3～0.914 3之间,平均为0.702 7。(2)8对引物在12个品种上具有特征带型,采用5对引物进行组合鉴定即可将32个柿品种完全区分开。(3)依据SSR带型特征,对每对引物生成的不同带型直接编号,简化柿SSR带型记录方法,并利用每个品种的带型编号,建立其DNA指纹图谱,结果表明,核心引物组合法比特征谱带法更适用于构建中国柿主栽品种DNA指纹图谱。(4)根据系统聚类分析将32个柿主栽品种分为两大类,品种间的亲缘关系与地理来源具有一定的相关性。     

分子标记鉴定常山胡柚优良基因型的初步研究

本研究利用RAPD和ISSR分子标记对常山胡柚的优良基因型进行鉴定,并探讨常山胡柚的起源。从100个RAPD引物中筛选出12个多态性引物用于正式扩增,共得到117条DNA带,其中多态性DNA带64条,占扩增片段的54．7%;从105个ISSR引物中筛选出11个多态性引物用于正式扩增,共得到94条DNA带,其中多态性DNA带58条,占扩增片段的61．7%。RAPD和ISSR分析揭示了常山胡柚及其近缘种的一些特异性条带。ISSR共产生了15条特异条带,RAPD共产生12特异性条带。实验数据用AMOVA软件计算遗传距离,用NTSYS-pc软件构建UPGMA聚类树状图。结果显示,所有的基因型及不同种之间均能够彼此区分,分析得到的指纹图谱对常山胡柚种和基因型的鉴定具有潜在的应用价值,可用于优良基因型的鉴定。聚类分析结果显示常山胡柚和甜柚聚为一枝,确定了甜柚是杂交亲本之一,但是常山胡柚和柚的遗传距离较远,说明常山胡柚可能是甜橙、柚和柑桔属其他种的多重自然杂交的结果。     

Integrating conservation and development: incorporating vulnerability into biodiversity-assessment of areas

Protection of regional biodiversity requires that priority for protection of individual areas be based on both the contribution the area can make to representing overall biodiversity and the degree to which the area, in the absence of action, is vulnerable to loss of its biodiversity. Attempts to apply these criteria together largely have been ad hoc. A solution to this problem is presented for environmental surrogate data, based on environmental diversity (ED). ED uses a standard ecological continuum model to link environmental pattern to species-level biodiversity, so that a set of areas can be characterized by its relative expected biodiversity. This allows explicit incorporation of estimates of area-vulnerability, interpreted as the relative probability that any member species will not persist, into biodiversity assessments. The contribution of a given area to regional expected biodiversity is influenced not only by its own vulnerability value, but also by the vulnerability of other areas. Increasing the degree of protection of any area (reducing its vulnerability) will increase expected biodiversity: however, expected regional biodiversity sometimes may be maximized when limited resources for protection are directed to an area with lower vulnerability rather than to one with higher vulnerability.The allocation of land uses in a region need not be viewed as an all-or-nothing assignment of protection. The effect of a particular management regime on the biodiversity of a given area can be equated with some consequent degree of vulnerability; viewed positively, a management regime that offers some degree of biodiversity protection can make a measurable contribution to the protection of the biodiversity of a region.     

农业活动及转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响

农田生物多样性是生态系统生物多样性的重要组成部分,但较少受到关注.近50年来,由于农业活动引起的环境污染、生境破碎和单一化种植等严重威胁着农田生物多样性.为了了解各因素对农田生物多样性的影响程度,优化农田管理措施,以提高农作物产量并降低环境影响,本文综述了种植方式、地膜覆盖、农药和化肥使用等农业活动及转基因作物对我国农田生物多样性的影响.农药和化肥的过度使用对农田生物多样性的影响最大;而转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响受诸多因素影响,如携带的转基因性状等.需要加强转基因作物生态环境影响评价研究,特别是对农田生物多样性的潜在影响.农业生产活动应当与农田生物多样性保护密切结合,不仅有利于提高农作物产量,同时也可减少对环境的负面影响.     

环境DNA metabarcoding及其在生态学研究中的应用

环境DNA metabarcoding(eDNA metabarcoding)是指利用环境样本(如土壤、水、粪便等)中分离的DNA进行高通量的多个物种(或高级分类单元)鉴定的方法。近年来,该方法引起了学者的广泛关注,逐渐应用于生物多样性研究、水生生物监测、珍稀濒危物种和外来入侵物种检测等生态学领域。介绍环境DNA metabarcoding的含义和研究方法;重点介绍环境DNA metabarcoding在物种监测、生物多样性研究和食性分析等生态学领域中的应用;总结环境DNA metabarcoding应用于生态学研究领域面临的挑战并对该方法的发展进行展望。     

Integrating conservation and development: effective trade-offs between biodiversity and cost in the selection of protected areas

Strategies are needed for reconciling competing demands at the regional level when areas are to be selected for protection and there are associated costs, possibly equivalent to forgone development opportunties. As an alternative to the fixed scaling (or weighting) of costs and benefits required by cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analyses allow the exploration of alternative weightings and a summary trade-off curve to determine preferred solutions. For alternative sets of areas, total cost could be plotted against total represented biodiversity, but a more consistent approach should look at trade-off space at the level of individual areas. For a given weighting, an area is assigned protection if and only if its contribution to total biodiversity, CB, exceeds its equivalent cost, EC (in biodiversity units). Because CB for a given area depends on which other areas are also protected, it can be more or less than EC. Here we develop an iterative strategy for selecting areas, such that, for a given weighting, an area is in the final protected set if and only if its final CB value is greater than its EC value. Sensitivity analysis is used to identify those areas that: (1) are assigned protection even when low weight is given to biodiversity, or (2) are not assigned protection even when high weight is given to biodiversity. This approach is applicable in principle to any surrogate measure for biodiversity; here examples are presented in which environmental data are summarized as an environmental space.     

Environmental conditions influence the plant functional diversity effect on potential denitrification

Global biodiversity loss has prompted research on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Few studies have examined how plant diversity impacts belowground processes; even fewer have examined how varying resource levels can influence the effect of plant diversity on microbial activity. In a field experiment in a restored wetland, we examined the role of plant trait diversity (or functional diversity, (FD)) and its interactions with natural levels of variability of soil properties, on a microbial process, denitrification potential (DNP). We demonstrated that FD significantly affected microbial DNP through its interactions with soil conditions; increasing FD led to increased DNP but mainly at higher levels of soil resources. Our results suggest that the effect of species diversity on ecosystem functioning may depend on environmental factors such as resource availability. Future biodiversity experiments should examine how natural levels of environmental variability impact the importance of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning.     

What criteria should be used to select biodiversity indicators?

The conservation of biodiversity is a major goal in nature conservation, but measuring the total biodiversity of a site or a region is not possible; thus there is a great demand for indicators to represent biodiversity. To be able to make use of indicators, criteria must first be established for their selection, and the degree to which the indicators meet the criteria must be tested. However, the purposes for which indicators are applied—and thus sometimes the criteria themselves—differ between ecological science and environmental policy. As transparency in choosing and testing suitable biodiversity indicators will optimize the results of an indicator, this article first aims to determine if there are common approaches in selecting biodiversity indicators in ecology and environmental policy. Second, we asked which criteria biodiversity indicators were scientifically tested against to determine their suitability. To answer these questions, we analyzed papers on biodiversity indicators referenced in the Web of Science. Our results demonstrate different patterns for selecting biodiversity indicators in the different fields of application. In ecology, the quality of indicators is mainly determined by a close relationship between indicator and indicandum (i.e., indicated phenomenon), while the relevance of an indicator for a given issue, e.g., reserve selection or an assessment of a certain impact, is of paramount importance for conservation policy. Surprisingly, few biodiversity indicators are empirically tested to determine if they meet the criteria by which they were purportedly chosen. We argue that this is due to the different conceptualizations of biodiversity indicators in science and environmental policy. Since the suitability of biodiversity indicators remains untested in many cases, our findings suggest room to make better use of indicators in ecology and environmental policy. As the results of ecological research are put to use to solve environmental problems, the selection of indicators for ecological research should correspond to a large extent with those used in environmental policy. Further, to assess the suitability of a biodiversity indicator, it should be tested against all of the criteria relevant for its selection.     

Capturing biodiversity: selecting priority areas for conservation using different criteria

International treaties call for the protection of biodiversity in all its manifestations, including ecosystem and species diversities. The selection of most priority area networks focuses, however, primarily on species richness and occurrence. The effectiveness of this approach in capturing higher order manifestations of biodiversity, that is ecosystem and environmental diversity patterns, remains poorly understood. Using a case study of birds and environmental data from South Africa and Lesotho, we test how complementary networks that maximise species diversity perform with regard to their representation of ecosystem and environmental diversity, and vice versa. We compare these results to the performance of the existing reserve network. We conclude that focusing on any single biodiversity component alone is insufficient to protect other components. We offer explanations for this in terms of the autocorrelation of species diversity in environmental space.     

A metacommunity framework for enhancing the effectiveness of biological monitoring strategies

Because of inadequate knowledge and funding, the use of biodiversity indicators is often suggested as a way to support management decisions. Consequently, many studies have analyzed the performance of certain groups as indicator taxa. However, in addition to knowing whether certain groups can adequately represent the biodiversity as a whole, we must also know whether they show similar responses to the main structuring processes affecting biodiversity. Here we present an application of the metacommunity framework for evaluating the effectiveness of biodiversity indicators. Although the metacommunity framework has contributed to a better understanding of biodiversity patterns, there is still limited discussion about its implications for conservation and biomonitoring. We evaluated the effectiveness of indicator taxa in representing spatial variation in macroinvertebrate community composition in Atlantic Forest streams, and the processes that drive this variation. We focused on analyzing whether some groups conform to environmental processes and other groups are more influenced by spatial processes, and on how this can help in deciding which indicator group or groups should be used. We showed that a relatively small subset of taxa from the metacommunity would represent 80% of the variation in community composition shown by the entire metacommunity. Moreover, this subset does not have to be composed of predetermined taxonomic groups, but rather can be defined based on random subsets. We also found that some random subsets composed of a small number of genera performed better in responding to major environmental gradients. There were also random subsets that seemed to be affected by spatial processes, which could indicate important historical processes. We were able to integrate in the same theoretical and practical framework, the selection of biodiversity surrogates, indicators of environmental conditions, and more importantly, an explicit integration of environmental and spatial processes into the selection approach.     

Assessing biodiversity loss due to land use with Life Cycle Assessment: are we there yet?

Ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human activities, with land use and land‐use change at the forefront of the drivers that provoke global and regional biodiversity loss. The first step in addressing the challenge of how to reverse the negative outlook for the coming years starts with measuring environmental loss rates and assigning responsibilities. Pinpointing the global pressures on biodiversity is a task best addressed using holistic models such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is the leading method for calculating cradle‐to‐grave environmental impacts of products and services; it is actively promoted by many public policies, and integrated as part of environmental information systems within private companies. LCA already deals with the potential biodiversity impacts of land use, but there are significant obstacles to overcome before its models grasp the full reach of the phenomena involved. In this review, we discuss some pressing issues that need to be addressed. LCA mainly introduces biodiversity as an endpoint category modeled as a loss in species richness due to the conversion and use of land over time and space. The functional and population effects on biodiversity are mostly absent due to the emphasis on species accumulation with limited geographic and taxonomical reach. Current land‐use modeling activities that use biodiversity indicators tend to oversimplify the real dynamics and complexity of the interactions of species among each other and with their habitats. To identify the main areas for improvement, we systematically reviewed LCA studies on land use that had findings related to global change and conservation ecology. We provide suggestion as to how to address some of the issues raised. Our overall objective was to encourage companies to monitor and take concrete steps to address the impacts of land use on biodiversity on a broader geographical scale and along increasingly globalized supply chains.     

Local Perspectives on Environmental Insecurity and Its Influence on Illegal Biodiversity Exploitation

Environmental insecurity is a source and outcome of biodiversity declines and social conflict. One challenge to scaling insecurity reduction policies is that empirical evidence about local attitudes is overwhelmingly missing. We set three objectives: determine how local people rank risk associated with different sources of environmental insecurity; assess perceptions of environmental insecurity, biodiversity exploitation, myths of nature and risk management preferences; and explore relationships between perceptions and biodiversity exploitation. We conducted interviews (N = 88) with residents of Madagascar’s Torotorofotsy Protected Area, 2014. Risk perceptions had a moderate effect on perceptions of environmental insecurity. We found no effects of environmental insecurity on biodiversity exploitation. Results offer one if not the first exploration of local perceptions of illegal biodiversity exploitation and environmental security. Local people’s perception of risk seriousness associated with illegal biodiversity exploitation such as lemur hunting (low overall) may not reflect perceptions of policy-makers (considered to be high). Discord is a key entry point for attention.