杀虫剂硫丹对中国虎纹蛙的毒性效应： 存活率、红细胞核异常及酶活性

农药的使用对水生动物有直接和间接的影响。本文研究了有机氯杀虫剂硫丹对中国虎纹蛙（Hoplobatrachus chinensis）蝌蚪的毒性效应。具体而言,首先检测了硫丹的安全浓度（SC）,并在急性毒性实验中评估了硫丹的毒性等级。然后检测了外周血液中红细胞核形态异常,并在慢性毒性实验中测定了酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性。结果表明,在急性毒性中,随着硫丹溶液浓度的增加和染毒时间的延长,蝌蚪的平均死亡率显著增加,即蝌蚪存活率取决于农药剂量和染毒的时长。硫丹对中国虎纹蛙蝌蚪的96 h半致死浓度LC50值为23.38 μg/L,安全浓度为2.34 μg/L,为剧毒性农药。在血液红细胞核异常实验中,观察到5种不同类型的细胞核异常：核碎裂、双核、不等分裂、核凹陷和核空洞。血液红细胞核异常率与农药浓度呈正相关。在酶活性检测中,三种酶的活性均受硫丹浓度的影响。与对照组相比,酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性随硫丹浓度的增加而降低,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性随着硫丹浓度的增加呈先升高后降低。研究结果表明,硫丹对中国虎纹蛙蝌蚪具有很高的毒性,并证明了血液红细胞核异常和特定的代谢酶可以作为环境监测的生物标志物。     

农药乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的耐受性研究

采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究乐果对昭觉林蛙Rana chaochiaoensis蝌蚪的急性毒性影响,同时运用扫描取样法对正式实验的昭觉林蛙蝌蚪进行行为观察.结果 表明:昭觉林蛙蝌蚪在试验组中正常静止行为、异常静止行为、正常运动行为、异常运动行为分别占74.08%、9.41%、0.58%、2.36%;在对照组中,只有正常静止行为和正常运动行为,分别占90.99% 和9.01%.乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度 (LC50) 分别为:76.97 mg/L、67.85 mg/L、56.61 mg/L、52.80 mg/L,呈现出线性关系,安全浓度 (SC) 为5.28 mg/L.因此,乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪当属于低毒性农药.但是当乐果残留量超过安全浓度时,将会影响昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的正常生长发育,并对其行为产生影响.     

氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育的影响

本文研究了氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育的影响。结果表明,氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎发育过程中的出膜期和开口期毒性较大,其余各期毒性较小。随着氧化乐果浓度的增大,红瘰疣螈的畸形率和死亡率逐渐增大。gosner22期蝌蚪的安全浓度是0.05 mg·L~(-1)。在安全浓度内,0.03 mg·L~(-1)氧化乐果溶液对蝌蚪的生长具有明显的促进作用,浓度高于0.03 mg·L~(-1)则对蝌蚪的生长发育有明显的滞育作用,对其生长的影响主要表现在10 d以后,这与处理时间延长,毒物在蝌蚪体内富集有关。氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育有显著的影响和损伤,该研究为农业生产科学合理使用农药提供了依据。     

杀虫剂敌敌畏和除草剂丁草胺对斑腿树蛙蝌蚪的遗传毒性

敌敌畏和丁草胺是我国农田中使用最普遍的杀虫剂和除草剂,这些农田化学物质对当地的水生动物及种群造成很大威胁.本文以广泛分布于我国南方农田区域的斑腿树蛙蝌蚪为研究对象,用碱性单细胞电泳方法(或慧星试验)对暴露在不同浓度的敌敌畏(2.08,4.16,6.24,8.32,10.40 mg/L)和丁草胺(0.1025,0.205,0.410,0.820,1.230 mg/L)溶液中的蝌蚪进行了遗传毒性的检测.结果表明在实验室条件下,随着农药浓度的增加,蝌蚪的DNA损伤(DNA尾长与尾宽比)随之增加;敌敌畏浓度为2.08 mg/L和丁草胺浓度为0.41 mg/L时,对蝌蚪造成显著的损伤,而且农药的剂量与蝌蚪的DNA损伤(DNA尾长与尾宽比)呈显著的线性关系敌敌畏,y=1.136±0.0083x,r=0.957,P<0.01;丁草胺,y=0.968±0.0093x,r=0.964,P<0.01.本研究表明这两种农药对我国的两栖动物具有遗传毒性作用;同时也表明,在检测环境污染物对蝌蚪的基因毒性方面,碱性单细胞电泳分析是一种合适的方法[动物学报 51(3)447-454,2005].     

汞离子和铜离子对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪联合毒性研究

研究了重金属离子汞和铜对中华大蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）蝌蚪的毒性和联合毒性的影响.单种离子Hg^2＋对蝌蚪24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为0.712 mg/L、0.612 mg/L,Cu^2＋对蝌蚪24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为1.310 mg/L、0.862 mg/L,Hg^2＋和Cu2^＋共存对蝌蚪24 h及48 h半致死浓度分别为0.550-0.400 mg/L、0.379-0.300 mg/L.根据Marking的指数法求得24 h、48 h的相加指数AI分别为 0.078、0.034,表现为协同作用.     

苯胺对黑斑蛙蝌蚪外周血红细胞的遗传毒性效应

为从不同遗传终点检测苯胺对黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)蝌蚪红细胞的遗传毒性,将黑斑蛙蝌蚪暴露于0、3.45、17.26、34.53、69.06μg/L不同浓度的苯胺96 h后,显微镜下观察红细胞形态和数目的变化,采用微核试验测定红细胞微核率,通过彗星试验测定彗星尾长和尾距的变化。从17.26μg/L浓度组开始出现红细胞变形拉长和细胞膜破裂,且随着苯胺浓度的增加而增多。另外,各浓度组蝌蚪红细胞数目随着苯胺溶液浓度的增加而逐渐减少,且与空白对照相比差异显著(P0.01)。微核试验结果显示,各浓度处理组微核率均显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),但由于苯胺所致的红细胞破裂和Heinz小体的影响,微核率和浓度之间并未出现明显的浓度-效应关系。彗星试验结果显示,不同浓度苯胺处理组与空白对照组相比,蝌蚪红细胞尾长和尾距均显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),并与处理浓度之间存在显著的浓度-效应关系。上述结果表明,苯胺可诱发黑斑蛙蝌蚪红细胞的染色体、DNA损伤,具有较强的遗传毒性效应;苯胺最高浓度处理组69.06μg/L蝌蚪红细胞DNA损伤水平与5 mg/L环磷酰胺相近,显现明显的DNA损伤,因此建议渔业水质标准对水体中苯胺限量的规定不应高于此值。     

杀虫双溶液对峨嵋林蛙(Rana omeimontis) 蝌蚪行为的影响

研究了峨嵋林蛙(Rana omeimontis)蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中半致死浓度及其行为。利用寇氏法(Karber法)计算其96h内的半致死浓度为10．495mg/l,安全浓度为1．0495mg/l;运用方差分析检验了不同浓度中空间分布和活动性等行为的差异性。通过对空间分布型的拟合,可以得出：不论在实验组中还是在对照组中,蝌蚪在水族箱中的空间分布均为负二项分布,并且方差分析结果表明对照组和实验组中聚集度(负二项分布的参数k值)大小差异不显著,说明在此浓度范围内杀虫双对蝌蚪的微空间分布格局没有影响。而蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中的活动性分析表明,0．25mg／l的杀虫双溶液对蝌蚪的活动性行为已经造成一定的影响,所以建议寻找安全浓度时,应该结合行为方面标的观察结果。     

应用微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳技术来检测农药对青蛙蝌蚪及成体的遗传毒性

应用青蛙红细胞微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验研究了两种新型杀虫剂 -吡虫啉和抑食肼对青蛙蝌蚪和成体的遗传毒性 ,结果表明 :当吡虫啉为 2mg/L时 ,蝌蚪红细胞微核率与对照组相比 ,无显著性差异 (p >0 .0 5) ;浓度升高到 8mg/L时 ,微核率与对照组相比 ,有显著性差异 (p <0 .0 5) ;当浓度为 3 2mg/L时 ,微核率与对照组相比 ,有极显著性差异 (p <0 .0 1) ;并有明显的剂量 -效应关系 (r =0 .9843 )。而抑食肼在浓度为 2 .5mg/L和 10mg/L时 ,微核率与对照组相比 ,无显著性差异 (p >0 .0 5) ;当浓度增至 40mg/L时 ,微核与对照组相比 ,有极显著性差异 (p <0 .0 1) ;吡虫啉与抑食肼各浓度组对青蛙红细胞的DNA损伤与阴性对照组相比 ,都有极显著性差异 (p <0 .0 1) ,且具有明显的剂量 -效应关系 (r =0 .960 ,r=0 .990 )。     

高效氯氰菊酯对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

以中华蟾蜍蝌蚪为实验对象,采用半静态毒性试验方法研究了高效氯氰菊酯对其的急性毒性和生理毒性。结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半致死浓度(96h-LC50)为1.147mg/L,其毒性为中级;蝌蚪的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随染毒时间的延长而逐渐降低,当高效氯氰菊酯质量浓度达到1μg/L以上时,蝌蚪的T-AOC在出现兴奋效应后随即下降;蝌蚪体内的谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GSH-ST)活性随着农药浓度的增大和染毒时间的延长呈现出不断增加的趋势,当高效氯氰菊酯质量浓度达到1μg/L以上时,蝌蚪的GSH-ST活性较对照组有极显著的提高。研究表明,高效氯氰菊酯对中华蟾蜍蝌蚪会造成一定的毒性影响。     

异丙甲草胺、醚菌酯和咪鲜胺锰盐对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性致死效应

采用静态换水方法研究了异丙甲草胺、醚菌酯和咪鲜胺锰盐3种农药对中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪的急性毒性及其联合毒性.结果表明,在急性毒性和两两联合毒性实验中,不同浓度农药对蝌蚪的死亡率影响均显著.在24 h、48h及72 h急性毒性实验中,异丙甲草胺对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为29.81、28.81和25.83mg/L,醚菌酯为1.72、1.46和1.41 mg/L,咪鲜胺锰盐为7.43、3.75和3.22 mg/L.异丙甲草胺、醚菌酯和咪鲜胺锰盐3种农药的安全浓度(SC)分别为8.07、0.32和0.29 mg/L.异丙甲草胺为中等毒性农药,而醚菌酯和咪鲜胺锰盐均为剧毒性农药.在两两联合的毒性实验中,异丙甲草胺-醚菌酯和异丙甲草胺-咪鲜胺锰盐均表现为中等毒性,醚菌酯-咪鲜胺锰盐表现为剧毒性.在24 h、48 h及72h两两联合毒性实验中,异丙甲草胺-醚菌酯对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为18.41、15.69和13.38 mg/L,异丙甲草胺-咪鲜胺锰盐为15.56、10.45和8.11 mg/L,醚菌酯-咪鲜胺锰盐为4.17、2.84和2.00 mg/L,且其相对应的安全浓度分别为3.42、1.41和0.40 mg/L.在联合毒性评价中,异丙甲草胺-醚菌酯联合组在24 h和48 h表现为拮抗作用,醚菌酯-咪鲜胺锰盐联合组在48 h表现为加和作用,其余均表现为协同作用.同样,重复方差分析结果表明,农药浓度、染毒时间及两者相互作用对蝌蚪的存活率影响均显著.与前期发表数据进行比较,表明中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对污染物具有很强的敏感性.这些结果将为无尾类动物的毒理学研究提供科学依据.     

Effect of glyphosate-based herbicide on acetylcholinesterase activity in tadpoles, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

This study focused on the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on activity of the neuron enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), in the tadpole stage (stage 35-39) of the East Asian Bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus. There were 4 herbicide concentration treatments consisting of glyphosate-based herbicide added at 21, 24, 27 and 30 microl to 1L de-chlorinated water in glass containers (10x15x20 cm). There were 4 replicates per treatment, each replicate using 20 tadpoles. The toxicity results were compared with tadpoles in distilled water as a control treatment. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide concentrations, LC50 values of 25.21, 24.66, 24.16 and 23.63 microl/L, respectively, were recorded. AChE activities decreased significantly and markedly with herbicide concentration. Such inhibition of AChE activity by this glyphosate-based herbicide indicates the potential of such herbicides to disrupt ecological communities in water near where the herbicides are applied.     

化肥磷酸二铵对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪发育的影响

目的为了探究化肥磷酸二铵对两栖类幼体发育的影响。方法以花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪为研究对象,用化肥磷酸二铵(DAP)进行染毒培育,并依据Gosner(1960)分期标准,将蝌蚪分为G0实验组和G20实验组,分别暴露于浓度为0.045g/L、0.135g/L、0.225g/L的DAP水溶液中,直至蝌蚪完成变态发育,并对孵化率、死亡率、畸形率以及发育时程等参数进行统计分析。结果随着化肥DAP浓度的升高,孵化率逐渐下降,但对照组与各侵染组之间均无显著性差异;侵染组蝌蚪死亡率均高于对照组,均呈极显著性差异(P0.01),且G20侵染组明显高于G0侵染组;蝌蚪畸形可分为四大类,侵染组蝌蚪畸形率均高于对照组,且均呈极显著性差异(P0.01),畸形率随着DAP浓度的升高而增加;完成变态发育所用时程,侵染组明显长于对照组。结论化肥磷酸二铵对蝌蚪发育具有显著影响及损伤。     

葡萄糖和维生素C对镇海林蛙蝌蚪生长及其三种酶活性的影响

营养源对动物生长发育具有重要作用。本文采用静水实验浸泡法探究葡萄糖和维生素C对镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)蝌蚪生长及其苹果酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶及淀粉酶活性的影响。在葡萄糖实验组共分为0.5、1.0和2.0 g/L三个浓度组,维生素C实验组共分为10.0、20.0和30.0 mg/L浓度组,另设1组加曝气水作为对照组。在葡萄糖实验组中,蝌蚪存活率在不同实验组间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。变态时间在0.5 g/L和1.0 g/L实验组最短,分别为(43.0±4.0)d和(43.0±3.4)d,2.0 g/L实验组最长,为(46.2±5.4)d,且实验组间差异显著(P <0.05)。变态时,0.5 g/L实验组的体重和体全长最大,且各实验组间的体重差异显著(P <0.01),但体全长差异不显著(P> 0.05)。增重率在0.5 g/L实验组最高,为(9.67±1.71)mg/d,对照组最低,为(7.54±1.22)mg/d,且各实验组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。维生素C实验组中,存活率在各实验组间差异不显著(P> 0.05)。所有实验...     

Effect of in ovo injection of vitamin C during incubation on hatchability of chickens and ducks

The aim of the investigation was to ascertain the influence of different doses of vitamin C injected at selected dates of incubation into the eggs of broiler breeders and Pekin ducks on hatchability. The injected vitamin C doses were administered into the air cell on the 13th, 15th and 17th days (3 and 6 mg--chickens) and on the 12th and 20th days (4 and 8 mg--ducks) of incubation. In the case of chickens, no significant differences were recorded between the control and experimental groups with regard to hatchability, although the highest value of hatchability from fertilized eggs was determined in the group injected with 6 mg of vitamin C on the 15th day of incubation. On the other hand, in ducks, significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups (4 mg of vitamin C administered on days 12 and 20 and 8 mg of vitamin C injected on day 20 of incubation) regarding hatchability. The value of this trait was higher in the group of eggs injected with ascorbic acid in comparison with the eggs which were not treated. On average, the difference amounted to 32.5 percentage points. Similarly, in the case of the number of dead embryos and unhatched chicks, better results were observed in the above-mentioned experimental groups. In summary, vitamin C injected into chicken eggs failed to influence hatchability. In the case of duck eggs, it was demonstrated that their injection on the 20th day of incubation with selected doses of vitamin C (4 and 8 mg/egg) improved hatchability by decreasing the proportions of dead and unhatched embryos.     

Genotoxicity of Three Avermectins on Polypedates megacephalus Tadpoles Using the Comet Assay

Avermectins are a new class of macrocyclic lactones derived from mycelia of the soil actinomycete, and are used as effective agricultural pesticides and antiparasitic agents. However, run-off from crops treated with avermectins may contaminate various bodies of water, and accumulated to certain concentrations to impact the development of aquatic animals. Here, we tested the genotoxicity of three avermectins(abamectin, ABM; ivermectin, IVM; and emamectin benzoate, EMB) on Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Tadpoles were treated for 48 h in the laboratory with different concentrations of these three agents, 0.006, 0.012, 0.018, 0.024, 0.030 mg/L for ABM, 0.003, 0.006, 0.009, 0.012, 0.015 mg/L for IVM and 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 mg/L for EMB, and then measured their DNA damage by the Comet assay tail factor %. The concentrations of resulted in highly significant increases in DNA damage of the tadpoles were found above the concentration threshold of 0.012 mg/L ABM, 0.003 mg/L IVM and 0.06 mg/L EMB and linear correlations between the intensity of DNA damage and the concentrations of these three avermectins. Our results showed clearly that avermectins caused dose dependent DNA damage on amphibian tadpoles, and there might be a control on the misuse of avermectins.     

微塑料对大型溞的急性毒性研究

为了解微塑料对淡水生态环境的影响,选择了大型溞作为受试生物,研究了聚氯乙烯(PVC)对其产生的急性毒性效应与恢复试验.研究设置了7个PVC浓度梯度,范围是0-400 mg/L,等比系数为2,对其进行急性毒性处理,测定96h LC50,并对大型溞心率变化和抗氧化指标进行测定.同时,对其进行清水21d恢复实验.96h LC...     

气体过饱和对长江鲟早期生活史的影响

为研究总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas, TDG)过饱和对长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus Dumeril)早期生活史的影响,以长江鲟受精卵和仔稚鱼为实验对象,进行不同TDG饱和度的暴露试验。结果显示:在不同饱和度的TDG过饱和水体中,发育至神经胚阶段的长江鲟受精卵的孵化率存在显著差异。其中,对照组中的受精卵孵化率为(79±3)%, 140%组的孵化率((78±2)%)与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05), 110%组、120%组130%组的孵化率分别为(84±0)%、(92±2)%和(91±1)%,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。将出膜1—2d的仔鱼置于不同梯度的TDG饱和度水体中暴露96h,除对照组外,各实验组均有仔鱼死亡,但死亡率均未达到7%。其中130%组的死亡率最高,为(5.59±1.86)%; 110%和120%组死亡率次之,分别为(3.45±0.12)%和(3.45±0.00)%; 140%组的死亡率最低,为(1.15±1.99)%。130%组仔鱼死亡率显著高于140%组(P<0.05),其他各组之间无显著差异(P>0...     

除草剂乐草隆对红鲫的遗传毒性研究

目的　探讨除草剂乐草隆对红鲫的遗传毒性。方法　用单细胞凝胶电泳检测不同浓度的乐草隆对红鲫外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤作用。结果　乐草隆致毒红鲫的淋巴细胞DNA的迁移度均较阴性对照组高 (P<0 0 5 ) ,在一定浓度范围内 (0～ 7 0 0mg L)DNA损伤程度与浓度呈正相关 (r=0 982 ,P <0 0 1)。在 12h、2 4h、4 8h、96h、10d实验组DNA损伤程度均有增强的趋势。结论　乐草隆对红鲫具有一定的遗传毒性     

Untersuchungen über den Vitamin B2-Bedarf der Legehenne

Because of the well established function of carnitine possible effects of carnitine were studied in poultry. In trial I it was investigated if carnitine and its precursors (lysine, methionine) reduce the formation of abdominal fat in broilers. Chickens (10 groups of 10 chickens each) were fed different diets (control, lysine and methionine in excess and deficient, respectively, with or without 5% fat supplement, L‐carnitine and DL‐carnitine supplement, respectively).Performance (body weight gain, feed conversion), amount of abdominal fat and carnitine concentration in blood, muscles (M. sartorius, M.pectoralis superficialis, cardiac), liver and kidney were determined. Performance and abdominal fat were influenced by dietary fat, lysine and methionine as expected and were not altered by carnitine. Excess and deficiency of lysine and methionine did not influence, fat supplement reduced and carnitine supplementation significantly increased tissue concentration of carnitine.

In trial II it was studied if supplementation of a commercial layers’ ration with either 500 mg L‐carnitine or 500 mg nicotinic acid or both per kg reduces the cholesterol concentration in yolk. Influence on body weight, feed intake, laying performance, serum and yolk cholesterol concentration could not be observed, but yolk concentration of carnitine was significantly increased in supplemented groups.

Trial III should clarify if the L‐carnitine content in broiler parentstock ration influences hatchability. Four groups of 1350 hens each were fed a commercial all‐mash supplemented with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mg L‐carnitine, respectively. Hatching rate was increased from 83% to 87% and from 82.4% to 85.3% in groups supplemented with 50 and 100 mg L‐carnitine, respectively, and in randomly sampled eggs of these groups carnitine concentration in yolk was higher.