城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用

为了客观反映城市森林冠层的温湿效应,发挥城市森林冠层调节小气候的作用,使用Decagon微气象监测系统对南京城市森林冠层光照、温度、相对湿度等微气候因子进行长期监测,以林外的实验观测作为对照,分析了城市森林冠层内部小气候特征和对小气候的调节作用。结果表明:生长期冠层内部太阳辐射呈双峰或多峰曲线变化,林外与冠层内部太阳辐射差由大到小为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季;冠层内部与林外的气温和相对湿度日变化规律均呈抛物线变化,夏、秋季冠层降温作用高于春、冬季,春、夏、秋季白天冠层与林外温差大,夜间温差小,春、夏、秋季冠层相对湿度在任意时段均高于林外,冬季午后冠层相对湿度低于林外,城市森林冠层在夏、秋季的保湿效果优于春、冬季,城市森林冠层气温日最高值出现时刻比林外约晚30 min;除冠层内部太阳辐射与林外气温相关性不显著外,其他气象因子之间均呈极显著的相关性(P0.01)。城市森林冠层在削减太阳辐射、降温增湿、缓和冠层内部温湿度变化和对高温的滞后效果等调节小气候和改善气候舒适度方面具有显著的作用。     

黄土高原苹果园不同生长阶段的小气候特征

在黄土高原苹果园内,使用小气候梯度自动测定系统于2011年1月—2013年12月定位观测果园6、3、1.5 m高度的光合有效辐射(PAR)、气温、树体温度、相对湿度以及冠层顶的总辐射和土壤10~60 cm深度的温湿度,分析了苹果园不同生长阶段的小气候特征。结果表明:总辐射、PAR、空气温度和树体温度日变化均呈单峰曲线,总辐射和PAR在12:50、空气温度和树体温度在16:00左右达到最大值;总辐射和PAR在生长盛期最强,生长始期次之;空气温度、树体温度和土壤温度在盛期随辐射变化最大,在始期次之;生长始期温度日较差最大;冠层下部PAR在生长盛期和休眠期小于冠层顶,休眠期空气温度垂直变化最大,盛期次之,除土壤表层外,其余各层土壤温度均随深度增加而升高且日变化较小;空气湿度生长盛期最大,休眠期次之,日变化呈现高-低-高趋势,冠层下部的湿度在夜间高于冠层顶部且盛期相差最为明显,生长始期其日较差最大,盛期次之;生长始期土壤含水量最高,盛期次之,表层和深层含水量较小,20 cm含水量高,但其变化幅度较大。     

荔枝林小气候特征及其与大气候的关系

利用2002—2003年间荔枝林小气候梯度观测资料,分析荔枝林小气候特征及其与背景大气候之间的关系。受“山谷风”下沉气流影响,荔枝林冠层气温与背景大气候相比,夜间气温明显偏低,其日变化幅度偏高,年平均偏低0．35—0．75℃,冬春季和夜间更加明显。因此在冬季冷空气过程中,荔枝林将承受较长的低温时间。不同梯度气温相比,冠层气温比冠层上偏高0．2—0．4℃,夏秋季和白天更加明显。荔枝林具有显著而稳定的增湿效应,全年月平均相对湿度均高于背景大气候7％左右。荔枝林气温、相对湿度等小气候因素与背景大气候相比,具有相同的时间变化趋势,并存在显著的线性关系。此研究结果可为应用常规气象站监测、预测气象资料推算荔枝林小气候状况,开展农用天气服务和防灾减灾工作提供依据和参考。     

镇江内江湿地不同演替阶段植物群落小气候日动态

2005年5月,选择镇江内江湿地具有代表性的裸地、虉草群落和芦苇群落,分别代表植被群落的不同演替阶段,测定不同群落、不同层次的光照强度、气温、土温和空气相对湿度,研究其植物群落小气候的日动态.结果表明,随演替由裸地到虉草群落到芦苇群落进行,群落内光照强度、气温和土壤温度均明显降低,日变幅减小.其中,日均光照强度由1 204.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至141.28 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,日均变幅由1 126μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至265 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;日均气温由32.2 ℃降至24.9 ℃,日均变幅由12.75 ℃降至4.8 ℃;日均土温由21.83 ℃降至19.47 ℃,日均变幅由4.5 ℃降至2.1 ℃.群落内空气相对湿度明显升高(由58.95%增至87.3%）,变幅减小(由29.75%降至5.15%）.生境具有早期的开放性和后期的封闭性,小气候环境朝着更为阴、凉、湿的环境变化,且波动性减弱,稳定性增强.各群落内的光强、气温、湿度及土温之间均存在一定相关,但不同演替阶段各因子间相关程度各异.     

广西阳朔岩溶植被演替过程种群变化及物种多样性

采用时空替代法研究广西阳朔岩溶植被在演替过程中的种群变化和物种多样性。研究表明,随着演替的进展,耐荫种群增加,乔木种群增加,优势种的更替呈现出一定的连续性,后一演替阶段的优势种往往已经隐含在前一演替阶段中;物种丰富度随演替进展表现出草丛<落叶阔叶林<灌丛<常绿落叶阔叶混交林的趋势;灌木层的物种丰富度在各演替阶段中均是最高的;在各演替阶段中,落叶阔叶林阶段的群落均匀度均表现为最大。     

岷江上游退化植被不同恢复阶段群落小气候特征研究

按生态恢复的时间序列调查了6个不同类型的群落,测定了群落内光照强度、大气相对湿度、大气温度、土壤温度和土壤水分等参数。结果表明,随植被恢复时间的增加,群落内光照强度、地表温度和气温及其变动幅度逐渐减小;自然恢复群落和人工恢复群落相比较,前者有较高的群落气温和较低的大气相对湿度;随着恢复时间的增加,撂荒地各层的土壤含水量有所提高,人工恢复群落土壤上层(0-15cm)和中层(15—30cm)含水量随林龄增加而降低,而下层(30—45cm)则增加,自然恢复群落的土壤含水量高于其它群落。随之植被恢复的时间加长,群落内小气候向着稳定的方向发展,群落的环境逐渐得到改善。     

天目山柳杉叶水势日变化及其与空气温湿度和PAR的相关性

对天目山不同海拔(1 067、698和419 m)样点柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr.)不同冠层(分别离地面高1.3、4和8 m)的叶水势日变化特征进行了研究,并对柳杉叶水势与空气温度、空气相对湿度及光合有效辐射(PAR)的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:不同海拔样点柳杉不同冠层叶水势日变化曲线均呈典型的"V"型,但谷值及其出现的时间有差异;随树冠高度增加叶水势日均值均逐渐降低;不同海拔柳杉同一冠层叶水势日均值有明显差异,其中,海拔419 m处柳杉叶水势日均值为-1.11~-1.22 MPa,海拔698和1 067 m处柳杉叶水势日均值为-0.78~-0.98 MPa,差异极显著(P<0.01)。相关性分析结果表明:柳杉叶水势与空气相对湿度均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)、与空气温度和光合有效辐射均呈负相关。逐步回归分析结果表明:在海拔419 m处影响柳杉叶水势日变化的主导因子是空气温度,而在海拔1 067和698 m处影响柳杉叶水势日变化的主导因子是空气相对湿度。研究结果显示:随海拔升高柳杉叶水势增大且导致叶水势变化的主导因子也有所改变。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠层温度与大气温度特征

根据2005年西双版纳热带季节雨林群落冠层植物表面温度以及林冠上、林冠下的气温资料,对热带季节雨林冠层温度和冠层气温及其之间的温度差异在不同季节的变化进行了分析。结果表明：热带季节雨林冠层温度除雾凉季夜间稍低于同层大气温度外,其他时间林冠温度皆高于同层大气温度,在雾凉季和干热季,热带季节雨林林冠上气温在大多数时刻高于林冠下气温;在中午前后林冠上气温低于林冠下气温。在平均温度较高的雨季,林冠上气温一直高于林冠下大气的温度;林冠上、林冠下气温之间的差异,显示西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠的生态效应对森林小气候的反馈作用;在雾凉季夜晚,热带季节雨林林冠温度与冠层气温与其他时间不同,雾凉季夜间低温是热带季节雨林能否存在的关键性限制因子。     

红海榄红树林的蒸腾作用与生态因子的关系

在海南东寨港应用气孔计对红海榄红树群落的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和几个生态因子日变化同步进行测定。在12月19日晴天条件下,冠层叶的蒸腾作用上午10—11时达到最高值4.27—4.34μg·cm~(-2)s(-1),午间蒸腾速率下降。群落总蒸腾速率与光合有效辐射、叶内外水汽压差、气温、相对湿度、叶温和风速等因子的复相关达到极显著;对蒸腾速率影响显著的生态因子是光合有效辐射,相对湿度和叶内外水汽压差。红海榄群落日平均蒸腾速率为2502gH_2O·m~(-2)d~(-1),其中冠层叶的蒸腾占总量的63％。     

干季晴天橡胶林林窗温度剖线分布特征

以林窗北侧林缘为中心,研究了西双版纳地区橡胶林林窗及周国Ｎ－Ｓ样带上气温水平梯度分布。结果表明：干季落叶期林窗及周边主要热力作用面在地面,但林缘的增温效应也相当明显,各热力作用面热量收支是林窗小气候形成的物理基础;林缘冠层结构,林缘乔木高度与林窗直径之比,太阳高度角,方位角,天气状况将影响林窗辐射平衡各分量的变化,林缘乔木群落结构的不同是造成林窗小气候差异最直接的原因;     

西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候特征研究

 对西双版纳望天树林林窗小气候要素的季节变化、水平差异进行了观测研究,并对比分析了两个大小不同林窗内温度垂直分布状况、相对湿度差别。结果表明：大林窗内温度、湿度、光照的日变化均比林内大;大林窗中央光照强度为林内的10倍以上,太阳总辐射量、净辐射量为林内的5倍以上,大林窗中央的蒸发耗热量大于林内,且均占各自净辐射的较大比例(70％～80％),干季大林窗内温度、湿度日变化比雨季剧烈,大林窗内具有两个加热层(幼苗冠层、地表),小林窗仅有一个加热层(幼树冠层),且前者的加热强度大于后者,相对湿度日变化则是大林窗内较剧烈。     

西双版纳片断化望天树林气候边缘效应比较研究

对西双版纳片断望天林树（Shorea chinensis)林林缘小气候的季节、水平变化进行了观测研究,对比分析了4个个不小雨林斑块（30hm^2,25hm^2,20hm^2,3hm^2)的小气候边缘效应。结果表明：各雨林斑块林缘均存在明显的小气候边缘效应,其中在干季晴天最为明显,且在上较小斑块林缘出现最高气温及气日较差高于林外的现象;干季,部分林缘小气候要素（最高气温、总辐射、净辐射、最小相对湿度）林缘与林内的差值均是高于或大于雨季的相应值,而地表最高温林缘与林内的差值则是雨季强于干季,各斑块相比,小气候边缘效应波及林内的深度在最大斑块达至最浅（25m),而在最小斑块达到最深（35m)呈现出小气候边缘效应及其影响深度随片继雨林斑块面积减小而增强及向林内进一步延伸的趋势。     

Spatial variability of summer microclimates and plant species response along transects within clearcuts in a beech forest

In a 4383 ha beech forest in central Belgium, we investigated whether, within clearcuts, microclimate gradients are detectable, and we tested for correlations between plant species composition and microclimatic heterogeneity. The results highlight a strong correlation between microclimatic parameters and distance from the forest edge. Of the 47 taxa found, 38 (81%) showed a significant change in expected occurrence in response to at least one of the investigated microclimatic parameters (air and soil temperature, air humidity, light intensity). The results suggest that a substantial number of forest herbaceous species with broad European distributions show particular microclimatic requirements. Furthermore, many species show a different response to combined factors, such as for instance soil temperature with increasing air humidity, which indicates that combinations of microclimatic parameters stronger determine the actual temperature, humidity or light levels at which species are expected to be present or not.     

暖温带山地森林的小气候研究

本文探讨了暖温带山地落叶阔叶混交林和油松林不同梯度的气温、湿度、土壤温度的日变化特征,不同季节的分析结果表明：１．落叶阔叶林夜间始终存在气温随高度增加而增加（第１梯度＞第２梯度＞第３梯度＞第４梯度）的辐射逆温现象。油松林夜间林内气温观测值始终低于林冠以上值。２．在生长季的不同时期,人工油松林的林内气温（林地以上２ｍ和４ｍ）的日间波动程度和振幅都高于林冠以上（林冠顶以上０．５ｍ和２．５ｍ）。而在生长季中期,充分发育的落叶阔叶林林冠能够明显地缓减林内气温波动和振幅。３．两类林分各梯度的气温一般均在正午后２～３小时内达到高峰,而早晚较低,具有明显的日变化特征。４．落叶阔叶林林冠以上２．５ｍ处的水汽压及相对湿度始终低于林地以上４ｍ（林下灌木层以上２．５ｍ）处的同期值,具有比油松林更强的增湿效应。     

Tanzanian Forest Edge Microclimatic Gradients: Dynamic Patterns1

Air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and light intensity microclimatic gradients were examined along four forest edge and four paired forest interior transects in the East and West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Between 14 August 1995 and 11 August 1998, 287, 282, and 196 air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and light intensity gradients, respectively, were measured along the four forest edge and four interior transects. The relationship between microclimate and distance from the forest edge was examined using piecewise linear regression. All microclimatic gradients were classified into one of nine shapes based on the sign and the size of the two estimated slopes. The relative frequency in the shapes of 65 percent of air temperature gradients, 52 percent of vapor pressure deficit gradients, and 62 percent of light intensity gradients along forest edge transects exceeded the relative frequency of these same shapes along forest interior transects, indicating that a majority of the forest edge microclimatic gradients measured were influenced by edge effects. Yet this result also indicated that approximately one‐third of all air temperature and light intensity gradients and nearly one‐half of all vapor pressure deficit gradients recorded during this study were affected by factors independent of edge effects per se, and that forest edge microclimatic gradients were temporally nonconstant. For air temperature and vapor pressure deficit gradients, low spatial but high temporal variation existed in estimated edge width and the relative change in microclimate between the forest edge and interior. For light intensity gradients, both high spatial and temporal variability characterized estimated edge width and relative change in microclimate between the forest edge and interior. The pooled mean edge width and relative change in microclimate between die forest edge and interior across the four forest edge transects for air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and light intensity gradients were 94.1 m and 2.00°C, 82.6 m and 0.29 kPa, and 60.5 m and 10.6 joules/sec/m², respectively. These results suggest that forest edge microclimatic gradients in general may be inherently dynamic and nonconstant.     

东灵山林区不同森林植被水源涵养功能评价

森林植被发挥着涵养水源的作用,主要表现在以下几个方面:对降水的截留与再分配;调节河川径流,调节林内小气候,减小林内地表蒸发,改善土壤结构,减少地表侵蚀等. 通过对几种林分各层拦蓄降水和保土功能指标定性评价的基础上,用综合评定法对不同林分水源涵养和保土功能进行综合评价,选择出综合功能最好的林分,以期为北京山区的生态环境建设、植被恢复与保护提供一定的依据。在测定东灵山4种森林植被林冠层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层蓄水和土壤保持功能指标的基础上,采用综合评定法对4种森林植被水源涵养和土壤保持功能进行了评价。结果表明:各植被类型的林冠层截留各不相同,在雨季(6-9 月份) 辽东栎林的截留率最大,华北落叶松的最小;枯落物最大持水深以辽东栎林的最大,油松的最小;土壤水文特性各异,0-80 cm 土层平均容重以落叶阔叶林的最小,华北落叶松的最大;稳渗速率以落叶阔叶林的最大,油松的最小,初渗速率以辽东栎林的最大,油松的最小。不同林分水源涵养和土壤保持综合能力由大到小顺序为落叶阔叶混交林、辽东栎林、华北落叶松林、油松林。常绿阔叶灌丛水源涵养和土壤保持综合能力评价值(0.1039) 比其它植被类型少3个数量级,说明其水源涵养和土壤保持功能明显优于其它植被类型。由此可见,树种组成丰富、林下灌草盖度高、枯落物储量多的落叶阔叶混交林水源涵养和土壤保持能力最强,优于单一的阔叶林,而油松林最差。     

中国主要森林生态系统水文功能的比较研究(英文)

 基于中国不同区域生态站的观测资料,着重从降雨截留（林冠截留、枯枝落叶层截持和土壤蓄水）、调节径流和蒸散等3个方面对我国主要森林生态系统的水文生态功能进行了比较研究。各生态系统林冠年截留量在134～626 mm间变动,由大到小排列为：热带山地雨林,亚热带西部山地常绿针叶林,热带半落叶季雨林,温带山地落叶与常绿针叶林,寒温带、温带山地常绿针叶林,亚热带竹林,亚热带、热带东部山地常绿针叶林,寒温带、温带山地落叶针叶林,温带、亚热带落叶阔叶林,亚热带山区常绿阔叶林,亚热带、热带西南山地常绿针叶林,南亚热带常绿阔叶林,亚热带山地常绿阔叶林。枯落物持水量可以达到自身干重的2～5倍,但也因林型而异。土壤非毛管持水量变动在36～142 mm之间,平均89 mm。常绿阔叶林的非毛管持水量通常高于100 mm,而寒温带/温带落叶阔叶林和常绿针叶林通常低于100 mm. 土壤的非毛管持水量通常占生态系统中截持水量的90%,其次是枯落物和林冠层。这说明,森林土壤在调节降雨截留中占有重要地位,其水文功能的大小取决于土壤结构和空隙度,而这些恰恰又受枯落物和森林植被特征的影响。森林皆伐后,一般地表径流会显著地增加,而适当抚育措施则对地表径流影响不大。流域径流受诸多因素的影响,包括植被、土壤、气候、地形、地貌以及人类影响导致的流域景观变化,比较研究表明森林变化对流域径流的影响尚未得到一致的规律性的结果。通过对比研究不同森林的蒸散变化,发现随降雨量的增加,森林蒸散量略有增加,而相对蒸散率却在下降,相对蒸散率在40%～90%间变动。     

Edge Effects of Linear Canopy Openings on Tropical Rain Forest Understory Microclimate

We investigated microclimatic edge gradients associated with grassy powerlines, paved highways and perennial creeks in wet tropical forest in northeastern Australia during wet and dry seasons. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure deficit, soil temperature, canopy temperature, soil moisture, and air speed in the rain forest understory were measured during traverses perpendicular to the forest edge. Light intensity was elevated near the edges of powerlines, highways, and creeks, but this effect was strongest for creek edges. Air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were elevated near powerline edges in the dry season and highway edges in both wet and dry seasons but were not elevated near creek edges in either season. In contrast, soil moisture was lowered near creek edges but not near either powerline or highway edges. No edge gradients were detected for air speed. Canopy temperature was elevated near highway edges and lowered near powerline edges in the wet season but no edge gradients in canopy temperature were detected near creek edges in either the wet or the dry season. We suggest that these different edge gradients may be largely the result of differences in the fluxes of latent and sensible heat within each type of linear canopy opening, with periodic flood disturbance assisting by maintaining a more open canopy near creek edges. Our data indicate that the nature of the linear canopy opening is at least as important as the width in determining the nature and severity of microclimatic edge effects, analogous to the "matrix effect" of traditional fragmentation studies.     

Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index on gross primary production of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Takayama, Japan

Revealing the seasonal and interannual variations in forest canopy photosynthesis is a critical issue in understanding the ecological mechanisms underlying the dynamics of carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and deciduous forests. This study examined the effects of temporal variations of canopy leaf area index (LAI) and leaf photosynthetic capacity [the maximum velocity of carboxylation (V _cmax)] on gross primary production (GPP) of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest for 5 years in Takayama AsiaFlux site, central Japan. We made two estimations to examine the effects of canopy properties on GPP; one is to incorporate the in situ observation of V _cmax and LAI throughout the growing season, and another considers seasonality of LAI but constantly high V _cmax. The simulations indicated that variation in V _cmax and LAI, especially in the leaf expansion period, had remarkable effects on GPP, and if V _cmax was assumed constant GPP will be overestimated by 15%. Monthly examination of air temperature, radiation, LAI and GPP suggested that spring temperature could affect canopy phenology, and also that GPP in summer was determined mainly by incoming radiation. However, the consequences among these factors responsible for interannual changes of GPP are not straightforward since leaf expansion and senescence patterns and summer meteorological conditions influence GPP independently. This simulation based on in situ ecophysiological research suggests the importance of intensive consideration and understanding of the phenology of leaf photosynthetic capacity and LAI to analyze and predict carbon fixation in forest ecosystems.