共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
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本文使用几何形态测量法探讨42例成年太行山猕猴Macaca mulatta tcheliensis髋臼的性别二态性。结果显示,太行山猕猴雌雄个体的髋臼形态具有明显的性别二态性,利用髋臼可以正确判别92.3%的雌性和87.5%的雄性个体。髋臼的形态差异主要分布于月状面的后上部,即与髋臼切迹相对的月状面区域的宽度表现为雄性大于雌性,另外雄性髋臼大小的波动范围也比雌性更广。造成髋臼性别二态性的生物学原因可能与其功能有关,髋臼作为髋关节的组成部分,起着支撑身体和协同运动的功能,能够优化关节接触面的压力分布。推测雄性髋臼受到的体质量压力更大可能是雄性进化出比雌性更宽大的月状面的主要原因。 相似文献
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鸟类羽毛颜色普遍存在性别二态性,即雄性羽色相对于雌性更鲜艳,这种现象的产生可能与环境对性别的选择效应或性别间的种内竞争有关。鸟类羽毛颜色性别二态性的生理因素及遗传调控机制一直备受关注。了解两性二态性特征的形成机制,有助于深入了解两性的交配策略及种群的行为和进化过程。研究表明,ASIP、MC1R、TYRP1和BCO2等基因能调控鸟类羽色性别二态性的形成,主要通过控制黑色素或胡萝卜素产生或降解的速率和类型,或通过调控色素生物合成途径。本文综述了影响鸟类羽色性别二态性的生物学意义、直接原因(化学性颜色、物理性颜色)、性激素对鸟类羽色性别二态性的影响,以及部分关键基因调控鸟类羽色性别二态性形成的分子机制,以期为深入理解鸟类羽色性别二态性的形成机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
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许多动物的叫声频率呈现性二态现象。蝙蝠夜间活动,主要利用声音信号导航空间、追踪猎物、传递交流信息。本研究选择成体菲菊头蝠作为研究对象,检验回声定位声波频率性二态是否有利于性别识别。研究发现,菲菊头蝠回声定位声波频率参数具有显著性别差异。播放白噪音、雄性回声定位声波及雌性回声定位声波期间,实验个体的反应叫声数量依次递减。播放白噪音、雌性回声定位声波及雄性回声定位声波后,实验个体的反应叫声数量依次递增。白噪音诱导反应叫声强度高于回声定位声波诱导反应叫声强度。研究结果表明,菲菊头蝠回声定位声波的频率参数编码发声者性别信息,有利于种群内部的性别识别。本研究暗示,回声定位声波可能在蝙蝠配偶选择中扮演一定作用。 相似文献
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X染色体失活可平衡女性中两条X染色体的基因剂量。越来越多的证据表明,失活X染色体上存在许多能够逃逸失活的基因。逃逸的机制涉及到DNA、RNA、组蛋白的表观修饰以及众多的调控蛋白和染色质的空间结构。失活X染色体基因逃逸的研究为人类疾病(特别是自身免疫性疾病)性别二态性的研究开辟了新的途径。目前已证实包括TLR7、CD40L、IRAK-1、CXCR3、CXorf21等失活X染色体基因逃逸是系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)女性好发的重要原因。本文主要综述了失活X染色体上基因逃逸以及与SLE性别二态性形成的分子机制。阐明SLE性别二态性形成的分子机制,不仅对疾病的诊断、治疗具有重要意义,而且对深入揭示人类免疫系统的发育及调控机理也有重要的理论意义。 相似文献
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昆虫中普遍存在性二态性,主要包括体型、体色、行为等方面的差异,而雌雄体色差异是其典型特征,一般雄性体色相对于雌性更鲜艳,这种现象的产生可能与环境对性别的选择效应或性别间的种内竞争有关,在昆虫求偶、躲避天敌、适应环境中具有重要的生物学意义。昆虫体色二态性的遗传调控机制及生理因素一直备受关注。了解体色二态性分子机制的形成,有助于深入探究两性的交配行为及种群进化过程。研究表明,性别决定基因Doublesex(Dsx)和内分泌激素均参与昆虫性二态性的调控过程,但影响体色形成的靶标基因及两者协同调控体色形成的分子机制尚不清楚。本文综述了性别决定信号通路和内分泌激素对昆虫性二态性的影响,以及两者之间的协同关系,和典型的体色二态性昆虫研究进展,以期为深入理解昆虫体色二态性的形成机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
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雌雄异株是有花植物雌雄性别功能在个体水平上由结合到分离的重要进化转变之一, 发生于被子植物的多个科属。雌雄异株物种的雌雄个体通常在分布、形态等方面存在差异。研究其雌雄个体的空间分布及性别二态性, 是理解雌雄异株物种繁殖策略及其适应与进化的重要前提。天南星属(Arisaema)是天南星科内已报道唯一存在雌雄异株且较为进化的类群, 一把伞南星(A. erubescens)是该属中不同性别个体存在差异的多年生草本植物。本文以湖南省八大公山国家级自然保护区内分布的一把伞南星为研究对象, 通过研究其雌雄个体的空间分布、花期物候、形态结构及访花者类群, 以期明确该物种雌雄植株的空间关联性以及花期物候、形态结构的性别二态性。结果表明: 一把伞南星群体内性比均呈极显著雄性偏倚, 雌雄个体在小尺度范围呈聚集分布, 但在较大尺度上呈随机分布; 雄性个体比雌性个体更早进入花期, 置换多元方差分析显示雌雄植株间形态特征存在显著差异, 其中假茎基径、佛焰苞管部直径、花序基径、花序柄直径等特征对性别二态性有重要贡献; 主要传粉者为白天活动的菌蚊科菌蚊属(Mycetophila)的蕈蚊, 其对雄株的访问频率极显著高于雌株。这些结果表明: 雌雄异株物种一把伞南星不同性别植株的空间关联与其传粉者蕈蚊的活动习性相匹配, 其开花物候、形态特征及传粉者访问等方面的性别二态性是对繁殖成功的保障。 相似文献
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细菌16S rRNA测序产生的大量数据表明,性别或性类固醇会影响人类和啮齿类动物肠道细菌的分类学组成.肠道菌群多样性在婴儿期增加,五岁之后稳定下来,无明显性别差异;而不同生命时期(如青春期、更年期)或性腺切除术等因素均可导致肠道微生物组发生改变,提示肠道微生物中性别二态性差异由性类固醇水平所驱动,性类固醇水平差异可能通... 相似文献
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动物的部分身体结构和功能特征在生长发育过程中雌、雄两性之间出现差异,即产生性二型现象.动物体型的性二型现象是自然界长期进化和动物适应环境变化的结果,具有重要的进化学和生态学意义.麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus是典型的性二型哺乳动物.本文对147头麋鹿(♀57头,♂90头),幼体、亚成体和成体及0~4岁以上雌性5个年龄段、0~5岁以上雄性6个年龄段的14个体型参数进行测量分析.结果表明:北京南海子麋鹿种群幼体不存在体型性二型现象;各体型参数中,体质量的体型性二型现象最明显,其性二型指数在幼体、亚成体和成体3个发育阶段分别为0.995、1.381和1.423,显著递增;0~2岁期间麋鹿生长发育迅速,但不存在雌、雄两性之间的显著差异;雌性麋鹿1~2岁达到性成熟,3岁达到成年;雄性麋鹿5岁以上达到成年.受食物状况、种群密度、气候条件、温度等生境因子的影响,麋鹿体型大小和体型性二型性指数存在区域差异. 相似文献
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体型是昆虫基本的形态特性,它会影响到昆虫几乎所有的生理和生活史特性。同种昆虫不同地理种群在体型上常表现出明显的渐变,导致这些渐变的环境因素包括温度、湿度、光照、寄主植物、种群密度等,并且多种环境因素也会对昆虫种群内个体体型产生影响。雌雄个体的体型存在差异,称性体型二型性。性体型二型性也显示了地理差异。这些差异形成的途径已经得到详细的分析,其形成机制导致多个假说的提出,这些假说又在多种昆虫中得到验证。本文从同一种昆虫不同种群间、同一种群内、雌雄虫个体间3个水平,对种内昆虫体型变异的方式,影响昆虫种群间体型变异和种群内昆虫体型的变异的环境因素,以及昆虫性体型二型性及其地理变异的现象等方面的研究进行了综述,并对未来的相关研究提供了建议。 相似文献
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Elena N. Surkova Natalia P. Korallo-Vinarskaya Maxim V. Vinarski Michal Stanko Elizabeth M. Warburton Luther van der Mescht Irina S. Khokhlova Boris R. Krasnov 《International journal for parasitology》2018,48(12):969-978
The aims of this study were to determine whether sexual size dimorphism in fleas and gamasid mites (i) conforms to Rensch’s rule (allometry of sexual size dimorphism) and (ii) covaries with sex ratio in infrapopulations (conspecific parasites harboured by an individual host), xenopopulations (conspecific parasites harboured by a population of a given host species in a locality) and suprapopulations (conspecific parasites harboured by an entire host community in a locality). Rensch’s rule in sexual size dimorphism was tested across 150 flea and 55 mite species, whereas covariation between sexual size dimorphism and sex ratio was studied using data on ectoparasites collected from small mammalian hosts in Slovakia and western Siberia. For fleas, we controlled for the confounding effect of phylogeny. The slope of the linear regression of female size on male size was significantly smaller than 1 in fleas, but did not differ from 1 in mites. The proportion of males in flea infrapopulations significantly increased with an increase in the female-to-male body size ratio. The same was true for obligatory haematophagous mites. No relationship between sex ratio and sexual size dimorphism was found for xenopopulations of either taxon or for mite suprapopulations. However, when controlling for the confounding effect of phylogeny, a significant negative correlation between sex ratio and sexual size dimorphism was revealed for flea suprapopulations. We conclude that (i) some macroecological patterns differ between ectoparasite taxa exploiting the same hosts (allometry in sexual size dimorphism), whereas other patterns are similar (sexual size dimorphism-sex ratio relationship in infrapopulations), and (ii) some patterns are scale-dependent and may demonstrate the opposite trends in parasite populations at different hierarchical levels. 相似文献
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Stefan P. W. Walker Mark I. McCormick 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2009,276(1671):3335-3343
In 1950, Rensch noted that in clades where males are the larger sex, sexual size dimorphism (SSD) tends to be more pronounced in larger species. This fundamental allometric relationship is now known as ‘Rensch''s rule’. While most researchers attribute Rensch''s rule to sexual selection for male size, experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we suggest that ultimate hypotheses for Rensch''s rule should also apply to groups of individuals and that individual trait plasticity can be used to test those hypotheses experimentally. Specifically, we show that in the sex-changing fish Parapercis cylindrica, larger males have larger harems with larger females, and that SSD increases with harem size. Thus, sexual selection for male body size is the ultimate cause of sexual size allometry. In addition, we experimentally illustrate a positive relationship between polygyny potential and individual growth rate during sex change from female to male. Thus, sexual selection is the ultimate cause of variation in growth rate, and variation in growth rate is the proximate cause of sexual size allometry. Taken together, our results provide compelling evidence in support of the sexual selection hypothesis for Rensch''s rule and highlight the potential importance of individual growth modification in the shaping of morphological patterns in Nature. 相似文献
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Basic morphometric data were collected from 22 adult lion-tailed macaques (M. silenus) of both sexes. M. silenus is a rare primate species from which adequate morphometric data have not heretofore been available for comparative purposes. Data collected include measures of gross body size (weight; crown-rump and rump-heel length), and for males, measures of secondary sexual characteristics (canine tooth and testes size). Degree of sexual dimorphism was marked, with males significantly larger and heavier than females. The three body size measures were correlated for males but not for females. There was substantial variation among individual males in secondary sex characteristics measurements. The data indicate than lion-tailed macaque morphometrics are consonant with the general pattern of positive allometry for body size and sexual dimorphism characteristic of the primate order. 相似文献
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《Mammalian Biology》2014,79(2):157-160
Amongst mammals, female-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is rare and it occurs mostly in species where reduced male intrasexual competition is present. Reverse SSD has been reported for Old World porcupines Hystrix spp. We compared weight and six metric body measurements of 40 male and 42 female crested porcupines from Southern Tuscany, Italy. No significant difference was observed between sexes. The monogamous mating system of porcupines, sharing parental care, together with no evidence of territoriality, militate against previous claims of SSD presence, probably due to small sample size and inappropriate statistical analyses. 相似文献
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Dale J Dunn PO Figuerola J Lislevand T Székely T Whittingham LA 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2007,274(1628):2971-2979
In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size. 相似文献
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Mehmet Yaar can 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,78(1):3-8
This study analyzes and compares the dental size variation and sexual dimorphism of the Highland Beach Mound people, a late southeastern prehistoric aboriginal Florida population (ca. 800-1200 AD) with a somewhat earlier midwestern group (ca. 200-800 AD) and an Archaic sample (ca. 4160-2558 BC). The lengths and breadths of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth of 99 individuals were measured, and crown surface areas were calculated for the molars. Results indicated that there was little sexual dimorphism. Only the mesiodistal dimensions of the upper P2 and lower C were significantly different at the P less than 0.05 level. In terms of dental size, what appears to be a chronologically based reduction in most points of comparison was seen in all three groups, with the exception of the molars, which were larger in the Highland Beach sample than in the earlier Schultz Mound. 相似文献
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Dominik Schüßler Marina B. Blanco Nicola K. Guthrie Gabriele M. Sgarlata Melanie Dammhahn Refaly Ernest Mamy Rina Evasoa Alida Hasiniaina Daniel Hending Fabien Jan Barbara le Pors Alex Miller Gillian Olivieri Ando N. Rakotonanahary Solofomalala Jacques Rakotondranary Romule Rakotondravony Tantely Ralantoharijaona Veronarindra Ramananjato Blanchard Randrianambinina Nancia N. Raoelinjanakolona Emilienne Rasoazanabary Rodin M. Rasoloarison David W. Rasolofoson Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona Emmanuel Rasolondraibe Sam Hyde Roberts Helena Teixeira Tobias van Elst Steig E. Johnson Jörg U. Ganzhorn Lounès Chikhi Peter M. Kappeler Edward E. Louis Jr. Jordi Salmona Ute Radespiel 《American journal of physical anthropology》2024,183(1):60-78