文昌鱼卵子发生中成熟分裂时卵母细胞的超微结构研究

首次观察文昌鱼卵发生进入和一次成熟分裂前期联合会丝复合粗线期,双线期和网状期卵原细胞及卵母细胞生发泡及胞质的超微结构特点,在生发泡内同源染色体配对,联会丝复合体中央出现重组节。不同发育类型的核样体及其相关线粒体是这一时期卵母细胞胞质的主要特征     

成熟促进因子及其对卵母细胞成熟调控机制研究的新进展

卵母细胞成熟调控机制一直是发育生物学和生殖生物学领域的热点问题。以现代分子生物学理论为基础,科学家们对卵母细胞成熟分裂的分子生物学调控机理进行了大量研究。发现了细胞周期中许多关键的调控因子：cdc基因、周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)及细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)。本文对卵母细胞成熟调控的核心调控物质——成熟促进因子(maturation—promoting factor,MPF)的分子结构、周期变化及其在卵母细胞成熟过程中与丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen—activated protein kinase,MAPK)相互作用关系的最新进展进行了综述。     

细胞周期和卵母细胞成熟调控机制研究的新进展

随着分子生物学和细胞生物学的飞速发 展,人们从单纯追求生物大分子的化学和物理 结构的研究,逐步转移到在分子水平上洞察和 认识生命活动的基本规律,自然也就包括了细 胞周期的调控问题。 自从细胞的分裂图象第一次在显微镜下被 观察到之后,关于细胞周期以及它与分化和发 育等的关系,就一直引起细胞生物学家和发育 生物学家的注意。按形态,细胞周期被划分为     

卵母细胞成熟过程中信号转导及调控研究进展

哺服动物卵母细胞成熟机制一直是生殖生物学研究的热点,目前仍有许多环节尚不十分清楚。本文对卵母细胞成熟过程中复杂的信号转导通路及蛋白质合成过程中的最新进展进行了综述。     

环境温度影响蟾蜍卵母细胞成熟能力的机制之实验分析

长年饲养在高温（２８－３０℃）环境中雌性中大蟾蜍,它们的卵母细胞可以长足,但经激素处理时,长发泡不破裂,仅显示成熟过程早期阶段的变化。值得注意的是,在孕酮刺激后的高温卵卵质中,出现了一种能诱发低温卵恢复减数分裂的物质,称作为“依赖冬眠因子的促志熟物质”。ＨＦ－ＭＰＳ与ＭＰＦ有不少相似之处,如孕酮处理后,它们在卵质中出现的相仿,它们的形成均不依赖于转录水平,而是依赖于翻译水平的蛋白质合成活动;但亦存     

牛卵母细胞体外成熟的研究

牛卵母细胞的成熟过程中,包括细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核的成熟。其中细胞质的成熟最为复杂。线粒体、皮质颗粒数量的变化和位移,脂滴类型的变化和形态改变,空泡形态学的变化等是鉴别卵母细胞幼稚、成熟和老化的重要特征。透明带随着培养而外侧疏松,内侧致密,母卵细胞膜上伸出的微绒毛为膨大泡状和细长毛状两种。在培养１４小时后颗粒细胞与透明带脱离联系。根据综合指标判定,１８小时这前为成熟生长期,１８￣２６小时为成熟期,     

蛋白质合成活动与卵母细胞成熟

蛋白质合成率的增加是卵母细胞成熟过程中的重要现象之一;合成率的增加是 mRNA与核糖体机构两者协调活动的结果。S6蛋白磷酸化和 pHi 上升似乎与蛋白质合成增加有关,但有证据表明这种联系是表面现象,非必然的。翻译机构中的蛋白质因子 cIF-4 A 可能参与成熟中蛋白质合成活动的调控。本文还分析了蛋白质合成的总体变化特点,蛋白质合成、磷酸化活动与 MPF 活性和 GVBD 现象之间的关系,这是研究 MPF 活性以及卵母细胞成熟机理的一个重要方面。     

卵母细胞脂肪酸及其对卵母细胞成熟和发育的影响

脂肪酸是一类具有重要生物学功能的营养物质,它们影响机体脂类的代谢、基因表达及细胞膜功能。而且,许多研究揭示,日粮脂肪酸浓度、种类及比例影响动物卵母细胞的质量。目前,利用代谢组学预测卵母细胞质量成为繁殖生物学研究的热点,但主要集中在葡萄糖、氨基酸代谢研究。动物卵母细胞含有大量的内源脂肪酸,但目前关于卵母细胞脂肪酸的代谢作用研究较少,而且脂肪酸还作为信号分子调控基因表达,同时也是生物膜的重要组成成分。基于此,该文综述了卵母细胞脂肪酸主要种类及来源、脂肪酸的生理作用及对卵母细胞成熟和发育的影响,为未来科学合理地调控卵母细胞脂肪酸组成和利用、促进卵母细胞成熟和发育,进而提高动物繁殖能力提供理论基础。     

斑马鱼卵母细胞的体外成熟及成熟卵的受精发育

采用体外培养的方法,研究斑马鱼卵母细胞的成熟过程。Ⅳ时相初级卵母细胞在o．5μg／m1 17a－羟基孕酮的EM－199培养液中,80％氧气,25℃的体外培养条件下,在40min内,胚泡(GV)逐渐由卵母细胞中央至动物极边缘l／2处移到动物极边缘,进八V时相卵母细胞。30min后胚泡破裂(GVBD),胚泡破裂率为59％。此种卵母细胞继续培养2h才完全成熟。成熟卵不能从滤泡膜中自然排出。冷开水中剥离其外边的滤泡膜后加入具有受精能力的精子,即能使成熟卵受精,受精膜举起,胚盘在动物极形成。其后受精卵的分裂、发育等与自然成熟受精卵相同。以发育至囊胚为受精标准,这种体外成熟卵受精率为78％。这是斑马鱼卵母细胞体外培养成熟的首例报道。鱼类卵母细胞体外成熟技术的建立,为外源基因卵母细胞胚泡内转移奠定了基础。     

兔卵母细胞体外成熟和体外受精的研究

用贴壁和悬浮生长二种培养系统,分析发情兔血清、滤泡液和激素对体外培养的兔卵母细胞的成熟、原核形成和发育能力的影响,并分析了不同浓度的激素对兔卵母细胞的作用。在贴壁生长的培养系统,滤泡液和激素对卵母细胞有明显的促成熟作用。但用这种卵母细胞体外受精,其原核形成率和发育率都较低。但在体外培养8小时后转移到体内受精,其原核形成和发育率大大提高,三者差别不大。在悬浮培养系统,卵母细胞成熟率、及体外受精后原核形成和发育率都远比贴壁生长的高,尤以原核形成率更甚。兔卵母细胞对激素的耐受力很小,以含FSH(2μg)、LH(1μg)、E_2-17B(1μg)和PRL组合的培波和含低hCG(7IU)的较适宜,高中浓度的FSH、LH和hCG都有促使卵母细胞变性和老化的作用。文中还讨论了二种培养系统不同的机制。     

Intrafollicular control of oocyte maturation in the PIG

Summary The mammalian oocyte becomes arrested at the diplotene stage of the first meiotic division during prenatal or early postnatal life. It remains arrested in meiosis until shortly before ovulation when the surge of gonadotropin induces resumption and completion of meiosis to the metaphase II stage. When oocytes are harvested from medium-sized or large follicles of pig and other species and cultured, they resume meiosis spontaneously indicating that the follicles exert an inhibitory influence on meiosis. To analyze the control of meiosis by follicular components, culture of isolated pig oocytes in the presence of follicular cells or follicular fluid (FF1) has been used as a model in this laboratory. An oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) has been isolated and partially purified by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography of FF1 and shown to be a polypetide with a molecular weight in the order of 2000 daltons. Physiological characterization has shown that the effect of OMI in vitro is reversible and that it can be overcome by luteinizing hormone (LH). The action of OMI requires the presence of cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte since it was found that denuded oocytes, stripped of cumulus cells, do not respond to OMI. Furthermore, when cumulus-enclosed oocytes were cultured, OMI inhibited the differentiation of the cumulus cells in terms of morphology and progesterone secretion in a dose-related manner. The inhibition of cumulus differentiation by OMI was reversible and could be overcome by LH. The results indicate that the effect of partially purified OMI upon meiosis may be mediated by the cumulus cells. Presented in the formal symposium on Sexual Differentiation in Vitro and in Vivo at the 29th Annual Meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, Denver, Colorado, June 4–8, 1978. This study was supported by Grants 760–0530 from the Ford Foundation (to C.P.C.), and Grant B78-14F-5158-01 from the Swedish Medical Research Council (to T.H.).     

Protein phosphorylation patterns during in vitro maturation of the goat oocyte

Protein phosphorylation patterns were studied by radiolabelling goat cumulus oocyte complexes with [³²P]orthophosphate for various periods of time. The radiolabelled denuded oocytes were assessed for nuclear status and were used individually for gel electrophoresis. This study demonstrated that specific changes in protein phosphorylations were programmed during goat oocyte maturation. One of the most prominent changes was a general increase in the phosphorylation rate at germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). From 8 hr of culture, dominant phosphoprotein bands with apparent molecular weights of 27, 31, 40, and 50 kD were observed; they remained at this level until the metaphase II stage. In the molecular weight range of 65–80 kD, the protein phosphorylation pattern exhibited characteristic differences, with a complex series of phosphoproteins appearing and disappearing, during maturation. Addition of 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) at the onset of culture blocked the maturation process after GVBD and induced a dramatic condensation of chromatin. When added at different times after GVBD, 6-DMAP invariably induced chromosome condensation. This inhibition was partly reversible; i.e., after removal of the drug, oocytes were able to progress only until metaphase l. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Studies on the physiological function of spermine in the process of progesterone induced toad oocyte maturation

Spermidine or spermine but not putrescine inhibited progesterone induced Bufo bufo gargarizans oocyte maturation.The ID50 for spermine inhibition via intra -oocyte microinjection on maturation induced by progesterone was 6.8mM(100nl).Spermine could inhibit MPF induced toad oocyte maturation with a much higher ID50.A 55 kD protein was dephosphorylated during the process of progesterone induced oocyte maturation .Spermine selectively promoted the level of phosphorylation of this protein in both progesterone-stimulated and hormone-untreated oocytes.The extent of its dephosphorylation was fairly Correlated with the percentage of GVBD in the hormone stimulated oocytes.The level of endogenous spermine was reduced by 28% between the perod of 0.40 GVBD50 and 0.60 GVBD50,at which 55 kD protein was dephosphorylated.Spermine inhibited progesterone-stimulated protein synthesis in almost the same dose dependent manner as its inhititory effect on the hormone-induced maturation,The endogenous spermine regulated 55 kD protein dephosphorylation which may trigger the increase of protein dephosphorylation which may trigger the increase of protein synthesis and in turn promote the activation of MPF,It is possible that 55 kD protein may be one of the components of messenger ribonucleoprotein(mRNP) particles.     

Modulation of O-GlcNAc glycosylation during Xenopus oocyte maturation

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) glycosylation is a post-translational modification, which is believed antagonises phosphorylation. We have studied the O-GlcNAc level during Xenopus oocyte meiotic resumption, taking advantage of the high synchrony of this model which is dependent upon a burst of phosphorylation. Stimulation of immature stage VI oocytes using progesterone was followed by a 4.51 +/- 0.32 fold increase in the GlcNAc content, concomitantly to an increase in phosphorylation, notably on two cytoplasmic proteins of 66 and 97 kDa. The increase of O-GlcNAc for the 97 kDa protein, which we identified as beta-catenin was partly related to its accumulation during maturation, as was demonstrated by the use of the protein synthesis inhibitor--cycloheximide. Microinjection of free GlcNAc, which inhibits O-glycosylated proteins-lectins interactions, delayed the progesterone-induced maturation without affecting the O-GlcNAc content. Our results suggest that O-GlcNAc glycosylation could regulate protein-protein interactions required for the cell cycle kinetic.     

Non-dependence of cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity on the initiation of oocyte maturation in goldfish

Cdk2 kinase activity increases during oocyte maturation but neither cyclin A nor B is associated with Cdk2 in mature oocytes in goldfish. As a potential Cdk2 partner in meiosis, a cyclin E homolog was isolated from a goldfish oocyte cDNA library. A monoclonal antibody was raised against bacterially produced full-length goldfish cyclin E. Both cyclin E and Cdk2 were already present in immature oocytes and their protein levels did not change remarkably during oocyte maturation. Cyclin E formed a complex mainly with Cdk2 just at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in association with the increase in Cdk2 kinase activity, although a fraction of cyclin E bound to Cdk(s) other than Cdk2 and Cdc2. Ectopic activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 by the injection of cyclin E messenger RNA (mRNA) into immature oocytes did not induce maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activation and GVBD. Furthermore, inhibition of cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity by the injection of p21SDI1 into the oocytes treated with 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one had no effect on MPF activation and GVBD. These results indicate that cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase activity is insufficient and unnecessary for initiating goldfish oocyte maturation.     

Spontaneous oocyte maturation in Rana pipiens: Estrogen and follicle wall involvement

Immature (germinal vesicle stage) Rana pipiens oocytes typically remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis even after extended periods of in-vitro culture, if not stimulated with hormones. We have, however, sporadically observed “spontaneous” occurrences of oocyte maturation in vitro without the addition of hormones. This study documents some of our observations on this phenomenon and presents experimental results concerning the effects and possible involvement of estrogen and follicle wall components in regulating spontaneous oocyte maturation. Estrogen was found to inhibit spontaneous oocyte maturation (GVBD) in a dose-dependent fashion. Follicles in which spontaneous maturation was inhibited by estrogen retained their responsiveness (GVBD) to both frog pituitary homogenate (FPH) and progesterone stimulation. Inhibitory effects of estrogen on spontaneous maturation, however, were not reversed following incubation of washed follicles in plain culture medium without added hormones. Possible involvement of progesterone synthesis in spontaneous oocyte maturation was ascertained by simultaneously monitoring endogenous progesterone synthesis and the occurrence of spontaneous GVBD over the course of the maturation process. In spontaneous maturing follicle there was a gradual increase in basal levels of progesterone synthesis that preceded GVBD. Significantly, addition of estrogen abolished both the spontaneous progesterone production and spontaneous oocyte maturation. When FPH was added to follicles exhibiting spontaneous oocyte maturation, progesterone production was augmented and the time course of oocyte maturation was greatly accelerated. Involvement of ovarian components in the maturation process was investigated by selective removal of various follicle layers by microdissection. Removal of follicle epithelium and theca layer (defolliculation) markedly decreased spontaneous and FPH-induced maturation, whereas removal of the entire follicle wall (denudation) completely blocked it. Our results suggest that both spontaneous and FPH-induced maturation involve an estrogen sensitive process in the follicle wall. Thus, somatic follicle cells appear to serve as a common mediator for both types of maturation, which are linked by some intrafollicular mechanism involving steroidogenesis. Hence, estrogen may play an important role as an endogenous intrafollicular regulator of oocyte meiotic maturation.     

Acceleration of onset of oocyte maturation in vitro by luteinizing hormone

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH) on the earliest stage of oocyte maturation - the stage of breakdown of the dictyate nucleus. Oocytes were isolated from the preovulatory follicles of adult, cyclic rats. They were incubated in culture medium with or without 10 μg/ml LH. The cultures were observed continuously for up to 3 hours. Analysis of the rate of disappearance of the germinal vesicle nucleolus revealed that LH accelerated the breakdown process. The median times of disappearance were 91.3 minutes without LH and 62.3 minutes with LH. This is in accord with earlier reports on enhancement of fertilizability of oocytes matured in vitro with LH. Thus, although oocytes mature spontaneously in culture, the maturation remains LH sensitive.     

原癌基因c-erbB2和c-myb经丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和成熟促进因子途径调节卵母细胞的成熟

本研究探讨了原癌基因c-erbB:和c-myb对小鼠卵母细胞成熟的影响及其在调控卵母细胞成熟中与丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)和成熟促进因子(mamration promoting factor,MPF)的上下游关系.c-erbB2反义寡脱氧核苷酸(antisense oligodeoxynucleotide,ASODN)和c.myb ASODN均呈剂量依赖方式抑制卵母细胞的生发泡破裂(germinalvesicle breakdown,GVBD)率和第一极体(first polar body,PBl)排放率,并显著延迟其成熟时间.小鼠卵母细胞显微注射重组人c-erbB2蛋白和c-myb蛋白后,培养6 h其GVBD率分别比对照组上升了23.1%(P<0.05)和32.2%(P<0.05),.培养12 h其PBl排放率分别比对照组上升了17.3%(P<0.05)和23.5%(P<0.05).RT-PCR结果显示,小鼠卵母细胞中存在c-erbB2mRNA和c-myb mRNA表达;c-erbB2ASODN能明显抑制卵母细胞中c-erbB2mRNA和c-myb mRNA的表达,c-myb ASODN能明显抑制卵母细胞中c-myb mRNA的表达,对c-erbB2 mRNA无明显影响;MAPK抑制剂PD98059以及MPF抑制剂roscovitine在抑制卵母细胞成熟的同时,均能阻断显微注射重组人c-erbB:蛋白和重组人c-myb蛋白对卵母细胞成熟的促进作用,但对卵母细胞中c-erbB2mRNA和c-myb mRNA表达无明显影响.Western blot结果显示,c-erbB2ASODN、c-mybASODN、PD98059、roscovitine均使卵母细胞中MAPK磷酸化水平和cyclinB 1含量下降.结果提示,原癌基因c-erbB2、c-myb在卵母细胞成熟中起重要作用,可能是调控卵母细胞成熟中关键蛋白激酶如MAPK、MPF的上游激活物.     

Casein kinase G may be the target of spermine during progesterone-induced oocyte maturation

Casein kinase G (CKG) with more than 2500-fold enrichraent was purified from Bufo bufo gargarizans ovaries. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was found to be associated with its 42 kD subunit, and its 26 kD subunit was found to be the major tsrget for the enzyme autophos phorylation. Each fuU-grown oocyte contained 1.9 units of CKG corresponding to an intracellular concentration of 93 nM. After injecting an amount of 0,38 units of the enzyme into the oocyte, approximately 50% of the progesterone-induoed maturation was inhibited. The inhibitory effect was enhanced in oocytes pretreated with spermine, which was consistent with the results that the enzyme was activated in vitro in the presence of spermine, The MPF-induced oocyte maturation was delayed and even prohibited in the kinase-microinjected oocytes. A 55 kD oocyte protein was identified as an suhstrate of CKG both in vivo and in vitro, and the enhancement of the 55 kD protein phosphory[ation was associated with kinase inhibition on maturation and on protein synthesis in kinase-microinjected oocytes. As the endogenous spermine level decreased in the course of progesteroneinduced oocyte maturation. 55 kD protein was dephosphorylated, Heparin, a specific inhibitor of CKG, potentiated the progesterone-induced oocyte maturation. Altogether the experimental reSults indicated Strongly that CKG may be the physiological target of spermine.     

Effects of cAMP forskolin and cyanoketone on invitro oocyte maturation in the catfish,Clarias batrachus

This study investigated the interactive effects of cyanoketone (CK), an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase on the effects of cAMP and forskolin (FK) on oocyte maturation inClarias batrachus using an in vitro incubation technique. When the oocytes were incubated in the presence of 1 Μg/ml 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one[l7α, 20Β-DP, the maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) of this species] for 6h, they matured [85.3 + 1.36% germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD)] normally after additional incubation for 20–30 h in plain medium. On the other hand, exposure to 1.0 and 8 0 mM of cAMP after MIS stimulation caused significant inhibition of GVBD but lower concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 mM) of cAMP were noninhibitory. However, when the oocytes were preincubated for 1 h with 1 μg/mI CK, a significant inhibition in the percentage of GVBD was recorded including the lower concentrations of cAMP. FK, an activator of adenylate cyclase, could significantly induce GVBD at all of its concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 μM) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, when the oocytes were exposed to 1 μg/ml CK for 1 h, prior to FK stimulation, a complete inhibition of GVBD occurred but when CK treatment was given after the FK stimulation, only a partial inhibition of maturation was observed. Taken together, these data indirectly suggest that FK induces catfish oocyte maturation probably by stimulating follicular production of Δ⁴ steroid ( 17α,20 β-DP)through an adenylate cyclase-c AMP-mediated pathway, a mechanism identical to the gonadotropin-induced oocyte maturation.