体细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞的研究

通过逆转录病毒将4个基因(Oct4 、 Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4)导入小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞 (mouse embryonic fibroblast, MEF)中,能诱导形成胚胎干细胞样特性的诱导多能干(induced pluripotent stem, iPS)细胞.人类iPS细胞的成功构建开拓了广泛的应用前景.本文简要综述了 iPS细胞的基因筛选,转导基因的选择以及iPS细胞的表观遗传特性等.     

诱导多能干细胞及其在神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

用干细胞转录因子OCT4、SOX2、c-MYC和KLF4进行体细胞重编程产生具有胚胎干细胞特性的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)是干细胞研究领域的突破性进展。近年来,iPS细胞的研究从产生方法、重编程机理及实际应用方面不断取得进展。由于iPS细胞的产生可取自体细胞,因而克服了胚胎干细胞应用的伦理学和免疫排斥等缺陷,为iPS细胞的临床应用开辟了广阔的前景。该文将对iPS细胞的产生方法、重编程机理及其在神经性退行性疾病的研究与应用进行文献综述,反映近几年iPS细胞最新研究成果,并阐述了用病人iPS细胞模型探讨帕金森氏病、老年性痴呆症、脊髓侧索硬化症、脊髓肌肉萎缩症及舞蹈症等5种常见神经性退行性疾病发病机理的研究现状。     

诱导性多能干细胞的研究进展及其在再生医学上的应用

通过特定转录因子的过表达使体细胞重编程为诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞),这一成果引起了整个生命科学领域的广泛关注.由于iPS细胞不仅具有与人类胚胎干细胞(embryonicstem cell,ES细胞)相似的基本特征,而且与ES细胞相比,不存在免疫排斥和伦理道德问题,因此,具有重要的临床应用潜能.目前,iPS细胞主要用于细胞分化和移植,并可提供体外的疾病模型,以便于研究疾病形成的机制、筛选新药以及开发新的治疗方法.从iPS细胞的产生、诱导方法、生物学特征和在再生医学中的应用作以综述.     

诱导性多能干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究进展

诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPS cell)是通过转染外源特定的基因组合来诱导成体细胞重编程为类似于胚胎干细胞的一种多潜能干细胞,iPS细胞与胚胎干细胞不仅在形态上相似,而且在功能方面几乎相同.另外,iPS细胞的诞生克服了胚胎干细胞在临床应用时涉及的移植免疫排斥与伦理道德问题,因此具有重要的临床应用价值.目前iPS在治疗中枢神经系统性疾病方面的研究已取得很大进展,包括iPS细胞向神经细胞诱导分化方法的改进、分化机理的探索以及iPS细胞分化来源神经细胞在神经系统疾病模型中治疗作用的研究等.从iPS细胞的创建及特点、iPS细胞向神经细胞分化的诱导方法及研究新进展方面予以综述.     

诱导多能干细胞在心血管疾病研究和治疗中的应用

诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）不仅具有与胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ESC）相似的各项特性,相对于ESC,iPS细胞,尤其患者特异性iPS细胞还具有来源方便、不存在免疫排斥和伦理问题以及可以保留特定个体基因型等优点,为再生医学提供了可能的细胞来源。该文主要从心血管药物的筛选、疾病模型的建立、iPS细胞应用于心脏移植研究等方面入手,探讨了iPS细胞在心血管疾病研究和治疗中的现状和未来。     

iPS细胞:一种肿瘤细胞

诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)可以用于定向分化、动物发育、药物筛选和疾病治疗等研究和应用领域,可以避免ES细胞产生的免疫排斥和伦理道德问题.因此,iPS细胞的产生具有里程碑的意义,并迅速成为生物科学领域中的研究热点.然而,iPS细胞并非非常完美,没有任何瑕疵.研究过程中发现iPS细胞存在诱导频率过低、致瘤性、临床应用安全等一系列问题.本文主要综述有关iPS细胞前期研究成果和iPS细胞存在的一些问题以及iPS细胞与肿瘤细胞之间的联系.     

体细胞重编程为多能干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞不仅是研究哺乳动物早期胚胎发育、细胞分化、基因表达调控等发育生物学问题的有力工具,还可用于新药评价、细胞治疗等方面的研究.然而,为科学研究而捐献的人类卵子并不能够轻易获得,限制了人类胚胎干细胞相关研究的进展,解决这个问题的理想办法就是找到能够替代胚胎干细胞的其他成体多能细胞.综述了将哺乳动物体细胞诱导为多能干细胞的方法,重点介绍了利用特定的转录因子将体细胞诱导为诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞)的最新进展,详细阐述了转录因子在诱导细胞重编程过程中发挥的作用,以及iPS细胞筛选与鉴定的方法,并展望了iPS细胞的应用前景.     

诱导多功能干细胞的影响因素

将体细胞诱导为多功能干细胞为人类的再生医学提供了一个全新的研究手段,从而可以不用损坏胚胎就能获得可用于治疗各种特殊疾病的细胞。本文比较了近年来关于生成诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞)的诱导方法及重编程效率,总结了这些方法的共同点;另外通过对每个不同试验过程的影响因素进行比较,归纳了影响iPS细胞重编程过程的几个因素。     

诱导多能干细胞技术的优化及其应用前景

诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)是类似胚胎干细胞的一种细胞类型,可以通过对已分化的体细胞进行诱导重编程获得,具有自我更新能力和多潜能性,在体外疾病模型的建立、移植替代治疗、发育学等方面有广阔的应用前景,但致瘤性、转化率低、疾病模型拟合度差等缺点限制着iPS技术在临床和科研上的推广。对近几年诱导多能干细胞技术优化方面取得的新进展进行综述,重点阐述降低致瘤性和提高转化率的几种方法及iPS在临床和科研上的应用前景。     

诱导性多潜能干细胞(iPS cells)——现状及前景展望

主要从 iPS细胞发展历程、获得 iPS细胞的几个关键步骤 (如基因导入方式、诱导 iPS细胞所需因子组合与小分子化合物运用和体细胞种类选择等)、病人或疾病特异性 iPS细胞、iPS细胞体内外诱导分化与其衍生物的临床应用和制备无遗传修饰的(genetic modification-free) iPS细胞的可行性与前景等方面对 iPS细胞最新研究进展做评述．日本和美国研究小组先后用4种基因将小鼠(2006年8月)和人(2007年11～12月)的体细胞在体外重编程为诱导性多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells),此后在短短两年多时间内,iPS 细胞的研究和关注度呈爆炸式增长．体细胞重编程、去分化和多潜能干细胞来源等一系列热点问题再次成为干细胞和发育生物学等研究的热点和焦点．与胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES cells)一样,iPS细胞在体内可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,进而参与形成机体所有组织和器官．迄今,在体外已由 iPS细胞定向诱导分化出功能性的多种成熟细胞．因此,iPS细胞研究不仅具有重要理论意义,而且在再生医学、组织工程和药物发现与评价等方面极具应用价值．     

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4) Enhances the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Limbal Progenitor Cells

Corneal epithelium maintains visual acuity and is regenerated by the proliferation and differentiation of limbal progenitor cells. Transplantation of human limbal progenitor cells could restore the integrity and functionality of the corneal surface in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. However, multiple protocols are employed to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into corneal epithelium or limbal progenitor cells. The aim of this study was to optimize a protocol that uses bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and limbal cell-specific medium. Human dermal fibroblast-derived iPS cells were differentiated into limbal progenitor cells using limbal cell-specific (PI) medium and varying doses (1, 10, and 50 ng/mL) and durations (1, 3, and 10 days) of BMP4 treatment. Differentiated human iPS cells were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunocytochemical studies at 2 or 4 weeks after BMP4 treatment. Culturing human dermal fibroblast-derived iPS cells in limbal cell-specific medium and BMP4 gave rise to limbal progenitor and corneal epithelial-like cells. The optimal protocol of 10 ng/mL and three days of BMP4 treatment elicited significantly higher limbal progenitor marker (ABCG2, ∆Np63α) expression and less corneal epithelial cell marker (CK3, CK12) expression than the other combinations of BMP4 dose and duration. In conclusion, this study identified a successful reprogramming strategy to induce limbal progenitor cells from human iPS cells using limbal cell-specific medium and BMP4. Additionally, our experiments indicate that the optimal BMP4 dose and duration favor limbal progenitor cell differentiation over corneal epithelial cells and maintain the phenotype of limbal stem cells. These findings contribute to the development of therapies for limbal stem cell deficiency disorders.     

新物种诱导多能干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESC）在人类遗传病学研究、疾病模型建立、器官再生以及动物物种改良和定向变异等方面的地位是其他类型的细胞不可取代的。但是,由于实验技术和体外培养条件的限制,除了小鼠、恒河猴和人之外,大鼠、猪、牛、羊等其他哺乳动物的ES细胞系被证明很难获得。先后有多个研究小组报道了他们利用新兴的诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）技术成功建立大鼠和猪的iPS细胞系的研究成果。迄今为止,这两个物种是在未成功建立ES细胞系之前利用iPS技术建立多能干细胞系的成功范例。这些研究对于那些还未建立ES细胞的物种建立多能干细胞系提供了一种新的方案,也将给这些物种的胚胎干细胞的建立、基因修饰动物的产生以及人类医疗事业的促进和发展带来新的希望。     

Induced pluripotent stem cells for modelling human diseases

Research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of human disease and the development of targeted therapies have been hindered by a lack of predictive disease models that can be experimentally manipulated in vitro. This review describes the current state of modelling human diseases with the use of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines. To date, a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, haematopoietic disorders, metabolic conditions and cardiovascular pathologies have been captured in a Petri dish through reprogramming of patient cells into iPS cells followed by directed differentiation of disease-relevant cells and tissues. However, realizing the true promise of iPS cells for advancing our basic understanding of disease and ultimately providing novel cell-based therapies will require more refined protocols for generating the highly specialized cells affected by disease, coupled with strategies for drug discovery and cell transplantation.     

SNL fibroblast feeder layers support derivation and maintenance of human induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem(iPS) cells can be derived from human somatic cells by cellular reprogramming.This technology provides a potential source of non-controversial therapeutic cells for tissue repair,drug discovery,and opportunities for studying the molecular basis of human disease.Normally,mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs) are used as feeder layers in the initial derivation of iPS lines.The purpose of this study was to determine whether SNL fibroblasts can be used to support the growth of human iPS cell...     

ES and iPS cell research for cardiovascular regeneration

Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which are ES-like stem cells induced from adult tissues, are twin stem cells with currently (with the exception of fertilized eggs) the broadest differentiation potentials. These two stem cells show various similarities in appearance, maintenance methods, growth and differentiation potentials, i.e. theoretically, those cells can give rise to all kinds of cells including germ-line cells. Generation of human ES and iPS cells is further facilitating the researches towards the realization of regenerative medicine. The following three issues are important purposes of ES and iPS cell researches for regenerative medicine: (1) dissection of differentiation mechanisms, (2) application to cell transplantation, and (3) drug discovery. In this review, the current status of cardiovascular regenerative trials using ES and iPS cells is briefly discussed.     

Potential therapeutic effects of induced pluripotent stem cells on induced salivary gland cancer in experimental rats

Salivary gland neoplasms exhibit complex histopathology in a variety of tumor types and treatment options depend largely on the stage of the cancer. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) have been investigated for treating induced salivary gland cancer and for restoring salivary gland function. We investigated iPS treatment for salivary gland cancer both in vitro and in vivo. For our study in vitro, we re-programmed human skin fibroblasts to form iPS cells using a plasmid containing Oct4, Sox2, L-MYC and LIN28. For our study in vivo, we used 30 white male albino rats divided into the following groups of 10: group 1 (control): rats were injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), group 2 induced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): rat submandibular glands were injected with squamous carcinoma cells (SCC), group 3 (induced SCC/iPS): SCC treated rats treated with 5 × 106 iPS cells. Submandibular glands from rats of all groups were examined histologically and real time PCR was performed for amylase, and COX I and COX II gene expression. We confirmed that submandibular gland specimens included tumor tissue before starting treatment with iPS. iPS treated cases exhibited regeneration of salivary glands, although minor degenerative and vascularization changes remained. The acinar cells regained their proper organization, but continued to exhibit abnormal activity including hyperchromatism. iPS cells may be useful for treating salivary gland carcinomas.