X射线衍射法在研究蛋白质动态过程中的应用

介绍了X射线衍射技术在研究蛋白质动态过程中的应用.首先介绍了用常规X射线衍射法和劳埃X射线衍射法等数据采样法研究反应时间为几分钟的蛋白质催化反应.然后介绍了通过选择不匹配底物,不适宜酸度,选择温度和酸度的跳跃,金属和光化学瞬时激发达到反应的同步来研究反应时间为几秒钟的蛋白质催化反应.     

同步辐射X-ray光源在生物学研究中的应用与进展

20世纪七十年代以来,同步辐射装置经历了三个迅速发展阶段,现在,第四代X-ray自由电子激光线站已经建成。同步辐射光源已经成为生命科学、医学、化学、物理学、材料科学等学科领域最先进的实验设施,具有广泛而重要的应用前景。本文概述了同步辐射X-ray光源的特性,介绍了同步辐射X-ray光源在生物学研究中新的应用和进展。     

核糖体结构研究中的里程碑

核糖体是一个以RNA和蛋白质为基础的合成蛋白质的分子机器.其复杂的结构使它长期被结晶学家视为该研究领域中的喜马拉雅山.最近在核糖体结构研究中的突破性进展,首次在核糖体及其亚基高度复杂的电子密度图上定位了几种已知三维结构的蛋白质和许多双链rRNA区,并揭示了亚基界面的精细结构和tRNA、mRNA和核糖体间复杂的相互作用.     

核糖体的发现与认识过程

回顾核糖体的发现与认识的历史,介绍科学家运用电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析方法研究并揭示核糖体结构和功能的过程．主要介绍科学家帕拉德、拉马克里希南、施泰茨和尤纳斯在这方面所做的工作和历史性的贡献,并以此说明物理化学方法在生命科学发展中的重要作用。     

斑头雁(Anser indicus)高铁血红蛋白的晶体生长和初步的X-射线衍射研究

本文报导了斑头雁(Auser indicus)高铁血红蛋白的晶体生长和初步的晶体学研究.晶体的衍射分辨率为2.5A或更好,四方晶系.空间群为P4:2_12,晶胞参数为:a=b=80.8A,e=107.3A,V=700523A~3.每个晶胞中含4个四聚体分子,每个不对称单位中含半个四聚体分子.     

同步辐射在显微CT中的应用

计算机X射线断层成像技术（CT）是利用X射线的穿透能力对物体进行扫描,所得信号经过反投影的算法而得到物体二维分布的一种成像方法,已经在医学诊断、工业探伤等领域广泛应用。但是由于实验室光源的低通量,光源点大小及其单色性等限制了其向高分辨发展,通常其分辨率在0．5mm左右。利用微焦点X射线源作为光源的显微CT分辨率可以达到微米量级,但是由于其光通量低且为非单色光,对不同样品有不同程度的束线硬化,影响了其真实分辨率。同步辐射作为一种新兴的光源有高亮度、高光子通量、高准直性、高极化性、高相干性及宽的频谱范围的特点,配合高分辨的X射线探测器,可以发展同步辐射显微CT,其分辨率可达10μm以下。利用同步辐射的高空间相干性开展位相衬度显微CT的研究,对低吸收物质也可以清晰三维成像。新建的上海光源的X射线成像及生物医学应用线站开展了三维显微CT方面的研究,经过初步试验,得到了较好的结果。     

灰雁(Anser anser)氧合血红蛋白的晶体生长和X射线衍射的初步分析

灰雁血红蛋白分子与斑头雁血红蛋白分子结构相近,二者对比有助于分析斑头雁血红蛋白的高氧亲和性机理。本文报道了以聚乙二醇６,０００为沉淀剂生长出灰雁氧合血红蛋白的晶体,经Ｘ射线衍射分析确定,晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为Ｐ２１,晶胞参数为ａ＝５．７５５２ｎｍ,ｂ＝８．０６２４ｎｍ,ｃ＝７．２５７１ｎｍ,α＝９０°,β＝１０２．７５°,γ＝９０°,晶胞体积为３．２８×１０２ｎｍ３,每个不对称单位中包含一个四聚体分子。研究灰雁氧合血红蛋白的晶体结构,可以得到较准确的结构信息。     

光动力治疗光源的研究新进展

光动力疗法(PDT)是一种联合利用治疗光源、光敏剂和氧分子,选择性治疗恶性肿瘤和良性疾病的精准靶向疗法。光源作为PDT治疗的关键要素之一,其发光波长、照光方式和剂量直接影响疗效。本文详细介绍了太阳光、近红外光、X射线、在体发光和发光二极管等5种PDT光源的研究新进展,并分析了这五种治疗光源在生物组织穿透深度上的不同特性以及所存在的不足。随后,重点讨论了以提高PDT治疗精度为目标的体表照光和体内照光等两种个性化照光模式。研发操作简便、价格低廉、性能优异的新型PDT光源是未来的发展方向。     

细菌核糖体的结构和功能

二十多年来,国际上几家实验室独立地竞争性地应用高分辨率X-射线衍射技术在原子水平上绘制出了细菌完整核糖体及其亚基精细的三维结构图,为其生物功能的研究提供了清晰的结构基础。由于这项伟大的科学成果,美国科学家文卡特拉曼·拉马克里希南（Venkatraman Ramakrishnan）、托马斯．施泰茨（Thomas A．Steitz）和以色列女科学家阿达．约纳特（Ada E．Yonath）三人荣获2009年度诺贝尔化学奖。细菌核糖体是细胞中合成蛋白质的一种细胞器,包括大小不同的两个亚基,由3种RNA和50多种不同的蛋白质组成。     

北京鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)氧合血红蛋白的晶体生长和X射线晶体学的初步研究

北京鸭氧合血红蛋白晶体在以聚乙二醇６０００为沉淀剂,在ｐＨ７．１,血红蛋白浓度为２５ｍｇ／ｍｌ条件下采用一批结晶法培养得到,并且适合于Ｘ射线衍射分析。经Ｘ射线平面探测仪收集衍射强度数据和处理,确定晶体属四方晶系,空间群为Ｐ４２２１２,晶胞参数为ａ＝ｂ＝８．１１３ｎｍ,ｃ＝１０．７０７ｎｍ,α＝β＝γ＝９０°,每个不对称单位中包含半个四聚体分子。进一步得到北京鸭氧合血红蛋白高分辨率晶体结构,通过与其高海拔同类－斑头雁分析比较深入研究斑头雁血红蛋白分子的高氧亲和性机制。     

同步辐射方法在生命科学中的应用

同步辐射方法在生命科学研究中有着十分重要的应用。上海光源是我国建造的第一个第三代同步辐射装置,本文结合上海光源首批建造的光束线站,介绍了几类同步辐射实验方法在生命科学中的应用。     

Proteomics in China: Ready for prime time

Proteomics is a newborn science focusing on the comprehensive systematic analysis of all proteins in molecule machineries,organelles,cells,tissues,organs or intact organisms.It has been becoming one of the focuses in life sciences and cutting-edge techniques in biotechnologies in the 21st century.During the last decade,proteomics in China has developed much faster than other developing fields in the life sciences.This review article briefly retrospects the origin and development of proteomics in China,and p...     

全国大学生生命科学竞赛助力高校生命科学人才培养

全国大学生生命科学竞赛历经5届赛事,已成为国内最具规模和影响力的生命科学领域赛事。竞赛坚持“兴趣驱动、科学探究、过程评价、能力提升”的方针,竞赛的举办有效提升了高校生命科学类专业人才培养质量。本文介绍了竞赛的发展、组织和管理,总结了竞赛的组织特色,可为各高校竞赛组织和学生参赛提供指导,助力全国高校生命科学领域的人才培养。     

中国斑马鱼研究发展历程及现状

斑马鱼作为重要的脊椎动物模式系统之一, 由于其多方面的优势, 在生命科学研究领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。目前, 斑马鱼已被广泛地用于发育生物学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、遗传学、神经生物学、肿瘤学、免疫学、海洋生物学、药物学、毒理与环保等诸多方面的研究, 一些重要的成果不断涌现, 为现代生命科学的发展做出了重要贡献。我国20世纪90年代后期引入斑马鱼模式系统, 此后研究队伍扩大很快, 有影响的研究成果不断涌现, 促进了多个学科的发展。文章重点综述了我国内地与香港地区在斑马鱼研究方面的发展历程以及所取得的代表性成果, 以期促进该模式系统更广泛地用于开展高水平研究。     

High-throughput proteomics using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry

It has become evident that the mystery of life will not be deciphered just by decoding its blueprint, the genetic code. In the life and biomedical sciences, research efforts are now shifting from pure gene analysis to the analysis of all biomolecules involved in the machinery of life. One area of these postgenomic research fields is proteomics. Although proteomics, which basically encompasses the analysis of proteins, is not a new concept, it is far from being a research field that can rely on routine and large-scale analyses. At the time the term proteomics was coined, a gold-rush mentality was created, promising vast and quick riches (i.e., solutions to the immensely complex questions of life and disease). Predictably, the reality has been quite different. The complexity of proteomes and the wide variations in the abundances and chemical properties of their constituents has rendered the use of systematic analytical approaches only partially successful, and biologically meaningful results have been slow to arrive. However, to learn more about how cells and, hence, life works, it is essential to understand the proteins and their complex interactions in their native environment. This is why proteomics will be an important part of the biomedical sciences for the foreseeable future. Therefore, any advances in providing the tools that make protein analysis a more routine and large-scale business, ideally using automated and rapid analytical procedures, are highly sought after. This review will provide some basics, thoughts and ideas on the exploitation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization in biological mass spectrometry – one of the most commonly used analytical tools in proteomics – for high-throughput analyses.     

Data clustering in life sciences

Clustering has a wide range of applications in life sciences and over the years has been used in many areas ranging from the analysis of clinical information, phylogeny, genomics, and proteomics. The primary goal of this article is to provide an overview of the various issues involved in clustering large biological datasets, describe the merits and underlying assumptions of some of the commonly used clustering approaches, and provide insights on how to cluster datasets arising in various areas within life sciences. We also provide a brief introduction to Cluto, a general purpose toolkit for clustering various datasets, with an emphasis on its applications to problems and analysis requirements within life sciences.     

High-throughput proteomics using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry

It has become evident that the mystery of life will not be deciphered just by decoding its blueprint, the genetic code. In the life and biomedical sciences, research efforts are now shifting from pure gene analysis to the analysis of all biomolecules involved in the machinery of life. One area of these postgenomic research fields is proteomics. Although proteomics, which basically encompasses the analysis of proteins, is not a new concept, it is far from being a research field that can rely on routine and large-scale analyses. At the time the term proteomics was coined, a gold-rush mentality was created, promising vast and quick riches (i.e., solutions to the immensely complex questions of life and disease). Predictably, the reality has been quite different. The complexity of proteomes and the wide variations in the abundances and chemical properties of their constituents has rendered the use of systematic analytical approaches only partially successful, and biologically meaningful results have been slow to arrive. However, to learn more about how cells and, hence, life works, it is essential to understand the proteins and their complex interactions in their native environment. This is why proteomics will be an important part of the biomedical sciences for the foreseeable future. Therefore, any advances in providing the tools that make protein analysis a more routine and large-scale business, ideally using automated and rapid analytical procedures, are highly sought after. This review will provide some basics, thoughts and ideas on the exploitation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization in biological mass spectrometry - one of the most commonly used analytical tools in proteomics - for high-throughput analyses.     

How to see the trees for the forest: introduction to a special issue on causation and disease

This paper summarizes the results from the first European Advanced Seminar in the Philosophy of the Life Sciences, which was held at the Brocher Foundation in Hermance (Switzerland) 6-10 September 2011. The Advanced Seminar brought together philosophers of the life sciences to discuss the topic of "Causation and Disease." The search for causes of disease in the biomedical sciences, we argue on the basis of the contributions to this conference, has not resulted in a simplification and unification of biomedical knowledge, as once hoped for by philosophers of science, but rather in its "complexification."     

Aerodynamically assisted jetting and threading for processing concentrated suspensions containing advanced structural,functional and biological materials

In recent years material sciences have been interpreted right across the physical and the life sciences. Essentially this discipline broadly addresses the materials, processing, and/or fabrication right up to the structure. The materials and structures areas can range from the micro- to the nanometre scale and, in a materials sense, span from the structural, functional to the most complex, namely biological (living cells). It is generally recognised that the processing or fabrication is fundamental in bridging the materials with their structures. In a global perspective, processing has not only contributed to the materials sciences but its very nature has bridged the physical with the life sciences. In this review we discuss one such swiftly emerging fabrication approach having a plethora of applications spanning the physical and life sciences.     

21世纪我国害虫生物防治研究的进展、问题与展望

害虫生物防治是昆虫学的重要分支学科,进入21世纪以来,随着生命科学和生物技术的发展以及新原理、新方法的不断渗透、交叉与融合,使该分支学科在我国得到了快速发展。本文就近年来我国在天敌昆虫及其利用、昆虫病原微生物及其利用、昆虫信息素及其应用、生物农药及其推广应用、新兴生物技术在害虫生物防治中的应用等方面所取得的主要进展作了简要的回顾与总结;并在分析我国本领域学科发展水平与国际差距的基础上,指出了我国生物防治领域存在的主要问题及几个亟待加强的优先发展领域。