猪精子凝集素的纯化,性质及其作用

用胎球蛋白－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析从精子和精浆中分离纯化了猪精子凝集素（简称ＢＳＬ）。ＢＳＬ的血凝活性只被若干糖蛋白和聚糖所抑制。ＢＳＬ的分子量为５６ｋｄ,由分子量分别为１３．６ｋｄ（β）和１６．０ｋｄ（α）的两个不同的亚基以α１β３所组成。ＢＳＬ为糖蛋白,含中性糖３．２％,不含唾液酸。用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定猪精子中ＢＳＬ的含量及分布,表明７０％嵌入在精子膜中,２５％结合在精子表面,     

猪精子中与卵透明带糖蛋白ZP3结合的蛋白质

依次经ＰＳＬ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析柱和纤维素ＣＭ－５２离子交换层析柱,从猪精子的ＣＨＡＰＳ抽提液分离得４个蛋白质组分。用固相透明带精蛋白结合试验（ＩＺＰＧＢＡ）检测;表明精子蛋白ＳＰ１和ＳＰ２具有结合透明带糖蛋白ＺＰ３的活性,ＳＰ２并显示凝集血球的活性。精子蛋白ＳＰ１与卵预温育明显抑制精卵结合,抑制活性与加入的精子蛋白的浓度呈正相关。用生物素标记的ＺＰ３和蛋白质印迹技术,证明ＳＰ１中的６８ｋＤ精子蛋白与ＺＰ３结合,提示６８ｋＤ精子蛋白参与精卵结合。     

精卵结合的机制

精卵结合的机制万谦翟朝阳（华西医科大学分子生物学研究所,成都６１００４４）关键词精子卵子精卵结合经过多年的研究,一些动物精卵结合的基本机制逐渐地被阐明,目前认识得最清楚的是海胆和小鼠,猪的精卵结合机制也正在逐步被认识。最早被认识的是海胆的精卵结合。海...     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用,用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris,FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞,用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精,并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响.结果显示,LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应;LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力;甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率;甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量.这些结果表明,猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分,它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应,促进精子侵入透明带.     

哺乳动物精子中的ZP3结合蛋白研究进展

哺乳动物卵透明带糖蛋白ZP3(zona pellucida3)是介导精卵初级结合、诱发精子发生顶体反应的关键分子。目前已在精子中发现多种ZP3结合蛋白。95kD酪氨酸激酶受体可能通过其酪氨酸激酶活性介导ZP3诱发的顶体反应。β—1,4—半乳糖基转移酶与ZP3的糖基结合后,通过激活下游信号分子诱发顶体反应。精子蛋白sp56可能介导了顶体反应期间顶体基质与ZP之间的相互作用。透明带粘附素(zonadhesin)也是在顶体反应发生之后才与ZP发生相互作用。这些精子蛋白介导的下游信号事件将是下一步研究的热点。     

α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其

为证明α-D-甘露糖残基在猪透明带中的分布及其在受精中的作用, 用异硫氰酸荧光素络合小扁豆凝集素(fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Lens culinaris, FITC-LCA,一种D-甘露糖特异结合植物凝集素)标记去除卵丘细胞的体外成熟猪卵母细胞, 用于观察LCA的标记情况及体外受精, 并用甘露聚糖进行体外受精的竞争抑制实验及检测对精子顶体反应的影响. 结果显示, LCA均匀标记于整个透明带且呈强荧光反应; LCA标记能够显著减少透明带表面精子结合数量并几乎完全阻断卵母细胞的受精能力; 甘露聚糖能够显著降低透明带精子结合数量和卵母细胞的受精率; 甘露聚糖在精子培养的不同时间段上都能明显增加顶体反应的精子数量. 这些结果表明, 猪透明带糖蛋白上的α-D-甘露糖残基是精子受体的重要组成部分, 它能够诱导精子发生顶体反应, 促进精子侵入透明带.     

羊精子表面的凝集素标记特征

用辣根过氧化物酶标记的蓖麻凝集素和伴刀豆素Ａ,对绵羊精子表面的凝集素标记特征进行了观察。蓖麻凝集素在睾丸内精子的顶体区有中等强度标记,尾部有弱标记,在附睾内成熟时,顶体区标记逐渐增强,尾部的标记消失,获能后标记强度则明显减弱。伴刀豆素Ａ的标记在睾丸内的精子仅限于顶体区,随着在附睾内成熟,顶体区的标记增强,尾部也出现弱的标记,获能后有部分精子的标记强度有所增加。实验结果表明,羊精子在成熟过程和获能过程表面糖复合物发生明显修饰。     

精子膜麦芽凝集素结合糖蛋白抗原某些特性的研究

应用自制的抗牛精子膜麦芽凝集素结合糖蛋白血清,对兔、人、小鼠和仓鼠精子进行了免疫细胞化学定位,结果各种动物精子均呈阳性反应,且以精子顶体区标记最强,与麦芽凝集素亲和细胞化学的标记结果相似。用抗血清处理地鼠精子,再与同种卵子进行体外结合试验,结果精子与卵于透明带的结合受到显著抑制、本实验的结果提示,牛精子膜麦芽凝集素结合糖蛋白抗原具有种间交叉反应性,并可能在精子与卵子透明带结合过程中具有重要作用。     

猪血清及某些血清免疫球蛋白对猪精子的作用

新鲜猪血清对猪精子具有毒性作用。灭活补体的血清失去了杀精子作用,但使精子产生头对头凝集。分子筛层析证明,血清凝精子活性存在于富含免疫球蛋白的洗脱峰内。从５头处女猪的混合血清中制备出电泳纯的ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ（ＩｇＧ２和ＩｇＧ２的混合物）、ＩｇＭ在０．０２５－０．０５ｍｇ／ｍｌ（３×１０７个精子）时就引起明显的精子凝集,而ＩｇＧ在浓度为１．４１ｍｇ／ｍｌ（３×１０７个精子）时仍无凝精子作用。精浆对血清引起的精子凝集有抑制作用。在自身血清中,被精浆的猪红细胞自动凝集。环状沉淀显示,由分子筛层析得到的具有凝精子活性的洗出液可与精浆作用产生沉淀。双向免疫扩散显示,精浆跟血清作用形成一条沉淀线。以上结果提示：新鲜血清的杀精子作用可能与补体反应有关;ＩｇＭ是血清中主要的精子凝集团子;精子凝集可以跟精浆中的某种物质有关,这种物质可以竞争性地抑制血清的凝精子作用。     

Essential role of the nonreducing terminal alpha-mannosyl residues of the N-linked carbohydrate chain of bovine zona pellucida glycoproteins in sperm-egg binding

It has been proposed that mammalian sperm bind species-specifically to carbohydrate chains of zona pellucida glycoproteins at fertilization. Although the sperm ligand carbohydrate chains have been characterized in mice and pigs, the existence of the ligands of other mammals remains unclear. In order to explore the bovine sperm ligand, two in vitro competition assay methods were applied. As a result, a high-mannose-type carbohydrate chain, Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc, which is the major neutral chain in bovine egg zona glycoproteins, was shown to possess bovine sperm ligand activity. When nonreducing terminal alpha-mannosyl residues were eliminated from the zona glycoproteins by alpha-mannosidase digestion, the ligand activity was reduced, indicating that the alpha-mannosyl residues play an essential role in bovine sperm-egg binding. The number of sperm binding to eggs was reduced to about one-half after fertilization. The ligand-active high-mannose-type chain may be buried after fertilization, since its amount remains unchanged. Pretreatment of bovine sperm with the sperm ligand-carbohydrate chain significantly inhibited penetration of the sperm into oocyte and the male pronucleus formation. Thus, a correlation between the sperm ligand activity and in vitro fertilization rate was observed.     

Ultrastructural localization of labeled acrosomal glycoproteins during in vivo fertilization in the rabbit

Rabbit spermatozoa were labeled predominantely in their acrosomal glycoproteins by 1-³H-glucosamine during spermiogenesis. Ova fertilized in vivo by spermatozoa labeled 22 days earlier were analyzed by fine-structure autoradiography for the localization of the label. The latter was found associated with 1) the fused membranes of the acrosomal cap remaining on the zona pellucida surface, 2) the material released on the zona surface after the acrosome reaction and possibly detectable after tannic acid fixation, 3) the equatorial segment of the sperm head and the preequatorial swellings, and 4) other sperm components, eg, the sperm tail. No labeling, on the other hand, was detected on the denuded leading edge of spermatozoa found either in the penetration slit or in the perivitelline space. Our observations suggest the involvement of acrosomal glycoproteins in different mechanisms of sperm/zona pellucida interaction but are not in favor of a major role of (enzymatic) glycoproteins bound to the inner acrosomal membrane during the penetration of the zona pellucida.     

Isolation of antiSLIP1-reactive boar sperm P68/62 and its binding to mammalian zona pellucida

Single-step purification of boar sperm P68/62 that is cross-reactive with a polyclonal antibody against sulfolipidimmobilizing protein 1 (SLIP1) was achieved by chromatofocusing. This method is useful for obtaining P68/62 in quantity. The two proteins, P68 and P62, were antigenically related, since the antibody generated specifically against the 68-kDa band reacted with both the 68- and 62-kDa bands. Like rat testis SLIP1, purified boar sperm P68/62 bound to sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG) and inhibited sperm-egg binding in a dose-dependent manner when added exogenously to sperm-egg coincubates. This inhibitory effect occurred at the level of the zona pellucida (ZP), and further studies showed that biotinylated boar sperm P68/62 bound to the ZP of unfertilized mouse eggs. Furthermore, biotinylated boar sperm P68/62 bound to isolated ZP of unfertilized eggs from other species, including pig, rat, cat, dog, and human, as well as to ZP of intact fertilized mouse eggs and preimplantation embryos of various developmental stages, although the degree of its binding to the ZP of intact eight-cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts was much lower than that of fertilized eggs and two-cell embryos. These results suggest that P68/62 of capacitated sperm must act together with other sperm surface proteins/molecules that regulate zona binding specificity within homologous species and in unfertilized eggs. Together with our previous findings, we suggest that rather than being a true ZP receptor, sperm P68/62 may be involved in the initial step of sperm-ZP binding that is adhesive in nature. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 49:203–216, 1998 © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mechanism of sperm-binding inhibition by anti-zona antisera

Mouse zonae pellucidae contain receptors for sperm throughout their structure since spermatozoa will bind to both the inner and outer surfaces of isolated zona fragments. Antibodies raised against mechanically isolated mouse zonae pellucidae were only capable of suppressing sperm binding to the outer zona surface in association with the formation of a precipitate in this region. These results indicate that such antisera are not capable of interacting directly with the sperm receptors on the zona pellucida but rely upon the less efficient mechanism of steric hindrance to prevent sperm from gaining access to the sperm binding sites.     

Sperm membrane physiology and relevance for fertilization

This paper aims to overview recent insights in sperm surface remodelling pertinent to fertilization. A basic understanding of this remodelling is required to interpret the high amount of data appearing from high-throughput identification techniques for proteins presently applied in reproductive biology. From the extensive lists of protein candidates identified by proteomics, only a few are recognized to be directly involved in fertilization. Others are indirectly involved, but many are not yet considered to be involved in fertilization. Some of these newly identified and unexpected proteins may shed new light in the current molecular models for fertilization. However, the gathered lists of sperm proteins possibly involved in fertilization do only tell a part of the story regarding how fertilization is accomplished. When considering the identification of proteins involved in fertilization, one also needs to take into account the fundamental mechanisms involved in the redistribution of sperm surface proteins in membrane protein complexes and the involvement of cell signalling events that regulate their post-translational modification status. Both processes are likely requisite for protein configuration and grouping into functional membrane protein complexes necessary to elicit their delicate roles in fertilization. This paper emphasizes biochemical models for membrane surface modelling and their potential involvement for remodelling the sperm surface in the above described processes.     

Participation of the nonreducing terminal beta-galactosyl residues of the neutral N-linked carbohydrate chains of porcine zona pellucida glycoproteins in sperm-egg binding

The zona pellucida (ZP) surrounding the mammalian oocyte is composed of three glycoprotein components (ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC). Mammalian sperm bind to carbohydrate chains of a ZP glycoprotein in the initial phase of fertilization. Sperm-ligand carbohydrate chains have been characterized in mouse, cow, and pig. In pigs, triantennary/tetraantennary neutral complex-type chains from ZPB/ZPC mixture possess stronger sperm-binding activity than those of biantennary chains (Kudo et al., 1998: Eur J Biochem 252:492-499). Most of these oligosaccharides have beta-galactosyl residues at the nonreducing ends. This study used two in vitro competition assays to investigate the participation of the nonreducing terminal beta-galactosyl residues of the ligand active chains in porcine sperm binding. The removal of the nonreducing terminal beta-galactosyl residues from either the ligand active carbohydrate chains or endo-beta-galactosidase-digested glycoproteins significantly reduced their inhibition of sperm-egg binding, indicating that the beta-galactosyl residues at the nonreducing ends are involved in porcine sperm-egg binding. A correlation between the sperm-binding activity and in vitro fertilization rate is also presented.     

Evidence for a binding site on the sperm plasma membrane which recognizes the murine zona pellucida: A binding site on the sperm plasma membrane

Murine cauda epididymal sperm preincubated in either a modified Krebs-Ringer or M 199 solution bind to cumulus-free, zona pellucida-intact eggs. Pretreatment of such eggs with an affinity purified preparation of the seminal inhibitor binding component (acceptor), isolated from epididymal sperm, reduces in a concentration dependent manner, the number of sperm that bind. Treatment of cauda sperm, preincubated in either of the above two media, with the seminal inhibitor, also reduces the number of sperm able to bind. Incubation of cauda sperm in the Krebs-Ringer solution for up to 4 h does not affect their ability to bind the seminal inhibitor. Omission of bovine serum albumin from the preincubation medium results in a significant reduction in sperm binding. These data are interpreted to mean that the seminal inhibitor acceptor sites on the sperm surface of incubated sperm function in the in vitro binding to the zona pellucida.