Characterization of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase regulated by gibberellin in roots of rice seedling

Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase is a glycolytic enzyme whose activity increases in rice roots treated with gibberellin (GA). To investigate the relationship between aldolase and root growth, GA-induced root aldolase was characterized. GA₃ promoted an increase in aldolase accumulation when 0.1 M GA₃ was added exogenously to rice roots. Aldolase accumulated abundantly in roots, especially in the apical region. To examine the effect of aldolase function on root growth, transgenic rice plants expressing antisense aldolase were constructed. Root growth of aldolase-antisense transgenic rice was repressed compared with that of the vector control transgenic rice. Although aldolase activity increased by 25% in vector control rice roots treated with 0.1 M GA₃, FBPA activity increased very little by 0.1 M GA₃ treatment in the root of aldolase-antisense transgenic rice. Furthermore, aldolase co-immunoprecipitated with antibodies against vacuolar H⁺-ATPase in rice roots. In the root of OsCDPK13-antisense transgenic rice, aldolase did not accumulate even after treatment with GA₃. These results suggest that the activation of glycolytic pathway function accelerates root growth and that GA₃-induced root aldolase may be modulated through OsCDPK13. Aldolase physically associates with vacuolar H-ATPase in roots and may regulate the vacuolar H-ATPase mediated control of cell elongation that determines root length.     

滑液支原体醛缩酶的亚细胞定位及免疫原性

【背景】滑液支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae,MS)感染能够引起鸡和火鸡的气囊炎、关节渗出性的滑液囊膜及腱鞘滑膜炎等。有研究表明,许多支原体中与代谢相关的酶类不仅分布在细胞质,也分布于细胞膜表面,通过结合宿主细胞的胞外基质蛋白,协助病原菌黏附入侵宿主细胞。已有报道牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)和鸡毒支原体(Mycoplasma gallisepticum)的醛缩酶(Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase,FBA)分布在膜蛋白和胞浆蛋白中,而MS的FBA蛋白还未见相关研究。【目的】对MSFBA蛋白进行生物信息学分析、原核表达、免疫原性分析及亚细胞定位检测,为进一步探索MS代谢相关酶类的生物学功能奠定基础。【方法】通过分析软件PSORTb、SignalP 4.1 Server和TMHMM Server在线预测MSFBA的亚细胞定位、信号肽及跨膜区,并用BLASTn和MEGA 5.0进行同源比对及进化树分析;通过Overlap PCR点突变扩增MS的fba全基因序列,连接表达载体pET-28a(+)并进行原核表达及纯化,获得纯化后的重组MSFBA(rMSFBA)蛋白;用MS阳性血清进行Westernblot鉴定rMSFBA的免疫原性;用纯化的rMSFBA蛋白制备兔多克隆抗体,与MS全菌蛋白、膜蛋白及胞浆蛋白进行Western blot分析,同时对MS全菌进行悬浮免疫荧光分析,检测MSFBA的膜定位情况。【结果】生物信息分析预测MSFBA分布在细胞质中,无信号肽,无跨膜区,在MS种内相似性高达99%,与其他种属FBA相似性在61%-78%之间,进化树显示其与牛鼻支原体(Mycoplasma bovirhinis)、仓鼠支原体(Mycoplasm acricetuli)等的FBA蛋白进化关系较近,与精氨酸支原体(Mycoplasma arginini)、人型支原体(Mycoplasma hominis)等的FBA蛋白进化关系较远;表达rMSFBA蛋白并纯化,经测定其相对分子质量大小约为33kD;rMSFBA能与MS阳性鸡血清特异性结合,证实其具有较好的免疫原性;Western blot显示抗rMSFBA的兔血清能与MS全菌蛋白和胞浆蛋白反应,而与膜蛋白不反应,说明MSFBA蛋白分布于胞浆中;悬浮免疫荧光实验证实MS的细胞膜上未见FBA蛋白分布。【结论】首次报道了滑液支原体的FBA蛋白是一个高度保守的免疫原性蛋白,主要分布在细胞质中,该结果为进一步研究MSFBA蛋白的生物学功能提供了分子基础。     

Modifications of aldolase during in vivo aging of rabbit red cells.

Crude hemolysates, partially purified aldolase and aldolase purified to homogeneity from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes, were incubated with a specific antiserum raised against crystalline rabbit muscle aldolase. We show that the same aldolasic activity corresponds to a greater amount of antigen in older than in younger cells, in crude hemolysates as well as in the above mentioned preparations; that is to say, old-cell aldolase contains cross-reacting material (CRM). Properties of purified enzyme from reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes were compared to those of muscle crystalline aldolase: -- the molecular specific activity of purified aldolase from erythrocytes is lower than with crystalline muscle aldolase, i.e. CRM is maintained throughout the purification steps. -- the specific activity of red cell aldolase towards both substrates (FDP and F1P) is lower than that of crystalline muscle aldolase. However, the ratio of activity towards the two substrates FDP/F1P is decreased in erythrocytes and reticulocytes. -- no other difference was found: Michaelis constant towards FDP, thermodenaturation constant and C terminal extremities are identical as are the molecular weights.     

The complete amino acid sequence of human skeletal-muscle fructose-bisphosphate aldolase.

The complete amino acid sequence of human skeletal-muscle fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, comprising 363 residues, was determined. The sequence was deduced by automated sequencing of CNBr-cleavage, o-iodosobenzoic acid-cleavage, trypsin-digest and staphylococcal-proteinase-digest fragments. Comparison of the sequence with other class I aldolase sequences shows that the mammalian muscle isoenzyme is one of the most highly conserved enzymes known, with only about 2% of the residues changing per 100 million years. Non-mammalian aldolases appear to be evolving at the same rate as other glycolytic enzymes, with about 4% of the residues changing per 100 million years. Secondary-structure predictions are analysed in an accompanying paper [Sawyer, Fothergill-Gilmore & Freemont (1988) Biochem. J. 249, 789-793].     

Substrate-induced dissociation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and its complex formation with fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

A threefold decrease in specific activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found on going from 800 nM to 10 nM enzyme concentration. According to ultracentrifugal analyses the dimeric glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (molecular weight 78,000) dissociates into monomers in the equilibrium mixture of its substrates and products. The concentration-dependent decrease in the specific activity is interpreted as a consequence of subunit dissociation and the estimated dissociation constants are 0.7 micro M and 3.5 micro M at 38 degrees C and 20 degrees C respectively. According to active-enzyme-band centrifugation experiments and kinetic analysis aldolase forms a complex with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and this complex formation influences the specific activity of the dehydrogenase. The interaction between glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase can provide a regulatory mechanism at the branching point of glycolytic and lipid metabolic pathways.     

Gluconeogenic mutations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: genetic linkage between fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and phosphoglycerate kinase

Mutants of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa defective in fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) or 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) were unable to grow on gluconeogenic precursors like glutamate, succinate or lactate. The gap and pgk mutants could grow on glucose, gluconate or glycerol, but fba mutants could not. This suggests that the metabolism of glucose or gluconate does not require either PGK or NADP-linked GAP but does require the operation of the aldolase-catalysed step. For gluconeogenesis, however, all three steps are essential. Recombinant plasmids carrying genes for FBA, PGK, GAP or phospho-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (EDA) activities were constructed from a genomic library of mucoid P. aeruginosa selecting for complementation of deficiency mutations. Analysis of their complementation profile indicated that one group of plasmids carried fba and pgk genes, while another group carried eda, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (edd) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) genes. The gap gene was not linked to any of these markers. Partial restoration of FBA activity in spontaneous revertants of Fba- mutants was accompanied by a concomitant loss of PGK activity. These experiments indicate a linkage between the fba and pgk genes on the P. aeruginosa chromosome.     

Simultaneous purification of hexokinase, class-I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase from Trypanosoma brucei

A method is presented for the simultaneous purification of hexokinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase, and the partial purification of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+), 6-phosphofructokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei. As a first step, the glycosomes, microbody-like organelles of Trypanosomatidae, containing almost exclusively enzymes involved in glucose and glycerol metabolism [Opperdoes, F. R. and Borst, P. (1977) FEBS Lett. 80, 360-364], were purified eightfold from homogenates with an average yield of 38%. Subsequently, the glycosomal content was subjected to hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose. This step results in pure hexokinase (15% final yield) and almost pure triosephosphate isomerase, while the other glycosomal enzymes elute as mixtures of two or three enzymes. Triosephosphate isomerase was further purified to homogeneity on CM-cellulose (33% final yield), while phosphoglycerate kinase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase were separated from each other and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using ATP-Sepharose (25% and 30% final yields, respectively). Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase was further characterized as a typical class I enzyme.     

Subunit structure of rabbit brain aldolase

Rabbit brain contains a mixture of aldolase A (muscle type) and aldolase C (brain type), present largely as the hybrid forms A₃C, A₂C₂, and AC₃, with smaller amounts of the homopolymers A₄ and C₄. We have developed new procedures for the isolation of the A-C hybrid set and the aldolase C subunits and compared the structure of these subunits with those of aldolase A. The two isoenzymes differ significantly in amino acid composition, but each contains three methionine residues per subunit and yields four peptides on cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The three methionine residues appear to occupy similar positions in the polypeptide chains but the molecular weight of the aldolase C subunit is only 37,000, approximately 10% smaller than that of the subunit of aldolase A. The difference is attributable to two or more deletions, totaling 30–40 amino acid residues, in two of the four BrCN peptides. The deletions include two of the buried cysteine residues that are located in the center of the polypeptide chain in aldolase A; these residues in aldolase A are, therefore, not involved in the contacts between the subunits in the tetramer. Aldolase C also lacks several of the histidine residues that are located near the active-site lysine residue of aldolase A, thus excluding these residues from participation in the catalytic mechanism.     

Modification of rabbit muscle aldolase in Vivo and in Vitro

Rabbit muscle aldolase in situ appears to undergo several modification reactions. One of these, specific deamidation of an asparagine residue near the COOH-terminus, appears to account for the presence of two types of subunits in the enzyme isolated from the muscle of adult rabbits. Evidence for a second modification is the presence of approximately one equivalent of organic phosphorus in the crystalline enzyme preparations. The presence of this phosphate group may be related to the incomplete release of COOH-terminal tyrosine residues from the enzyme protein with carboxypeptidase. Two reactions with substrate, both leading to the incorporation of organic phosphorus, have been demonstrated in vitro. A reaction with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or erythrose 4-phosphate leads to loss of catalytic activity and change in the susceptibility of COOH-terminus to carboxypeptidase. The other reaction, with fructose 1,6-diphosphate at low concentration, does not affect the activity of the enzyme, nor its susceptibility towards the action of carboxypeptidase. Either or both of these may be related to the changes which appear to occur during the life of the enzyme in vivo.