The characteristics of the O-specific humoral immune response of mice vaccinated with Salmonella choleraesuis antigens]

The work deals with the results of the comparative enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of serum samples taken from (CBA X C57BL/6) F1 mice immunized with O-specific polysaccharides, O-antigens (O-Ag) obtained by Boivin's method and antigenic preparations isolated with hydroxylamine (HA) from S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium. O-Ag and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the corresponding bacterial species were used as antigens for the sensitization of polystyrene plates. The primary and secondary humoral immune response was studied by means of EIA. As revealed in this investigation, the immunization of mice with HA-isolated antigenic preparations and O-Ag, obtained from S. typhimurium, in a single injection (in doses of 1-100 micrograms) led to the development of weak specific immune response to O-Ag. Response to LPS was absent. After the second immunization of the animals pronounced immune response to O-Ag and LPS was observed. It developed as a response of both IgM and IgG type. The immunization of mice, made in a single injection, with HA-isolated antigenic preparations and O-Ag, obtained from S. choleraesuis, did not lead to the development of O-specific immune response. After the immunization of mice with these antigens in two injections sharply pronounced nonspecific activity of IgM and IgG serum antibodies with respect to O-Ag and LPS of homologous and heterologous bacterial species was noted in EIA. Neither S. typhimurium O-polysaccharide, nor S. choleraesuis O-polysaccharide did not induce O-specific immune response even after the second immunization.     

以人精子抗原消化道免疫后的体液免疫反应

The inbred Balb/c and C57 mice, and the outbred Swiss Webster mice were intragastrointestinally immunized with human sperm antigens. The lymphocytes from the spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), Peyer's patch (PP) and uterus or epididymis were isolated and cultured. The lymphocyte-secreting antisperm IgG and IgA and the antisperm antibodies in the gut wash and serum were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the Balb/c and Swiss Webster mice, the immune responses to sperm have shown to be stronger than that in C57, stronger in female than in male. The antigenicity of sperm membrane extracts seems to be higher than that of whole sperm. Antisperm antibodies secreted by lymphocytes from the epididymis and uterus have demonstrated to be detectable. For stimulation of the local immune response, the intra-PP and intralumina immunizations are more effective than others.     

Rosette formation and humoral immune response to 2,4-dinitrophenol in mice of different inbred strains]

A study was made of the content of rosette-forming cells to DNP-ovalbumin in the spleen of mice of different inbred strains. The values of the rosette-forming cells and of the titre of serum agglutinins to the DNP-group in DNP--bovine gamma-globulin immunization of mice of these strains were determined. It was shown that there were interstrain differences in respect to the normal and immune rosette-forming cells and also humoral antibodies. There was noted a direct correlation between the number of the immune rosette-forming cells and the antibody titre in the serum of mice of the same inbred strain. Immune response (both by the content of rosettes in the spleen and by the antibody level) proved to be the minimal in mice with the highest level of rosette-forming cells. There proved to be no inverse relationship.     

Multiple mycobacterial antigens are targets of the adaptive immune response in pulmonary sarcoidosis

Introduction

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease for which the association with mycobacteria continues to strengthen. It is hypothesized that a single, poorly degradable antigen is responsible for sarcoidosis pathogenesis. Several reports from independent groups support mycobacterial antigens having a role in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. To identify other microbial targets of the adaptive immune response, we tested the ability of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to recognize multiple mycobacterial antigens.

Methods

Fifty-four subjects were enrolled in this study: 31 sarcoidosis patients, nine non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infection controls, and 14 PPD- controls. Using flow cytometry, we assessed for Th1 immune responses to ESAT-6, katG, Ag85A, sodA, and HSP.

Results

Alveolar T-cells from twenty-two of the 31 sarcoidosis patients produced a CD4+ response to at least one of ESAT-6, katG, Ag85A, sodA, or HSP, compared to two of 14 PPD- controls (p = 0.0008) and five of nine NTM controls (p = 0.44), while eighteen of the 31 sarcoidosis subjects tested produced a CD8+ response to at least one of the mycobacterial antigens compared to two of 14 PPD- controls (p = 0.009) and three of nine NTM controls (0.26). Not only did the BAL-derived T cells respond to multiple virulence factors, but also to multiple, distinct epitopes within a given protein. The detection of proliferation upon stimulation with the mycobacterial virulence factors demonstrates that these responses are initiated by antigen specific recognition.

Conclusions

Together these results reveal that antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responses to multiple mycobacterial epitopes are present within sites of active sarcoidosis involvement, and that these antigen-specific responses are present at the time of diagnosis.     

The effect of fenazepam on the humoral immune response in secondary immunodeficiency]

A single administration of phenazepam (2.5 mg/kg) enhances the synthesis of antibodies after immunization with different vaccines. Phenazepam restores antibody formation in immunodeficiency induced by intoxication. The immunostimulating effect of phenazepam is linked with an increase in the capacity of macrophages for inducing humoral immune response and a rise in the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen.     

Effect of adjuvants on the humoral immune response to congopain in mice and cattle

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: We investigated several adjuvants for their effects on the humoral immune response in both mice and cattle using the central domain of congopain (C2), the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma congolense, as a model for developing a vaccine against animal trypanosomosis. The magnitude and sustainability of the immune response against C2 and the occurrence of a booster effect of infection, an indirect measure of the presence of memory cells, were determined by ELISA, while spectrofluorometry was used to determine and measure the presence of enzyme- inhibiting antibodies. RESULTS: Mice immunized with recombinant C2 in AdjuphosTM, TiterMaxTM, purified saponin Quil ATM or GERBUTM showed the best response according to the evaluation criteria and these three were chosen for the cattle vaccination study. The animals were challenged with T. congolense four and a half months after the last booster. Cattle immunized with recombinant C2 in purified saponin Quil ATM showed the best antibody response according to the measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS: We identified purified saponin Quil ATM as a good adjuvant for immunizations with C2. The results from this study will be useful in future attempts to develop an effective anti-disease vaccine against African trypanosomosis.     

Different effects of cortisone on the humoral immune response to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

The effect of the administration of cortisone on the murine humoral immune response to either thymus-dependent (TD) or -independent (TI) antigens was studied in vivo. Whereas the thymus-dependent immune response was markedly suppressed, the thymus-independent immune response was preserved. The opposing effect of steroids on these two types of immune responses appears to be due to the relative independence of thymus-independent antigens of a radioresistant cortisone-sensitive accessory cell.     

The effect of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation on the humoral immune response in mice

A study was made of the effect of humoral factors, isolated from bone marrow cell (BMC) supernatant fluid and capable of modifying CFU-S proliferation, on the generation of IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice after adoptive transfer. Adoptive transfer of BMC, preincubated with the humoral factor RBME-III, which stimulates CFU-S proliferation, was shown to suppress the splenic PFC generation in recipients; treatment of BMC with a further factor NBME-IV, which inhibits CFU-S proliferation, was followed by augmentation of PFC generation. Similar effects were obtained while studying the IgM PFC generation in the bone marrow of mice after secondary immunization when relevant factors were injected, in vivo, 24 hr following primary immunization. The results of adoptive transfer experiments indicate that populations of T- and B-cells are not the targets for the action of CFU-S proliferation regulatory factors. These factors are shown to modulate the erythroid differentiation of CFU-S. The possibility of quantitative modification of immune response parameters with the help of bone marrow factors that influence the proliferation and differentiation of CFU-S is discussed.     

The effect of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation on the humoral immune response in mice

Abstract A study was made of the effect of humoral factors, isolated from bone marrow cell (BMC) supernatant fluid and capable of modifying CFU-S proliferation, on the generation of IgM plaque-forming cells (PFC) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice after adoptive transfer. Adoptive transfer of BMC, preincubated with the humoral factor RBME-III, which stimulates CFU-S proliferation, was shown to suppress the splenic PFC generation in recipients; treatment of BMC with a further factor NBME-IV, which inhibits CFU-S proliferation, was followed by augmentation of PFC generation. Similar effects were obtained while studying the IgM PFC generation in the bone marrow of mice after secondary immunization when relevant factors were injected, in vivo , 24 hr following primary immunization. The results of adoptive transfer experiments indicate that populations of T- and B-cells are not the targets for the action of CFU-S proliferation regulatory factors. These factors are shown to modulate the erythroid differentiation of CFU-S. The possibility of quantitative modification of immune response parameters with the help of bone marrow factors that influence the proliferation and differentiation of CFU-S is discussed.     

The humoral immune response of sheep to antigens from larvae of the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina)

The sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is a myiasis-causing insect whose larvae evoke an immune response in sheep. By means of an immuno-dot blot and Western immuno-blot assays it has been demonstrated that sheep experimentally infected with larvae produce antibodies against a wide array of components from all three larval instars, with each instar displaying a differing set of antigens. The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins in various larval extracts and the patterns of antibody reactivity were very different. Of the extracts tested (1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larval excretions/secretions and visceral homogenates, extracts of 3rd instar salivary glands, mid guts, haemolymph and cuticle) the most intense antibody reaction was detected against the salivary gland extract: preparations of larval excretions/secretions and from the larval mid gut also reacted strongly. In contrast a cuticle extract reacted minimally with infected sheep sera.     

Interrelations of cellular and humoral immune response and different doses of sheep erythrocytes in mice]

In experiments on CBA and C57BL/6 mice the generation of antibody-forming cells respectively either in the popliteal lymph nodes or spleen as well as a rate of delayed type hypersensitivity response (DTHR) on the background of subcutaneous (into foot) or intraperitoneal injection of different doses of sheep erythrocytes (from 10(4) to 10(8)) have been studied. In so doing two types of immune response can be isolated on the dependence upon the sensitivity threshold to antigen of DTHR and humoral immunity. Thus in C57BL/6 mice the antigen threshold for DTHR is of one time (in intraperitoneal immunization) or of a two times (in subcutaneous) lower order than for antibody response. In CBA line mice under subcutaneous immunization there can be seen quite an opposite picture while intraperitoneal immunization causes exact correlation of antigen threshold for cellular and humoral immune response.     

Neonatal FcR overexpression boosts humoral immune response in transgenic mice

The neonatal FcR (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes active part in phagocytosis, and delivers Ag for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic (Tg) mice extends the half-life of mouse IgG by reducing its clearance. In this paper, we demonstrate that immunization of these mice with OVA and trinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG results in a 3- to 10-fold increase of Ag-specific IgM and IgG in serum. The IgM increase was unexpected because FcRn does not bind IgM. Our results showed that the affinity of the Ag-specific IgG was at least as good in Tg mice as in the wild-type (wt) controls, implying appropriate affinity maturation in both groups. Influenza vaccination produced a 2-fold increase in the amount of virus-specific Ab in Tg animals, which proved twice as efficient in a hemagglutination inhibition assay as was the case in wt controls. After immunization, Tg mice displayed significantly larger spleens containing a higher number of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells, as well as many more granulocytes and dendritic cells, analyzed by ELISPOT and flow cytometric studies. The neutrophils from these Tg mice expressed the Tg FcRn and phagocytosed IgG immune complexes more efficiently than did those from wt mice. These results show that FcRn overexpression not only extends the IgG half-life but also enhances the expansion of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells. Although both effects increase the level of Ag-specific IgG, the increase in immune response and IgG production seems to be more prominent compared with the reduced IgG clearance.     

Assessment of the humoral immune response to cancer

One of the deadly hallmarks of cancer is its ability to prosper within the constraints of the host immune system. Recent advances in immunoproteomics and high-throughput technologies have lead to profiling of the antibody repertoire in cancer patients. This in turn has lead to the identification of tumour associated antigens/autoantibodies. Autoantibodies are extremely attractive and promising biomarker entities, however there has been relatively little discussion on how to interpret the humoral immune response. It may be that autoantibody profiles hold the key to ultimately uncovering neoplastic associated pathways and through the process of immunosculpting the tumour may have yielded an immune response in the early stages of malignant tumour development. The aim of this review is to discuss the utility of the autoantibody response that is elicited as a result of malignancy and discuss the advantages and limitations of autoantibody profiling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Proteomics.     

Suppression of humoral immune responses in mice by antigens derived from Trichomonas vaginalis

The occurrence of immunosuppression in mice inoculated with antigens prepared from Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated in this study. One hundred and fourteen BALB/c mice with half of each sex were divided into 19 groups and inoculated with different antigen preparations before or after sheep red blood cell (Srbc) immunization. Antigen preparations included live T. vaginalis (LTV), excretory and secretory products (ESP), and freeze and thaw antigens (FTA). The immunosuppressive effects of these T. vaginalis-derived antigens were demonstrated by the decrease of hemagglutination titers to Srbc. Results indicated that all three antigen preparations exhibited immunodepressive potentials in the primary and secondary responses to Srbc. Among them, FTA showed the highest inhibitory effect. The duration of the effect persisted for 21 days. The immunosuppressive effect was not observed for antigens which were given after Srbc injection.