六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4的筛选鉴定及还原特性研究

六价铬生物毒性极大,是造成环境污染的主要重金属之一,其生物治理策略已引起了广泛关注。已经发现许多微生物具有六价铬抗性和还原性,但能工业应用的还十分有限。从宝钢电镀污泥中分离得到一系列高六价铬抗性菌株,其中一株S5.4显示出高六价铬还原性,经形态和生理生化特征及16s rDNA序列比对,鉴定为Bacillus cereus。该菌株好氧生长,在固体LB培养基上培养48h能耐受40mmol/L Cr6 ,并对Mn2 、Ba2 和Mo6 也显出高抗性;在液体LB培养基中培养72h完全还原2mmol/L Cr6 ,并能在补充培养基和六价铬的条件下连续还原。该菌株还原六价铬时,最适浓度为2mmol/L Cr6 ,最适温度范围30~37℃,最适pH 7~9。     

Kinetics and modeling of hexavalent chromium reduction in Enterobacter cloacae

Kinetics of bacterial reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium (chromate: CrO(4) (2-)) was investigated using batch and fedbatch cultures of Enterobacter cloacae strain HO1. In fedbatch cultures, the CrO(4) (2-) feed was controlled on the basis of the rate of pH change. This control strategy has proven to be useful for avoiding toxic CrO(4) (2-) overload. A simple mathematical model was developed to describe the bacterial process of CrO(4) (2-) reduction. In this model, two types of bacterial cells were considered: induced, CrO(4) (2-)-resistant cells and uninduced, sensitive ones. Only resistant cells were assumed to be able to reduce CrO(4) (2-). These fundamental ideas were supported by the model predictions which well approximated all experimental data. In a simulation study, the model was also used to optimize fed-batch cultures, instead of lengthy and expensive laboratory experiments. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Insolubilization of hexavalent chromium in highly alkaline cement sludge by anaerobic bioremediation

Chemical treatment using reducing agents such as ferrous sulfate is the most popular method for remediation of hexavalent chromium–contaminated sludge. However, the use of such chemical agents poses the risk of secondary pollution through the elution of other heavy metals. Therefore, a bioremediation method was developed to remediate high-alkali cement sludge containing hexavalent chromium. When a biomediator mainly composed of lignocellulose and lignoarabinoxylan was added to hexavalent chromium–contaminated sludge under anaerobic conditions, the amount of hexavalent chromium eluted from the treated sludge decreased significantly to below the level of the environmental standard value in Japan and its pH was reduced to 8. Moreover, the oxidation-reduction potential of the treated sludge decreased and its microbiota changed. These results indicate that anaerobic microbes can facilitate the change of hexavalent chromium to an immobilized form of trivalent chromium. Nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that anaerobic microbes activated in the sludge were Exiguobacterium aurantiacum, which are known to tolerate high pH environments and produce organic acids, even in the cement sludge. Finally, treated sludge did not elute hexavalent chromium during shaking in acid or alkaline solution.     

Alleviation of toxic hexavalent chromium using indigenous aerobic bacteria isolated from contaminated tannery industry sites

In the last decade, much attention has been paid to bioremediation of Cr(VI) using various bacterial species. Cr(VI) remediation by indegeneous bacteria isolated from contaminated sites of a tannery industry located in Tamil Nadu, India, was investigated in this study. Three Cr(VI) resistant bacterial strains (TES-1, TEf-1, and TES-2) were isolated and selected based on their Cr(VI) reduction ability in minimal salt medium. Among these three bacterial strains, TES-1 was found to be most efficient in bioreduction, while TES-2 was only found to be Cr(VI) resistant and showed negligible bioreduction, whereas TEf-1 was observed to be most Cr(VI) tolerant. Potential for bioremediation of TES-1 and TEf-1 was further investigated at different concentrations of Cr(VI) in the range of 50 to 350 mg L^?1. TEf-1 showed prominent synchronous growth throughout the experiment, whereas TES-1 took a longer acclimatization time. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of Cr(VI) for TES-1 and TEf-1 were approximated as 600 mg L^?1 and 750 mg L^?1, respectively. The kinetic behavior of Cr(VI) reduction by TES-1 and TEf-1 exhibited zero- and first-order removal kinetics for Cr(VI), respectively. The most efficient strain TES-1 was identified as Streptomyces sp. by gene sequencing of 16S rRNA.     

高氯酸盐和铬复合污染对水稻生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度高氯酸盐(ClO4-)、六价铬(Cr6+)及其复合污染(ClO4-+Cr6+)胁迫条件下水稻叶片叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素含量和水稻体内抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的变化。结果表明,随着ClO4-、Cr6+和ClO4-+Cr6+处理浓度的升高,水稻叶片叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F0、Fv/Fm和叶绿素含量均明显下降,且生长前期下降程度高于后期;ClO4-、Cr6+及ClO4-+Cr6+均可显著提高水稻体内POD酶(peroxidase)、CAT酶(catalase)活性和MDA(malondialdehyde)含量,且复合处理显著高于单一处理;分蘖期水稻体内SOD酶(superoxide dismutase)活性随着污染物浓度的增加明显降低,而在抽穗期其SOD酶活性升高。复合处理对水稻的损伤和毒害作用比单一处理更为严重,其交互作用机理值得进一步研究。     

Multiple biomarker response in rainbow trout during exposure to hexavalent chromium

This research investigated hexavalent chromium toxicity in rainbow trout using a panel of biomarkers at different levels of biological organization. A time-course experiment in which rainbow trout were exposed in hard water (63.5 mg/L CaCO3) to a sublethal concentration of hexavalent chromium (10 mg/L) for a period of 28 days was conducted. The responses of multiple biomarkers were measured in gill and liver tissues at varying time points. Significant differences in metallothionein induction, superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation, cellular morphology, and growth were observed. Results indicated that gill tissues were more sensitive than hepatic tissues to chromium toxicity, yet hepatic tissues appeared to play a larger role in the organism's adaptive response to chromium compared to gill tissues. This study highlights the importance of using a set of integrated biomarkers to assess contaminant exposure and effects.     

Uptake of hexavalent chromium by bovine erythrocytes and its interaction with cytoplasmic components; The role of glutathione

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) anion gradually penetrated into bovine erythrocytes and bound with cytoplasmic components. Its penetration was strongly inhibited by the NH₂-reactive agent, 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS) and the SH-reactive agent, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Gel filtration showed that the intracellular component that bound to chromium was hemoglobin.

The binding affinity of Cr(VI) to hemoglobin in the absence of glutathione in vitro was found to be much less than in intact erythrocytes. However, in the presence of glutathione, the binding affinity of Cr(VI) to hemoglobin became much higher. This indicates that reduction of hemoglobin or Cr(VI) by glutathione is involved in the binding.

Cr(VI) interacted only weakly with the membrane and did not cause hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes, unlike heavy metals such as Hg²⁺.     

Contamination level and potential health risk assessment of hexavalent chromium in soils from a coal chemical industrial area in Northwest China

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the total Cr and Cr(VI) contamination levels and assess the possible health risk of Cr(VI) in soils from a coal chemical industrial area in Northwest China. The contamination factor (CF) was used to calculate the total Cr and Cr(VI) contamination levels in soils from the study area. The highest concentration of Cr(VI) (69.58?mg/kg) was found in the top soil (0–20?cm) with the distance of 10 m to the coal cinder heap. The carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated for health risk to workers by using “Chinese Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.3-2014).” The results showed that the soils from the study area were moderately polluted by the total Cr and Cr(VI). There was no serious non-CR (HQ < 1). However, the CR values of Cr(VI) were significantly higher than the threshold value, indicating that workers are facing serious threat of Cr(VI). Inhalation (70.32%) was the main exposure pathway to CR, followed by dermal contact (20.64%), and then ingestion (9.04%). These results provide basic information of Cr(VI) pollution control and environment management in coal chemical industrial areas.     

Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in Escherichia coli 33456

A model based on te analysis of the mechanism of enzymatic reactions was developed to characterize the rate and extent of microbial reduction of hexavalent chromium in Escherichia coli 33456. A finite reduction capacity (R(c)) was proposed and incorporated into the enzymatic model to regulate the toxicity effect on cells due to the oxidizing power of Cr(VI). The parameter values were determined by nonlinear least-square analysis using experimental data of anaerobic cultures. The obtained parameters were then used to predict Cr(VI) reduction in aerobic cultures along with a modification term of uncompetitive inhibition from molecular oxygen. The applicability of the developed model was demonstrated through excellent prediction of the results of batch studies conducted over range of initial Cr(VI) concentrations, initial cell densities, and DO levels. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the parameters obtained using the experimental data were unique, and neither change in K(c), the half-velocity constant, at high initial Cr(VI) concentrations nor change in R(c), the reduction capacity, at low initial Cr(VI) concentrations was sensitive to model prediction. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Elevated serum chromium in patients on total parenteral nutrition and the ionic species of contaminant chromium

Chromium (Cr), an essential micronutrient required for glucose metabolism, was found in high concentrations in up to 94% of the patients on short-term total parenteral nutrition. Approximately 50% had serum levels >10-fold of normal (upper reference value of 3.8 nmol/L), about 18% were >20-fold, and about 2% were 40-fold higher. The major Cr contaminant was detected in the amino acid constituents, and was found to have the trivalent ionic form. Although trivalent Cr is reported to be less genotoxic, further study is required to determine the effects on cells exposed to high concentrations of this element during parenteral nutrition over an extended period of time.     

Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the antennal gland,midgut, hepatopancreas,and gill of grass shrimp following exposure to hexavalent chromium

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, were exposed for 1 month to subacute concentrations of hexavalent chromium (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 ppm) after which the gills, midgut, hepatopancreas, and antennal glands were examined for histopathological and ultrastructural changes. Pathological changes were greatest in the antennal glands, followed by hepatopancreas, gills, and midgut. Severe changes occurred in some shrimp, even at 0.5 ppm chromium. Cells of all tissues frequently had both swollen mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Small, spherical or ring-like intranuclear inclusions, possibly indicative of cellular hyperactivity or manifestions of chromium and/or protein complexes, were most prevalent in the hepatopancreas and antennal glands but also occurred in the midgut and gills. Other major degenerative changes in the antennal glands were restricted to the labyrinth and included diminution of basal plasmalemmal infoldings and cytoplasmic density, nuclear hypertrophy followed by widespread nuclear pyknosis and epithelial desquamation. In severely altered hepatopancreas hypertrophy was indicated for the basal laminae, nuclei, and possibly for the nucleoli. There was an apparent reduction in mitotic events and many observed mitotic nuclei were abnormal. Abnormal midgut hypertrophy was present in only 8 of 20 examined shrimp, exposed to 0.5 and 1 ppm chromium. Further, the gills of only 10 of the 40 examined chromium-exposed shrimp possessed abnormal features detectable with ligh microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of the latter indicated an increase in lysosomes and a decrease in cytoplasmic density. In addition, there was a pronounced diminution in the degree of lamellar, subcuticular plasmalemmal infolding. This latter feature is postulated to be a mechanism for the regulation of chromium influx. Possible explanations for most observed alterations in the above tissues are proposed.     

Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a mixed-use reservoir

Although reservoirs in China are of great significance, very few studies on risk assessment have been reported for reservoirs. This study investigated distribution characteristics, cancer and ecological risks, and source diagnosis of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Shitou Koumen Reservoir in Jilin Province, China. A total of 12 sediment samples were collected from the reservoir in August (wet season) 2014. Total PAH concentrations in sediment samples ranged from 1294.51 ng/g to 2755.35 ng/g with a mean concentration of 1757.54 ng/g. For individual PAHs, average concentration of Nap was the highest, 800.56 ng/g, while Acy, Fla, BkF, and DahA were undetected in sediment samples. Light PAHs (2–3 rings) accounting for 74.21% was a dominant PAH compositional pattern. Pearson correlation analysis was carried out; results showed that total PAHs was strongly correlated with the highly enriched sedimentary PAHs, and pH was a major factor in controlling PAH distribution. Lifetime cancer risk was employed to assess cancer risk; results indicated that the fish-culturing area was exposed to cancer risk. The molecular diagnostic ratios of isomeric PAHs were applied to identify possible PAH sources; primary PAH sources were identified as oil-related activities, burning agricultural wastes, vehicular emissions, and industrial discharges.     

Biosorption of trivalent and hexavalent chromium from aqueous systems using shelled Moringa oleifera seeds

Abstract

The present study explores the sorption properties of shelled Moringa oleifera seeds (SMOS) for removal of two environmentally important oxidation states of chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) from an aqueous system on the laboratory scale. Sorption studies reveal the optimum conditions for the removal of 81.02%; Cr (III) and 88.15% Cr (VI) as follows: biomass dosage (4.0 g), metal concentration [25mg/L for Cr (III); 50mg/L for Cr (VI)], contact time (40 minutes) at pH 6.5 and 2.5 respectively. The adsorption data were found to fit well both the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Characterization of the seed powder by FTIR showed the clear presence of amino acid moieties having both positively charged amino and negatively charged carboxylic groups and confirmed that biosorption involves amino acid-chromium interactions. SEM studies of native and exhausted [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)] treated SMOS revealed large spherical clusters having a pore area of 8.66 µm² in the case of native SMOS while dense agglomerated etched dendrite type morphology have a pore area of 0.80 µm² in Cr (III) and 0.78 µm² in Cr (VI) treated SMOS The spent biosorbent was regenerated and found to be effectively reusable for four cycles.     

Effects of taurine on oxidative stress parameters and chromium levels altered by acute hexavalent chromium exposure in Mice Kidney tissue

The kidney has been regarded as a critical organ of toxicity induced by acute exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds. Reactive intermediates and free radicals generated during reduction process might be responsible for Cr(VI) toxicity. In this study, the effects of pretreatment or posttreatment of taurine on Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress and chromium accumulation in kidney tissue of Swiss albino mice were investigated. Single intraperitoneal (ip) potassium dichromate treatment (20 mgCr/kg), as Cr(VI) compound, significantly elevated the level of lipid peroxidation as compared with the control group (p<0.05). This was accompanied by significant decreases in nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities as well as a significant chromium accumulation (p<0.05). Taurine administration (1 g/kg, ip) before or after Cr(VI) exposure resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation levels and improvement in SOD enzyme activity (p<0.05). On the other hand, administration of the antioxidant before Cr(VI) exposure restored the NPSH level and CAT enzyme activity and also reduced tissue chromium levels (p<0.05), whereas postreatment had only slight effects on these parameters. In view of the results, taurine seems to exert some beneficial effects against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress and chromium accumulation in mice kidney tissue.     

Synthesis of zero-valent copper-chitosan nanocomposites and their application for treatment of hexavalent chromium

This study used ionotropic crosslinking to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate chelating resin beads, which are used to fabricate zero-valent copper-chitosan nanocomposites. The copper nanoparticles were dispersed on chitosan-tripolyphosphate beads, and were thus able to maintain appropriate dispersion and stability, which greatly improves their applicability. The fabrication process contains two steps: using chitosan-tripolyphosphate beads to adsorb Cu(II) ions, followed by chemical reduction to reduce Cu(II) ions to zero-valent copper. This study explored the adsorption of synthesized chitosan-tripolyphosphate beads to Cu(II) ions, and used SEM/EDS, XPS, and TEM to examine the properties of zero-valent copper-chitosan nanocomposites. The results showed that, the adsorption behavior of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution onto fabricated nanocomposites has better adsorption capacity than that of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate beads.     

Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in drinking water of Sistan and Baluchistan,Southeastern Iran

Access to safe and clean drinking water is an essential element of healthy life also known as the primary human needs. The present study was conducted to investigate heavy metal (HM) concentrations of drinking water. Excess health risk of HM (Cr, Pb, and Cd) intake is related to the drinking water consumption in local population. HMs concentrations were analyzed by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer and were compared with permissible limits regulated by country and World Health Organization (WHO). The hazard quotient (HQ) and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) were determined to show the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of HMs, respectively. HQs were found in the order of Pb > Cd > Cr and subsequently HI index was also estimated for all HM in two age groups (children and adults). The comparisons indicate no possibility of non-carcinogenic effects to the local population. The values for ELCR were found in the order of Cr > Cd > Pb. The ELCR index was found above acceptable risk levels for chromium and cadmium in both children and adults groups. Furthermore, intermetal correlation results revealed that heavy metals have common sources resulting from geogenic and anthropogenic activities and these are major sources of water contamination in Sistan and Baluchestan province.     

DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes of individuals exposed to hexavalent chromium compounds

Abstract

DNA-protein crosslinks were measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chrome-platers and controls from Bulgaria in order to evaluate a genotoxic effect of human exposure to carcinogenic Cr(VI) compounds. Chrome-platers and most of the unexposed controls were from the industrial city of Jambol; some additional controls were recruited from the seaside town of Burgas. The chrome-platers had significantly elevated levels of chromium in pre- and post-shift urine, erythrocytes and lymphocytes compared with the control subjects. The largest differences between the two groups were found in erythrocyte chromium concentrations which are considered to be indicative of Cr(VI) exposure. Despite the significant differences in internal chromium doses, levels of DNA-protein crosslinks were not significantly different between the combined controls and exposed workers. Individual DNA-protein crosslinks, however, correlated strongly with chromium in erythrocytes at low and moderate doses but at high exposures, such as among the majority of chrome-platers, these DNA adducts were saturated at maximum levels. The saturation of DNA-protein crosslinks seems to occur at 7–8 μg I-¹ chromium in erythrocytes whereas a mean erythrocyte chromium among the chrome platers was as high as 22.8 μg l^?1. Occupationally unexposed subjects exhibited a significant variability with respect to the erythrocyte chromium concentration, however erythrocyte chromium levels correlated closely with DNA-protein crosslinks in lymphocytes. The controls from Jambol had higher chromium concentrations in erythrocytes and elevated levels of DNA-protein crosslinks compared with Burgas controls. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde among furniture factory workers did not change levels of DNA-protein crosslinks in peripheral lymphocytes. DNA-protein crosslink measurements showed a low intraindividual variability and their levels among both controls and exposed indivduals were not affected by smoking, age or weight.     

Risk assessment issues in breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women, and its incidence has been increasing in many countries. The aetiology of breast cancer is poorly understood, so there is concern as to which factors in our environment or lifestyle are responsible for the increase. There is a need for reliable risk assessment, which involves the steps of hazard identification, hazard evaluation, exposure evaluation and risk estimation. Short-term laboratory tests and long-term tests in animals are useful for priority-setting, but quantitative human risk assessment should preferably involve observations of humans. Epidemiological studies vary in the degree of reliance that can be placed on their results. The main types of epidemiological investigation are illustrated by recent examples from the literature on breast cancer. Careful judgement is required in assessing whether any association between a factor and a disease is likely to be causal. The injectable contraceptive, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, ‘Depo-Provera’), has been controversial because it caused malignant mammary tumours in beagle dogs. Two recent case-control studies found no overall association between DMPA and the risk of breast cancer in women. There was some evidence of increased risk in certain sub-groups of women, which could be interpreted with more confidence if there were a better understanding of the biology of human breast cancer. Nevertheless, the results do not support the prediction from beagle experiments that DMPA might increase the overall risk of breast cancer.