A GIS-based LVF model for semiquantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk: A case study in Shenyang,NE China

Groundwater pollution risk assessment is a useful tool to prevent and control groundwater pollution, but its quantitative research is still relatively immature. In this study, a geographic information system based LVF model for a semiquantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk is established, based on the groundwater pollution source load (L), groundwater vulnerability (V), and groundwater function value (F). Further, the pollution source load is characterized by seven specific pollution sources, the vulnerability is calculated by the modified DRASTIC method, and the groundwater function value is evaluated with the water quality and quantity. The model was used to assess the risk of shallow groundwater pollution in Shenyang city, Northeast China, with an area of 8,263 km². The results show that highest risk areas account for 16.3% of the study area and are mainly distributed in the east of the study area. High risk areas are significantly affected by a shallow buried depth of groundwater and many types of harmful pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic pollution sources. The evaluation results reflect the risk of groundwater pollution in the Shenyang area, which is relevant to the management and sustainable use of groundwater resources in the area.     

基于“源-汇”理论的资江下游地区非点源污染风险区划

开展非点源污染风险评估及区划研究对流域生态环境保护、土地利用结构调整和优化具有重要意义。以2010、2018年两期资江下游地区土地利用覆盖数据为基础,基于“源-汇”景观格局理论识别“源”、“汇”景观,综合考虑非点源污染发生和迁移因子的前提下,借助景观空间负荷对比指数(LCI)、非点源污染负荷指数(NPPRI),分析非点源污染风险的时空变化特征;通过识别非点源污染风险中的关键因子,对资江下游非点源污染区划进行分析。结果表明: 研究区非点源污染发生风险总体较低,“汇”景观为主的子流域占61.2%;非点源污染风险呈现西南低,东北平原区以及资江干流、志溪河、桃花江沿岸偏高的空间特征;2010—2018年,非点源污染风险呈现升高趋势,农村居民点、耕地的扩张及林地缩减对非点源污染发生风险分别具有正向与负向的响应关系;LCI、坡度、距离是影响非点源污染风险指数变化的关键因子。在此基础上,将资江下游地区划分为4个控制区,即近河道污染治理区、低坡地污染控制区、生态恢复-风险防控区、生态优先保护区。     

浑河河水及其沿岸地下水污染特征

选择沈阳地区重要河流浑河及其沿岸地下水进行定量分析,研究并探讨了包括无机物和有机物在内的水质综合污染特征。结果表明,浑河河水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮和酚超过了地表水环境质量标准,最大超标倍数分别为15.8、1.5、82.4和1.8倍,检测出的11种卤代烃、氯苯和六六六等有机物均未超标。浑河沿岸地下水中氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、化学需氧量、酚和铅超过地下水质量标准,超标率分别为31.6%、10.5%、26.3%、36.8%、47.4%和26.8%,检测出的4种卤代烃和六六六等有机物均未超标。河水及其沿岸地下水中的污染物,尤其是有机污染物种类和浓度高值基本出现在城西的谟家—大祝断面之间。浑河水质主要受城市工业废水、居民生活污水排放的影响,沿岸地下水的污染来源包括工业生产或农村居民生活造成的地表污染物垂直入渗式的点源污染、浑河水侧向渗透补给式的线源污染以及农药化肥使用产生的面源污染,而有机污染物主要通过点源污染地下水。浑河各区段的使用功能、包气带岩性及沿岸水源地开采井布局等因素都为受污染的河水对沿岸几百米范围内的浅层地下水的补给提供了条件,造成浅层地下水的污染,对当地生态系统及人类健康构成潜在威胁。     

Source apportionment of pollution in groundwater source area using factor analysis and positive matrix factorization methods

By means of factor analysis (FA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) methods, groundwater pollution sources were identified in the Jinji groundwater source area, which is beside the Yellow River and is the only urban water supply source for the city of Wuzhong in Northwestern China. The sources of groundwater were quantified based on 16 samples of shallow groundwater from the source area. The source apportionment with the PMF model identified three dominant groundwater pollution sources. These were anthropogenic activities of agricultural and industrial pollution with a pollution contribution of 53.0%, water–rock interaction of 24.6%, and evaporation and concentration of 22.4%. The source apportionment with the FA model identified four sources which were evaporation and concentration, with the largest contribution (42.6%), followed by anthropogenic activities (29.2%), mineral dissolution and industrial pollution (22.4%), and natural effects (5.8%). Specific attention should be paid to these natural (fluoride, TH, etc.) and anthropogenic sources (NH₄⁺, NO₂^?, turbidity, total bacterial count, etc.), and pertinent measures should be taken to control local groundwater pollution. The most significant trait of the PMF is its scientific interpretation and physical explanation of the results, depending on non-negative restriction of the pollution source profiles and contributions.     

Risk assessment and source identification of coastal groundwater nitrate in northern China using dual nitrate isotopes combined with Bayesian mixing model

Due to the intensive and complicated human activities, the identification of nitrate pollution source of coastal aquifer is usually a challenge. This study firstly adopted stable isotope technique and stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) model to identify the nitrate sources and contribution proportions of different sources in typical coastal groundwater of northern China. The results showed that about 91.5% of the groundwater samples illustrated significantly high nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum WHO drinking water standard (50 mg/l), reflecting the high risk of groundwater nitrate pollution in the coastal area. A total of 57 sampling sites were classified into three groups according to hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The δ¹⁵N-NO₃^? and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^? values of groundwater samples from Group C (including nine samples) were much higher than those from Group A (including 40 samples) and Group B (including 8 samples). SIAR results showed that NH₄⁺ fertilizer was the dominant nitrate source for groundwater samples of Groups A and B while manure and sewage (M&;S) served as dominant source for Group C. This study provided essential information on the high risk and pollution sources of coastal groundwater nitrate of northern China.     

Responses of groundwater vulnerability to groundwater extraction reduction in the Hun River Basin,northeastern China

Intensive groundwater extraction causes many environmental problems globally. Reducing groundwater extraction is a primary method for alleviating these problems. However, this reduction may create new pollution issues because of an increase in groundwater vulnerability. A case study was done using the DRAOTIC evaluation method (an improved DRASTIC method for organic pollutant in aquifer vulnerability; soil (S factor) has been updated by organic matter (O factor) in the method) for the Hun River Basin, northeastern China, where groundwater intensive extraction had caused serious environmental and hydrogeological problems. The assessment results show that moderate vulnerability level is the main vulnerability level in the Hun River Basin; high vulnerability level and low vulnerability level categories occupy a smaller area; while very high and very low vulnerability categories occupy the smallest area. By combining the predicted groundwater level distribution and DRAOTIC model, the responses of groundwater vulnerability to different groundwater extraction reductions could be studied. The results show that groundwater vulnerability levels increased as groundwater extraction was reduced; this is because the rising groundwater levels make it easier for pollution coming from the surface to reach the aquifer. The more the reduction in groundwater extraction, the greater the increase in the area with higher vulnerability levels, and the greater the increase in pollution risk.     

Physico-chemical and biological dynamics of a sewage-polluted limestone aquifer

The spatio-temporal pattern of groundwater contamination at a 500 m² fractured limestone site polluted with sewage effluent was investigated over two years. In the context of a previously defined conceptual groundwater flow model, a multidisciplinary approach involving the collection of physico-chemical, bacteriological and biological (macro- and meiofauna) data was developed. Results showed that much of the sewage-polluted water infiltrated rapidly through some large subvertical fractures at the site and circulated with little or no contaminant attenuation through the solution-enlarged parts of a bedding joint. In such preferential contaminant paths, groundwater had low physico-chemical and bacteriological “stability”, highest average contaminant concentrations, and a high epigean organism component. Observation of the spatial distribution of organisms a short period after flooding also suggested that contaminants circulating through these conductive fractures entered the adjacent small-sized fissure matrix of the saturated zone. In this small aperture region of the site that was recharged by slow infiltrations of sewage-polluted surface water, groundwater had a greater physico-chemical and bacteriological “stability”, lowest average contaminant concentrations, and a high hypogean organism component. This lower sensitivity to surface pollution was partly due to attenuation processes such as retention of fecal indicator bacteria or nitrification of effluent ammonium which occurred in slow-moving water parts of the unsaturated zone.     

Statistical and multivariate statistical techniques to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution in a rapidly growing city on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Abstract

Groundwater quality is defined by various water quality parameters. The aims of the research are to understand the relationships among different groundwater quality parameters and to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution via statistical and multivariate statistical techniques. The 36 shallow groundwater samples collected from shallow pumping wells in Yan’an City were analyzed for various water quality parameters. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and multivariable linear regressions (MLR) were jointly used in this study to explore the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution. The study reveals that the mineral dissolution/precipitation and anthropogenic input are the main sources of the physicochemical indices and trace elements in the groundwater. Groundwater chemistry is predominantly regulated by natural processes such as dissolution of carbonates, silicates, and evaporates and soil leaching, followed by human activities as the second factor. Climatic factors and land use types are also important in affecting groundwater chemistry. Cl^– is the greatest contributor to the overall groundwater quality revealed by the two regression models. The first model which has eight dependent variables is high in model reliability and stability, and is recommended for the overall groundwater quality prediction. The study is helpful for understanding groundwater quality variation in urban areas.     

基于“源-汇”景观的饮用水源地非点源污染风险遥感识别与评价

非点源污染因分布广泛、产生过程复杂、防治困难,近年成为影响饮用水源地水环境的重要污染源。以海南三亚赤田水库为例,开展了基于"源-汇"景观的非点源污染风险遥感识别与评价分析。首先,采用高分辨率遥感影像分类提取水源地不同类型景观分布信息;结合"源-汇"对污染的促进\\阻碍作用,在考虑影响污染物迁移的"河道距离"因子、坡度因子情况下,利用非点源污染风险指数的计算实现对区域非点源污染风险的快速识别;并基于洛伦兹曲线分析水源地景观空间分布对非点源污染的影响。结果表明:一方面,流域非点源污染风险总体较低,"汇"景观占主导作用的子流域占整个区域的76.50%;污染风险呈现东高西低的特点,极高风险区主要分布于以居住用地、建设用地等"源"景观类型为主的流域东南部区域,占整体区域面积的1.28%,而西部以林地为主污染风险小;另一方面,基于坡度因子的"源""汇"景观污染负荷之比值大于1,"源"景观在低坡度区域分布范围广,景观布局较合理;基于"河道距离"因子的"源""汇"景观污染负荷之比值为2.30,"源"景观在距河道近的区域分布范围大,对污染影响大,近河道区域需进一步调整景观格局以降低对非点源污染的影响。基于遥感与"源-汇"景观指数计算是一种快速、客观、有效的饮用水源地的非点源污染风险识别与评价方法。     

下辽河平原地下水脆弱性的时空演变

地下水脆弱性受相关因子变化的影响,在时空分布上具有动态变化性,因此分析地下水脆弱性的时空演变及结构变化规律对于地下水有针对性地污染防治具有重要意义。以下辽河平原为研究区,选取1991、2000和2010年的相关人为因子参数,结合DRASTIC模型计算这3个年份的地下水脆弱性综合指数,利用Arc GIS的地理统计工具分析地下水脆弱性的演变状况。在此基础上计算G指数得到地下水脆弱性的空间热冷点分布,结合重心和标准差椭圆对热点的变动情况进行定量分析。研究结果表明:(1)1991年地下水脆弱性以较低脆弱性和高脆弱性区为主,分别占研究区面积的36.5%和31.3%,到2000年以一般脆弱性和较高脆弱性区为主,面积比例分别达到31.6%和25.9%,发展到2010年主要以较高脆弱性为主,面积比例占41.71%;(2)1991—2010年下辽河平原地下水脆弱性总体上呈现先增后减的趋势,沈阳市及周边长期处于高值状况,南部沿海地区逐步演化为高值脆弱性区;(3)1991和2000年的热点集中区主要分布在新民市和辽中县的西部地带,期间变化较小,2010年的滨海地区也发展成热点集中区,各时期内冷点分布面积比较少,且零散;(4)1991年至2000年,热点重心向西南方向位移了2.264km,热点分布格局进一步趋于东—西方向;2000年到2010年,热点重心向西南方向位移了30.787km,标准差椭圆长轴旋转角逆时针转动了32.44°,整体热点分布格局为东北—西南方向。     

基于GIS的宁夏灌区农田污染源结构特征解析

弄清区域污染源结构特征是进行污染防控的关键。本研究通过对宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与居民生活排污源实地调查的基础上,结合各地区2005-2008年统计资料及已有对污染源结构的研究成果,利用统计分析和GIS技术方法,分析宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4方面的污染源的污染物的类型、排放方式及途径,并应用SPSS 13.0、ArcGIS 9.3地理信息系统空间分析软件及主成分分析和空间结构分布分析方法,研究该区农田污染源结构特征,把污染源组成分布与变化趋势采用数字化和可视化的形式展现出来,通过颜色的深浅递进将种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4大类污染源区分出轻度、中度、重度等结构类别,最终将所研究的4个方面的污染源分别对应到灌区内各个县市。结果表明,宁夏灌区各项污染源的区域分布表现不同,且各县市污染程度按以下列出顺序依次递减,即,种植业污染源区域主要包括平罗县、中宁县;畜牧业污染源区域主要包括青铜峡市、吴忠市、平罗县;工业污染源区域主要包括中卫市、青铜峡市、吴忠市;生活污染源区域主要包括银川市、石嘴山市。该研究方法把青铜峡市、永宁县、银川市等灌区各县市污染源结构组成差异与变化趋势清晰地表示出来,对直观认识宁夏灌区黄河水污染源结构,寻求防治污染的方法途径有一定的引导作用,可为进一步开展农业污染综合防控,进行清洁生产,并为黄河水的污染防治提供参考。     

Spatial Distribution,Potential Sources,and Risk Assessment of Trace Metals of Groundwater in the North China Plain

Diversion of water for irrigation from the Yellow River has impacted groundwater quality in the North China Plain (NCP). In this study, by using geochemical and isotope methods, groundwater origin, the spatial distribution of trace metals, pollution sources, and health risks were evaluated. Groundwater is recharged from surface water. The primary pollution components in surface water were B, Al, Se, Zn, Mn, and Ni—with concentrations exceeding standards by 100%, 84.4%, 64.4%, 31.1%, 20%, and 2.2%, respectively. In groundwater, exceeding standard rates for those elements were 100%, 100%, 61%, 25.7%, 39%, and 4.9%, respectively. The spatial distribution of polluted metals in surface water and groundwater was correlated, indicating an irrigation-influenced spatial distribution of trace metals in the groundwater. The trace metals were introduced via anthropogenic and geogenic activities. Zinc poses the most serious non-carcinogenic hazard for local residents. The ingestion pathway is much more likely to lead to zinc toxicity than the dermal absorption pathway. The carcinogenic Cd and Pb could result in an increased cancer risk for individuals exposed to the water. Non-carcinogenic hazard and carcinogenic risk attributable to groundwater is serious in the regions traversed by the rivers in the study area.     

基于“水-能-碳”消费视角的福建省资源环境与经济增长脱钩关系

厘清资源环境消耗与经济增长之间的脱钩关系及驱动机制,对福建省发挥国家生态文明建设示范区作用具有重要意义。本研究通过构建“水-能-碳”资源环境投入产出模型,对福建省行业“水-能-碳”资源环境压力进行分析,基于脱钩理论和对数平均迪式指数分解法对福建省各行业“水-能-碳”资源环境消耗与经济增长之间的脱钩状态及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明: 2002—2017年,福建省由虚拟水主导的资源环境压力转变为隐含碳为主导的“水-能-碳”多维资源环境压力,且各行业部门差异较大。从行业部门来看,生产供应业具有较大的直接资源环境压力,制造业部门的间接资源环境压力显著。从脱钩关系来看,福建省的资源环境消耗与经济增长的脱钩状态表现良好,主要表现为弱脱钩和强脱钩。从驱动因素来看,经济效应和人口效应是抑制脱钩的主要因素,而技术效应和结构效应则对脱钩起到促进作用。     

基于综合评价法的洞庭湖区绿地生态网络构建

绿地生态网络对于改善区域生态空间破碎化、生物多样性降低、生态系统服务供需不平衡及保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。本研究以洞庭湖区为例,在3S技术支持下,从生态系统服务功能、潜在生物多样性、形态空间格局的角度综合评价和识别生态源地及计算栅格单元的基本生态阻力;利用夜间灯光指数修正基本生态阻力;运用最小累积阻力模型识别生态廊道;构建加权评价模型,对源地的聚合度、离散度及廊道的生态连接贡献度进行评价;利用结构特征指数对综合网络、“源-汇”潜在网络及规划网络进行对比分析和评价。结果表明: 源地空间分布不均衡,林地、灌丛与水域三者面积之和占源地总面积的95.9%,位于研究区中部的洞庭湖湿地生态风险较高;源地离生态网络系统中心位置越近及到其他源地的平均最小累积阻力越小,聚合及离散的优势越强;高生态质量源地周围的中、高生态质量源地分布越密集,其聚合度、离散度越高;廊道离高生态质量的源地越近,表现为生态连接贡献度越大;林地、灌丛,尤其是河道在自然生态系统与人类社会系统之间起着非常重要的生态连接作用;“源-汇”规划绿道对“源-汇”潜在生态廊道形成了良好补充,与“源-汇”潜在网络相比,综合网络的α、β、γ、ρ指数分别提高123.1%、25.8%、26.2%、74.6%;与“源-汇”规划网络相比,α、β、γ、ρ指数分别提高了190.0%、31.1%、32.5%、114.6%。本研究结果能为洞庭湖区绿地生态网络构建、国土空间规划提供参考。     

Bog Iron Ores and their Potential Role in Arsenic Dynamics: An Overview and a “Paleo Example”

Bog iron ores (BIOs), i.e. terrestrial accumulations of iron (Fe) minerals forming within the zone of groundwater oscillation, have been described in several regions in Germany and other countries. Since BIOs are composed of a variety of Fe minerals, primarily amorphous Fe hydroxides, they are likely to have an influence on the arsenic (As) dynamics of an area, as these minerals represent important natural As sources and sinks. In this study, mineralogical research results (XRD, microscopy) of altered BIOs of Tertiary age (“paleo” BIOs or PBIOs), occurring within Cretaceous sands in an area of North Rhine‐Westphalia, are briefly presented. Genesis and mineralogical evolution of the categorized five different types of PBIOs, along with hydrogeochemical data from the literature, are discussed and compared to studies describing Holocene BIOs from other areas. In doing so, striking similarities (depositional environment, substratum, Fe source and its transport, geochemical evolution, and mineralogy) became evident. Differences in mineralogical and chemical composition can be attributed to the longer period of oxidation that the PBIOs have undergone (Fe hydroxide “aging”). This process is still ongoing (most of the groundwaters in the area plot in the goethite stability field) and leads to a higher stability of the Fe phases and thus, a stronger As retention. The known impact of the PBIOs on the As budget of the study area (they represent the source for elevated As concentrations in soils) can be transferred to more recent environments fostering BIO formation. These are likely to be even more important As sinks – and sources – as they contain higher Fe concentrations, higher shares of potentially mobile As and highly variable redox conditions which might lead to an As output from the BIOs into groundwater, soils and plants. Therefore, BIOs and their potential role in As behaviour are not only of scientific, but also of public interest.     

西北内陆盐湖盆地土壤重金属Cr、Hg、As空间分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

选取位于西北内陆的吉兰泰盐湖盆地为研究对象,按照表层(0—10 cm)、50 cm层(50—60 cm)和100 cm层(100—110 cm)分层土壤取样,系统采集了120个样品,测定了重金属Cr、Hg和As,以及主要化学成分的含量,以地统计学插值绘图揭示了吉兰泰盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的空间分布特征,以单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价解析了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的污染及生态风险状况,以统计相关检验和主成分分析法进行了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的源分析。结果表明:1)盐湖盆地土壤中Cr、Hg、As总体具有相似的空间分布特征,Cr在西北部的巴音乌拉山、乌兰布和沙漠地区和西南台地地区的含量较高,Hg仅在西南低山台地地区、以及东北局部区域的含量较高,As在盐湖附近、东南贺兰山、巴音乌拉山西北部和乌兰布和沙漠地区含量较高;2)基于内蒙古土壤质量背景值,土壤污染分布次序为AsHgCr,其中Hg和As中度污染以上累计比重达到为45%,而Cr仅有7.5%的轻微污染;研究区无清洁土壤,仅有尚清洁土壤占2.5%,开始受到污染和中度污染以上土壤比重为50%和42.5%;土壤潜在风险次序为HgAsCr,Hg整体处于很强生态风险水平;轻微生态风险占到40%,由中度、强度到极强在20%以内,很强生态风险程度略超20%,大部地区处于轻微生态风险状况;3)基于国家土壤环境质量二级标准值,土壤中Cr、Hg、As无论是单因子污染、综合污染,还是潜在生态风险指数均未出现超标区域,不存在Cr、Hg、As污染或潜在生态风险,但相对内蒙古整个地区来说,盐湖盆地Cr、Hg、As含量较高;4)研究区土壤中Cr主要来源于土壤母质形成过程中的自然来源,Hg和As主要来源于工业排放、交通污染源等人类活动,均受到人类活动和自然环境变化的综合影响。     

Effects of oil shale waste disposal on soil and water quality: hydrogeochemical aspects

Abstract

Environmental pollution from solid waste landfillings (SWLs) is of major concern to both the environmentalists and to individual citizens. The necessity for studying on contaminant generation and control is becoming more urgent in view of the risks associated with such sites.

An oil shale tailing at Maoming, South China, was chosen as our study case. Soil samples, water samples and oil shale tailings were collected from the site and analyzed for their compositions. The analytical results revealed that the soil and groundwater were contaminated to various degrees by several chemicals or pollutants from the oil shale tailings. The major environmental problems associated with the site were acidification of soil and groundwater, high content of heavy metals and sulfate in soil and groundwater and organic contamination of soil, in particular, finding of carcinogenous benzo[a] pyrene other PAHs.

Statistical and geochemical methods were applied to reveal the sources of contaminants. Soil and groundwater contamination were correlated obviously with the oil shale waste disposal. The nearer the sampling sites to the tailing, the heavier the soil and groundwater were contaminated. The different water samples composition had same chemical characteristics. The soil and water samples were analyzed for 16 PAHs (USEPA priority pollutants). It indicated that PAHs were retained mostly in the soil, which consisted of mainly naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene. Analysis for PAHs source revealed that they were also from the oil shale tailing.     

城市地表灰尘中重金属的来源、暴露特征及其环境效应

地表灰尘是城市环境重金属的“源”、“汇”载体,与环境质量和人类健康有着密切关系.分析了城市地表灰尘重金属污染研究的意义,综述了国内外城市地表灰尘重金属地球化学行为研究进展,包括地表灰尘重金属来源、暴露特征及其影响因素分析、环境效应等方面.提出应加强时间序列及小尺度微观研究;地理因素对地表灰尘中重金属暴露特征、环境效应的影响机理研究.     

Development of Relative Risk Model for Regional Groundwater Risk Assessment: A Case Study in the Lower Liaohe River Plain,China

Increasing pressure on water supply worldwide, especially in arid areas, has resulted in groundwater overexploitation and contamination, and subsequent deterioration of the groundwater quality and threats to public health. Environmental risk assessment of regional groundwater is an important tool for groundwater protection. This study presents a new approach for assessing the environmental risk assessment of regional groundwater. It was carried out with a relative risk model (RRM) coupled with a series of indices, such as a groundwater vulnerability index, which includes receptor analysis, risk source analysis, risk exposure and hazard analysis, risk characterization, and management of groundwater. The risk map is a product of the probability of environmental contamination and impact. The reliability of the RRM was verified using Monte Carlo analysis. This approach was applied to the lower Liaohe River Plain (LLRP), northeastern China, which covers 23604 km². A spatial analysis tool within GIS which was used to interpolate and manipulate the data to develop environmental risk maps of regional groundwater, divided the level of risk from high to low into five ranks (V, IV, III, II, I). The results indicate that areas of relative risk rank (RRR) V cover 2324 km², covering 9.8% of the area; RRR IV covers 3986 km², accounting for 16.9% of the area. It is a new and appropriate method for regional groundwater resource management and land use planning, and is a rapid and effective tool for improving strategic decision making to protect groundwater and reduce environmental risk.     

惠州市3座供水水库沉积物重金属污染特征

为了解惠州市供水水库沉积物重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg)污染状况和垂直分布特征,于2008年5月在惠州市3座具代表性的水库湖泊区采集柱状沉积物样品,运用ICPMS法检测沉积物中重金属含量,并采用地积累指数法(Igen)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)进行污染评价,同时运用主成分分析(PCA)对沉积物中重金属的可能来源进行分析.结果表明:3座水库沉积物重金属含量随沉积深度的变化差异明显,一些重金属含量的垂直变化不明显,而另一些垂直变化明显(降低或升高),但各种重金属在不同水库沉积物中呈现特有的垂直分布特征.根据地积累指数可知,3座水库中沉积物主要以Zn和Pb污染最为严重,达到轻度至强度污染(含量分别为Zn:49.98 ～ 640.29 mg·kg-1;Pb:21.94～300.66 mg· kg-1),同时沉积物中部或底部受到轻度的Cu污染(含量为16.85 ～45.46 mg·kg-1),基本未受Cr、Cd和Hg污染.据6种重金属潜在生态风险系数[Er(i)]及潜在生态风险指数(RI)可知,3座水库沉积物的重金属潜在风险均处于较低水平.据PCA分析和相关资料可知,矿山开采与冶炼、城市化和农林业快速发展等人类活动影响了3座水库沉积物重金属的分布特征和污染.其中,Zn主要来源于矿产开采与冶炼;除矿产开采与冶炼导致沙田水库Pb污染外,机动车尾气排放和生活垃圾等是3座水库沉积物Pb污染的主要途径;Cu污染主要来源于农业和林业污染.