珍稀植物连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)的种子萌发特性

连香树（Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.）属第三纪孑遗植物,被列为国家二级保护植物,种群的自然更新困难。在实验室条件下研究了连香树种子萌发的生物学特性,以了解该种自然种群更新困难的原因和机制,为其有效保护提供理论依据。经测定,连香树种子千粒重为（0.5821±0.0166）g,种子重量极轻且产量大。四唑染色法对种子生活力的测定表明有活力种子比率仅为19.8%±1.3%。种子吸胀时吸水量达种子干重的482.13%±8.54%。将种子划分为6种表面形态类型进行萌发实验,发现不同形态种子萌发率显著不同,大小适中的黄褐色饱满种子萌发率最高,可达91.25%±2.36%。仅用饱满种子进行萌发实验,验证主要环境因子对种子萌发过程的影响,结果表明,以滤纸置床时萌发率高且有利于种子萌发整齐;种子表面可能存在促进种子萌发的物质;种子萌发对于湿度的响应最为明显,适宜的萌发湿度是20%～25%;萌发具有广泛的温度和光照适应性,除5℃萌发率降低外,10～30℃之间的萌发率无显著差异,随温度升高,萌发开始时间提前,萌发速率加快,幼苗活力指数增加;过弱光照不利于幼苗生长。种子萌发特性导致连香树种群自然更新困难的原因可能是：（1）虽然占有更多安全位,但小种子在竞争中处劣势;（2）生境片断化减少了种子产量也降低了种子质量;（3）较低温度条件下启动萌发有利于幼苗的物质积累,但增大了种群的风险;（4）林下光照不足使幼苗根茎生长严重失衡;（5）湿度依赖易造成爆发型萌发。     

New microsatellite markers for the rare plant Cercidiphyllum japonicum and their utility for Cercidiphyllum magnificum

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for Cercidiphyllum japonicum to study population genetics of this endangered species native to both eastern China and Japan. ? Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing Repeats (FIASCO) protocol, 12 microsatellite markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism when tested on 33 individuals from two populations in eastern China and Japan. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged between 5 and 18. Eleven markers could be easily amplified and were polymorphic in C. magnificum. ? Conclusions: These results indicate that these microsatellite markers are adequate for detecting and characterizing population genetic structure in Cercidiphyllum at fine and range-wide geographical scales.     

西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种子萌发特征

珍稀濒危灌木长叶红砂是我国西北干旱地区荒漠植被中的古老残遗物种,对维持荒漠植被稳定具有重要作用.本文研究了长叶红砂种子特性,及其在不同光照、温度、土壤水分和沙埋等环境因子中的萌发策略.结果表明:长叶红砂种子具有高活力、高萌发率、耐贮存的特点,在光照和黑暗条件下均能很好地萌发.种子萌发的适宜温度为恒温20 ℃～25 ℃或变温15 ℃/25 ℃,萌发率高达93%.土壤含水量为2%时,种子开始萌发;土壤含水量为12%时,其萌发率最高,达89%.长叶红砂种子适宜的沙埋深度为1 cm,＞5 cm沙埋不出苗.沙埋深度对出苗率和幼苗生长高度的影响显著,而对幼苗质量的影响不显著.水分条件和沙埋深度是制约长叶红砂种子萌发和出苗的主要因素,而种子的高萌发率增加了幼苗生存的风险,不利于其应对荒漠极端环境变化.这种特性是长叶红砂濒危的重要原因之一.     

濒危植物连香树种群结构与动态研究

以空间代替时间的方法调查了喇叭河自然保护区和宝兴县两个地区连香树种群的结构.绘制大小结构图,编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、消失率曲线和死亡率曲线,并进行种群动态谱分析.结果表明:两个地区连香树种群幼苗个体比例都比较大,但死亡率很高;存活曲线介于Deevey Ⅰ型和DeeveyⅡ型之间;消失率和死亡率曲线变化趋势一致;种群动态过程存在周期性,种群数量动态不仅受基波的影响,而且还显示出了小周期的波动.     

濒危连香树种群性比和雌雄株功能性状的差异

雌雄异株植物种群性比偏倚和性别间功能性状的差异可能对种群维持产生不利影响,目前的研究很少关注雌雄异株濒危植物的性别差异.本文调查了四川小寨子沟国家级自然保护区内天然连香树种群性比并比较其雌雄株之间的形态、光合能力、水分和养分利用效率差异.结果发现,连香树种群性比显著偏雌(F/M=1.97;x^2 =4.46,P=0.035),雌株的胸径、冠幅、最大光合速率、表观量子效率、最大羧化效率、比叶面积、叶氮含量及水分、氮和磷利用效率分别比雄株高44.50%、27.94%、20.11%、50%、21.14%、14.32%、14.86%、158.7%、19.74%和28.03%,而其气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和光补偿点分别低20.83%、24.61%、56.11%和44.44%,表明该地连香树种群存在性别偏倚且性别间已呈现出性别二态性,这可能是其濒危的重要原因,建议在探讨其濒危机制中应该考虑性别的因素.     

A biphenyl phytoalexin from Cercidiphyllum japonicum

A biphenyl derivative has been isolated as a phytoalexin from the fungus-inoculated twig cortical tissue of Cercidiphyllum japonicum. The biphenyl was shown to be magnolol on the basis of spectral evidence and direct comparison with an authentic sample.     

连香树树皮化学成分的研究

从连香树（CercidiphyllumjaponicumSieb.etZucc.）树皮中分离到8个化合物。其中7个为黄酮醇,l个为酚酸类成分。经理化测定和波谱解析,分别鉴定为：5,7-二羟基-3,8,4'-三甲氧基黄酮（Ⅰ）、3,5,7-三羟基-8,4'-二甲氧基黄酮（Ⅱ）、5,7,4'-三羟基-3,8-二甲氧基黄酮（Ⅲ）、3,5,7,4'-四羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮（Ⅳ）、3,5,7,4'-四羟基黄酮（Ⅴ）、5,7-二羟基-8,4'－二甲氧基黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖甙（Ⅶ）、5,7,4'-三羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮-3－O-葡萄糖甙（Ⅷ）和没食子酸乙酯（Ⅵ）。其中化合物Ⅶ为未见报道的新化合物。除化合物Ⅴ外,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分得。     

连香树树皮化学成分的研究

从连香树（Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc.）树皮中分离到8个化合物。其中7个为黄酮醇,1个为酚酸类成分。经理化测定和波谱解析,分别鉴定为5,7-二羟基-3,8,4′-三甲氧基黄酮 (Ⅰ)、3,5,7-三羟基-8,4′-二甲氧基黄酮 (Ⅱ)、5,7,4′-三羟基-3,8-二甲氧基黄酮 (Ⅲ)、3,5,7,4′-四羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮 (Ⅳ)、3,5,7,4′-四羟基黄酮 (Ⅴ)、5,7-二羟基-8,4′-二甲氧基黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖甙 (Ⅶ)、5,7,4′-三羟基-8-甲氧基黄酮-3-O-葡萄糖甙 (Ⅷ)和没食子酸乙酯 (Ⅵ)。其中化合物Ⅶ为未见报道的新化合物。除化合物Ⅴ外,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分得。     

濒危植物连香树的开发与利用

本文介绍连香树的地理分布、繁殖技术,以及在医药、工业等方面的多种经济用途和对园林绿化所产生的生态效益。     

Morphogenesis of Pistillate Flowers of Cercidiphyllum japonicum （Cercidiphyllaceae）

Floral morphogenesis and the development of Cercidiphyllumjaponicum Sieb. et Zucc. were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results showed that the pistillate inflorescences were congested spikes with the flowers arranged opposite. Great differences between the so-called ＂bract＂ and the vegetative leaf were observed both in morphogenesis and morphology. In morphogenesis, the ＂bract＂ primordium is crescent-shaped, truncated at the apex and not conduplicate, has no stipule primordium at the base but does have some inconspicuous teeth in the margin that are not glandular. The leaf primordium is triangular, cycloidal at the apex, conduplicate, has two stipule primordia at the base, has one gland-tooth at the apex occurring at first and some gland-teeth in the margin that occur later. In morphology, the ＂bract＂ is also different to the vegetative leaf in some characteristics that were also illustrated in the present paper. Based on the hypothesis that the bract is more similar to the vegetative leaf than the tepal, we considered that the so-called ＂bract＂ of C.japonicum might be the tepal of the pistillate flower in morphological nature. Therefore, each pistillate flower contains a tepal and a carpel. We did not find any trace of other floral organs in the morphogenesis of the pistillate flower. Therefore we considered that the unicarpellate status of extant Cercidiphyllum might be to highly reduce and advance characteristics that make the extant Cercidiphyllum isolated from both fossil Cercidiphyllum-like plants and its extant affinities.     

孑遗植物水杉种子萌发的生理生态特性研究

从种子活力和抗氧化酶活性两个方面研究了温度和光照对孑遗植物水杉 (Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)种子萌发的生理生态特性的影响。实验结果表明 ,萌发温度对水杉种子的活力和抗氧化酶活性有较大影响 ,在 19-2 8℃范围内 ,种子的发芽率、发芽速率、活力指数、脱氢酶及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)等抗氧化酶活性均较高 ,其中在 2 4℃条件下最高 ;当温度低于 15℃或者高于 32℃时 ,种子活力很低 ;10℃条件下种子几乎不萌发。可以认为 ,水杉种子萌发的适宜温度范围为 19- 2 8℃ ,最适温度为 2 4℃。光照萌发试验表明 ,6 5 μmol·m-2 ·s-1(12h/d)光照对水杉种子的萌发有较大的抑制作用 ,黑暗条件更适于水杉种子的萌发。自然状态下水杉种子质量很差 ,空瘪率超过 90 % ,加之产地春季温度不适于水杉种子的萌发 ,这两者可能是限制水杉种群更新的重要因素。这也许是水杉种群中缺乏幼苗和幼树的原因之一。     

Ecophysiology of seed germination in Erythronium japonicum (Liliaceae) with underdeveloped embryos

Erythronium japonicum (Liliaceae) (Japanese name, katakuri) is indigenous to Japan and adjacent Far East regions. We examined their embryo elongation, germination, and seedling emergence in relationship to the temperature. In incubators, seeds did not germinate at 20°/10° (light 12 h/dark 12 h alternating temperature), 20°, 15°, 5°, or 0°C with a 12-h light photoperiod for 200 d. They germinated at 15°/5° or 10°C, starting on day 135. If seeds were kept at 20° or at 25°/15°C before being exposed to 5°C, the seeds germinated, but if kept at 25° or 30°C they did not. Embryos at 25°/15°C grew to half the seed length without germinating; at 0° or 5°C, embryos elongated little. Embryos grew and seeds germinated when kept at 25°/15°C for 90 d and then at 5°C. In the field, seeds are dispersed in mid-June in Hokkaido and in Honshu, mid-May to mid-June. Seeds do not germinate immediately after dispersal because the embryo is underdeveloped. Embryos elongated at medium temperatures in autumn after summer heat, and germination ends in November at 8°/0°C. After germination, seedling emergence was delayed, and most seedlings were observed in early April around the snowmelt when soil cover was 2-3 mm.     

Morphogenesis of Pistillate Flowers of Cercidiphyllum japonicum(Cercidiphyllaceae)

Floral morphogenesis and the development of Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.were observed by scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM).The results showed that the pistillate inflorescences were congested spikes with the flowers arrangedopposite.Great differences between the so-called"bract"and the vegetative leaf were observed both in morphogenesis andmorphology.In morphogenesis,the"bract"primordium is crescent-shaped,truncated at the apex and not conduplicate,has no stipule primordium at the base but does have some inconspicuous teeth in the margin that are not glandular.Theleaf primordium is triangular,cycloidal at the apex,conduplicate,has two stipule primordia at the base,has one gland-toothat the apex occurring at first and some gland-teeth in the margin that occur later.In morphology,the"bract"is also differentto the vegetative leaf in some characteristics that were also illustrated in the present paper.Based on the hypothesis thatthe bract is more similar to the vegetative leaf than the tepal,we considered that the so-called"bract"of C.japonicum mightbe the tepal of the pistillate flower in morphological nature.Therefore,each pistillate flower contains a tepal and a carpel.We did not find any trace of other floral organs in the morphogenesis of the pistillate flower.Therefore we consideredthat the unicarpellate status of extant Cercidiphyllum might be to highly reduce and advance characteristics that make theextant Cercidiphyllum isolated from both fossil Cercidiphyllum-like plants and its extant affinities.     

濒危植物连香树居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用ISSR分子标记技术对濒危植物连香树10个居群的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了分析,结果表明:连香树物种水平遗传多样性较高,多态位点百分率(PPB)达到69.59%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.231 3和0.351 4;而在居群水平上,多态位点百分率(PPB)为30.61%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.115 6和0.173 3。遗传变异分析表明,居群间遗传分化程度高,遗传分化系数(GST)为0.500 3,居群间基因流Nm为0.527 3。Mantel检测,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的相关性。生境的片断化使居群间的基因流受阻,可能是导致居群间高遗传分化和居群水平低遗传多样性的主要原因。     

箭根薯种子的贮藏与萌发

就温度、光照和土壤水分对箭根薯 (TaccachantrieriAndre )种子萌发的影响及种子贮藏条件进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,箭根薯种子是需光性种子 ,萌发温度较窄且要求有较充分的土壤水分 ,其萌发的最适宜温度为 2 5～ 30℃ ,最适宜土壤水分为 6 0 %～ 70 %;室温干燥贮藏比室温常规贮藏效果好 ,而高温高湿和低温高湿都导致其发芽率迅速下降。箭根薯种子耐脱水、耐低温和耐贮藏 ,可以用种子库常规的种子保存技术实现长期保存。研究认为 ,目前箭根薯的濒危状态既有物种自身的原因也有生境破坏的原因 ,该物种宜采取就地保护、迁地保护和种子保存相结合的方法进行种质资源保存。     

珍稀植物青檀种子休眠与萌发的研究

为了探讨和研究青檀种子休眠和萌发特性,采用石蜡切片法、生物鉴定(白菜籽发芽实验)法、赤霉素溶液浸种、以及赤霉素与低温层积相结合等方法,寻找引起青檀种子休眠的原因和解除休眠的最佳措施。结果表明:青檀种子本身含有发芽抑制物和存在生理后熟是引起休眠的2个主要原因,用质量浓度为300mg/L的赤霉素溶液浸种24h或低温层积后用赤霉素处理均能在一定程度上解除休眠促进萌发,其中以低温层积25d后用500mg/L的赤霉素浸种36h效果最好。发芽率和发芽势分别达到83.5%和65%。     

Broomrape (Orobanche) seed germination inhibitors from plant roots

Two species (tomato and cucumber) which are not hosts to Orobanche crenata but which are hosts to other species of Orobanche not only failed to produce the compound required to trigger O. crenata to germinate but produced germination inhibitors which stopped germination even in the presence of a suitable stimulant. This suggested the possibility of using germination inhibitors to control at least some species of Orobanche. The question whether host species produce inhibitors as well as stimulants has not however been resolved.     

三类抗性种子萌发对酸雨胁迫响应

实验采用 p H2 .0、2 .5、3.0、3.5、4 .0、5 .0模拟酸雨处理培养皿中的水稻 (Oryza sativa)、小麦 (Triticum aestivum)、油菜(Brassica chinensis var. oleifera) 3类抗性种子 ,每皿 5 0粒 ,置恒温培养箱内萌发 (2 5℃ ) ,每天更换 1次酸雨 ,处理与对照均 3次重复。定时测定酸雨胁迫强度、胁迫时间对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、异状发芽率 ,吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率、贮藏物质消耗率、根长抑制指数与芽长抑制指数的影响。结果表明 ,当酸雨胁迫强度 p H=2 .0～ 2 .5时 ,因胁迫强度过高 ,3类抗性种子皆不萌发 ;胁迫强度 p H≥ 3.0时 ,3类抗性种子 5项萌发指标的变幅是水稻 <小麦 <油菜 ;酸雨伤害阈值是水稻 (p H3.0～ 3.5 ) <小麦 (p H3.5～ 4 .0 ) <油菜 (p H4 .0～ 5 .0 ) ;当胁迫强度 (p H)≥ 2 .5时 ,3类抗性种子 6项生理指标的变幅是水稻 <小麦 <油菜 ,其生理反应阈值 (p H≥ 2 .0 ) <萌发反应阈值 (p H≥ 3.0 ) ;3类抗性种子贮藏物质消耗率、贮藏物质运转率 ,根长抑制指数及芽长抑制指数对酸雨胁迫时间的响应 (组间达到差异显著水平 )时间是 :水稻 (7d、7d,3d、3d)≥小麦 (6 d、6 d,3d、3d)≥油菜 (3d、4 d,3d、3d) ;3类抗性种子对酸雨胁迫强度与胁迫时间的耐受性差异 (