鳜鱼胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶与胃蛋白酶原基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE法,克隆得到鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)肝胰脏胰蛋白酶(trypsin, Try)、淀粉酶(amylase, Amy)基因 cDNA全序列.结果表明,鳜鱼Try基因cDNA全长为896 bp,其中开放阅读框 (open reading frame,ORF)为744 bp,编码247个氨基酸. 序列同源性分析发现,鳜鱼Try与 斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)、 小鼠Try和人TRY氨基酸序列同源性分别为81.4%、75.3%、74.5%和71.4%.鳜鱼Amy 基因cDNA全长为1 647 bp,其中ORF为1 539 bp,编码512个氨基酸.鳜鱼Amy与斑马鱼 、非洲爪蟾、小鼠Amy和人AMY氨基酸序列同源性分别为79.7%、75.4%、71.9%和70.9%. 同时对鳜鱼基因组进行PCR,获得鳜鱼Try、Amy与胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen, Pep)全基因组DNA序列.序列分析表明,鳜鱼Try基因由4个内含子和5个外显子组成,全长1 362 bp;鳜鱼Amy基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长4 267 bp;鳜鱼Pep基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长 4 032 bp,与其它脊椎动物基因结构相似.应用Genome walker方法在鳜鱼克隆得到长度分别为1 189 bp、413 bp和527 bp的Try、Amy和Pep基因的5′侧翼区序列以及1段长为704 bp的Pep 基因3′侧翼区序列,并利用相关软件预测其中具有多个可调节其表达的调控元件.鳜鱼Try、Am y和Pep基因组全序列的克隆及其序列、结构分析和分子系统进化等的研究,为鱼类消化代谢相关基因的生理功能及表达调控机理进一步研究提供依据.     

青鳉鱼DBI基因全长cDNA的克隆与蛋白结构分析

地西泮结合抑制因子(diazepam binding inhibitor,DBI)具有抑制由葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌、促进胆固醇跨线粒体膜转运和调节脂肪酸合成与代谢等多种生理功能。本研究使用反转录PCR结合RACE方法克隆了青鳉鱼(Oryzias latipes)的DBI基因全长cDNA序列。该序列全长592bp,包含长度为102bp的5'端非编码区(5'-UTR),长度为220bp的3'端非编码区(3'-UTR),和长度为270bp的开放阅读框,推测其编码89个氨基酸。同源性分析结果显示青鳉鱼DBI蛋白序列与大西洋鲑、鲤鱼、斜带石斑鱼、斑马鱼、非洲爪蟾、大鼠和人的同源性分别为82%、76%、76%、75%、72%、71%和70%,说明DBI基因在脊椎动物的进化过程中非常保守。同源建模显示青鳉DBI蛋白的4个α螺旋结构围成一个脂酰CoA结合口袋,与已测定果蝇DBI蛋白具有非常相似的三级结构。本研究结果为阐明脊椎动物在进化过程中DBI分子结构的演变规律及DBI在低等脊椎动物中的作用机理等提供了有意义的科学参考。     

斜带石斑鱼2种胰脂肪酶基因全长cDNA序列的克隆与分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆得到斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioides）肝胰脏中胆盐活化的胰脂肪酶(bile salt-activated lipase,BSAL)和依赖于辅酶的胰脂肪酶(colipase-dependent pancreatic lipase,PL)基因的全长cDNA序列.BSAL基因全长cDNA序列1 796 bp,编码558个氨基酸,该蛋白序列含有BSAL的全部特征结构区,与其他脊椎动物BSAL的氨基酸序列同源性为49.9%～57.3%.PL基因的全长cDNA序列1 503bp,编码465个氨基酸,该蛋白序列含有PL全部的特征结构区,与其它脊椎动物PL的氨基酸同源性为49.1%～73.9%.系统树分析表明,斜带石斑鱼BSAL和PL与其它物种BSAL、PL和胰脂肪酶相关蛋白(PL-RP)聚于进化树的两个不同分支,属于2种不同的胰脂肪酶.结果证实,在同一鱼类体内也存在BSAL和PL两种胰脂肪酶基因.     

斜带石斑鱼阿片黑素促皮质素原全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过构建斜带石斑鱼垂体cDNA库和随机测序,克隆了其阿片黑素促皮质素原(Proopiomelanocortin,POMC)全长cDNA。斜带石斑鱼POMC全长cDNA为863bp(含Poly(A)),编码的POMC多肽前体为219aa。氨基酸序列比较分析表明：斜带石斑鱼POMC前体包含有促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropin,ACTH),α—促黑素(α—melanocyte stim—datinghormone,α—MSH),β—促黑素(β—MSH),γ—促脂素(γ-lipotrophic hormone,γ-LPH),β—内啡肽(β-endorphin)等,但缺失了γ—促黑素(γ-MSH)和大部分连接区。斜带石斑鱼POMC与哺乳动物POMC的同源性为39％—42％左右,与鸟类的同源性为42％左右,与两栖类的同源性为36％—41％,与其他鱼类POMC的同源性为38％—77％。斜带石斑鱼和罗非鱼的POMC的ACTH功能区都为40个氨基酸残基,而其他脊椎动物为39个氨基酸残基。     

草鱼胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶cDNA全长的克隆与分析

谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidases,GPXs,EC1.11.19)是生物体内抗氧化防御系统的重要组成部分。本文从草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)克隆到胞浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因(GPX1)cDNA全长序列。该序列全长890bp(GenBank accession No.EU828796),包括完全开放阅读框(ORF)576bp、5'非编码区(5'-UTR)17bp和3'-UTR297bp。其ORF编码191个氨基酸残基,包含一个由"UGA"(通常为终止密码子)编码的硒代半胱氨酸(selenocysteine,Sec40)残基,并与另2个残基(Glu75和Trp153)构成酶活性中心。同时,草鱼GPX1cDNA的3'-UTR中具有保守的硒代半胱氨酸插入序列(selenocysteine insertion sequence,SECIS)元件。氨基酸序列相似性比较显示,草鱼GPX1cDNA的推测氨基酸序列(GenBank accession No.ACF39780)与斑马鱼GPX1(GenBank accession No.NP_001007282)的相似性为95.8%,与鳗鲡GPX1(GenBank acces-sion No.ACN78878)的为84.8%,与哺乳类的为59%~72%。采用实时荧光定量PCR(Q-PCR)检测草鱼GPX1的组织表达特征。结果表明,草鱼GPX1的mRNA在所检测的11种组织器官中均有表达,其中在肝、鳃和肾表达水平较高,在红肌、脂肪和肠道中表达水平较低。本研究结果将有助于进一步探讨鱼类GPX1基因的结构与功能,并为研究其抗氧化分子机理奠定基础。     

斜带石斑鱼MyD88基因的克隆与表达

本研究运用RACE-PCR技术获得斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)基因,并对该基因进行生物信息学和表达模式分析.研究结果表明1 795 bp的cDNA全长序列,包括ORF 870 bp、5' UTR 243 bp和3' UTR 682 bp,3' UTR存在1个多聚腺苷酸加尾信号(AATAAA)和两个mRNA不稳定基序(ATTTA).SMART软件预测该蛋白N端和C端分别存在死亡结构域和TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor homology domain,TIR);与其它脊椎动物MyD88的序列同一性达57.1%～78.7%;用NJ法构建的系统进化树中,斜带石斑鱼MyD88和其它已报导的鱼类MyD88聚为一枝.qPCR检测结果显示MyD88基因mRNA主要表达于肝脏、脾脏、头肾和胸腺等组织.本研究为进一步探讨MyD88在斜带石斑鱼TLR信号传导中的作用奠定基础.     

鳜鱼Mx蛋白全长cDNA的克隆和序列分析

Mx蛋白是一类由I型干扰素诱导表达的抗病毒蛋白.本研究以感染了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)的鳜鱼为材料,提取肝脏总RNA,通过逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增出Mx蛋白基因的核心片段序列,再应用3'和5'快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)方法PCR扩增Mx蛋白cDNA末端,最终获得鳜鱼Mx蛋白cDNA序列(GenBank登陆号AY392097).序列分析表明鳜鱼Mx蛋白cDNA含有2391bp,其中编码区长1881bp,编码627个氨基酸残基,推测蛋白质分子量大小为7.15kDa.鳜鱼Mx蛋白具有脊椎动物Mx蛋白共有的结构特征一个三联体GTP结合区域(GXXXSGKS/T、DXXG、T/NKXD);一个发动蛋白家族的典型结构特征序列(LPRGS/KGIVTR);以及C端高度保守的Leu拉链结构域.鳜鱼Mx蛋白全基因的获得为下一步研究鱼类Mx蛋白的抗病毒活性、作用机制,以及干扰素的检测奠定了基础.     

小麦ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶cDNA全序列的克隆

目的:从普通小麦品种EM12中克隆ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶(ζ-carotene desaturase,ZDS)基因的cDNA全长序列.方法:根据已报道的EST序列,应用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,对EST两端未知序列进行扩增、克隆和测序.结果:克隆得到cDNA全长序列2 150bp,其ORF序列为1 707bp,预测编码568个氨基酸残基,推测蛋白质分子量62.5kDa,带有一段19aa的信号肽序列.结论:根据同源序列分析,该序列与水稻ZDS蛋白的同源性为97%,与玉米ZDS蛋白的同源性为91%,而且与其他高等植物的ZDS都具有较高的同源性.该基因序列的分离与克隆为进一步开展小麦β-胡萝卜素生物合成机制的研究和利用转基因技术提高小麦β-胡萝卜素含量的研究奠定了基础.     

大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种NPY基因的DNA和cDNA克隆及序列分析

神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)在机体的摄食活动中发挥重要作用,是哺乳动物最重要的一种内源性促食欲因子。为了解大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoide)NPY基因的结构及进一步研究该基因在大口黑鲈中的功能作用,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了大口黑鲈北方亚种(M.salmoides salmoides)和佛罗里达亚种(M.salmoides floridanus)NPY基因c DNA序列,结果表明两亚种NPY c DNA均包括一个编码99个氨基酸的ORF框和长度为52 bp的5'非编码区(5'-UTR);采用PCR和基因组步移技术获得了长度分别为3 561 bp和3 565 bp的大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种NPY基因DNA序列。序列分析结果表明,大口黑鲈北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种NPY基因由4个外显子和3个内含子组成。经MATINSPECTOR软件预测,在北方亚种和佛罗里达亚种启动子序列分布有TATA框、CAAT框、CCAAT-Box、GATA-Box等基本转录调控元件。实验在大口黑鲈两亚种NPY DNA序列间发现了6个单个位点碱基差异,与大口黑鲈北方亚种相比佛罗里达亚种启动子区域出现一个4个碱基的插入。不同物种间NPY基因的序列同源性分析表明大口黑鲈与鳜鱼和石斑鱼的NPY基因核苷酸同源性最高,达90%和88%,氨基酸同源性分别为93%和95%。     

天祝白牦牛IGF-2基因的cDNA克隆

旨在克隆天祝白牦牛胰岛素样生长因子2(IGF-2)基因编码区全长cDNA序列,为研究该基因的生理功能奠定基础。运用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得天祝白牦牛IGF-2基因全长cDNA序列。扩增获得天祝白牦牛IGF-2基因全长cDNA序列为1 060 bp(GenBank登录号:KF682139),ORF长540 bp,编码179个氨基酸。其编码的氨基酸与已报道哺乳动物IGF-2氨基酸序列同源性在80%-92%之间。天祝白牦牛IGF-2基因的成功克隆为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

C型产气荚膜梭菌α、β_1毒素基因的融合

利用PCR技术,从C型产气荚膜梭菌染色体DNA中扩增出α和β1毒素基因,通过分离、纯化、内切酶酶切、连接和转化,构建了含αβ1融合基因表达质粒重组菌株BL21(DE3)(pETXAB1)。经酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定证实,构建的重组质粒pETXAB1含有αβ1融合基因,且基因序列和阅读框架均正确。经ELISA检测,重组菌株表达的αβ1融合蛋白能够被α、β1毒素抗体识别。免疫实验结果表明,αβ1融合蛋白免疫的小鼠可以抵抗1MLD的C型产气荚膜梭菌C5944毒素攻击,表明构建的重组菌株可以作为预防仔猪红痢基因工程亚单位苗的候选菌株。     

Identification of Horizontal Gene Transfer from Phylogenetic Gene Trees

We suggest a new procedure to search for the genes with horizontal transfer events in their evolutionary history. The search is based on analysis of topology difference between the phylogenetic trees of gene (protein) groups and the corresponding phylogenetic species trees. Numeric values are introduced to measure the discrepancy between the trees. This approach was applied to analyze 40 prokaryotic genomes classified into 132 classes of orthologs. This resulted in a list of the candidate genes for which the hypothesis of horizontal transfer in evolution looks true.     

稻属NBS—LRR类基因的克隆及抗稻瘟病基因的表达

利用已克隆植物的R基因NBS序列中保守基序设计简并引物进行PCR扩增是克隆NBS有效的方法。从广东普通野生稻HLW028中克隆出3条序列,经同源性分析均为NBS,序列号为DQ272573～DQ272575。从NCBI中下载普通野生水稻和功能已知的水稻NBS—LRR类基因,与本试验所提交的NBS进行聚类分析。这些NBS可分为5大类,其中DQ272574是一个新的NBS基因类型。从野生水稻中克隆NBS基因存在P—loop、RNBS。A、kin-2、RNBS．B、RNBS—C和PLAL的基序。RT—PCR结果表明,培矮64中的Pikh的表达量比2种野生稻中高。从培矮64中扩增出1个完整读码框的cDNA。     

从酵母表达时间序列估计基因调控网络

基因调控网络是生命功能在基因表达层面上的展现。用组合线性调控模型、调控元件识别和基因聚类等方法 ,从基因组表达谱解读酵母在细胞周期与环境胁迫中的基因调控网络。结果表明 ,细胞在不同环境条件下会调整基因调控网络。在适应的环境下 ,起主要作用的是细胞生长和增殖有关的基因调控网络 ;而在响应环境胁迫时 ,细胞会再规划调控网络 ,抑制细胞生长和增殖相关的基因 ,诱导跟适应性糖类代谢与结构修复相关的基因 ,还可能启动减数分裂产生孢子。分别从细胞周期和环境胁迫响应相关基因中 ,搜索到转录因子Mcm1结合位点TT CC T GGAAA ,和Dal82在尿囊素代谢途径相关基因上的结合位点TGAAAAWTTT。从而 ,从酵母表达时间序列估计基因调控网络是可行的 ,与至今已知的实验观察相当吻合     

Gene interactions from maternal effects

Theoretical analyses have demonstrated a potential role for epistasis in many of the most important processes in evolution. These analyses generally assume that an individual's genes map directly to its phenotype and epistasis results from interactions among loci that contribute to the same biochemical or developmental pathways (termed physiological, or within-genotype, epistasis). For many characters, particularly those expressed early in life, an individual's phenotype may also be affected by genes expressed by its parents. The presence of these parental effects allows for interactions between the genes present in the parental and offspring genomes. When the phenotypic effect of a locus in the offspring depends on the alleles possessed by its parents, genotype-by-genotype, or among-genotype, epistasis occurs. The among-genotype epistasis resulting from parental effects may contribute to ruggedness of adaptive landscapes because early mortality often accounts for much of the variance in fitness in populations. To demonstrate how parent-offspring interactions can result in among-genotype epistasis, I use a two-locus model, with one maternal effect locus and one direct effect locus, each with two alleles. Dynamical equations are presented for the two-locus model and are directly contrasted with the dynamical equations derived for a model for physiological epistasis. The relationship between the evolutionary dynamics resulting from these two forms of epistasis is discussed. Three scenarios are presented to illustrate systems in which maternal-offspring, genotype-by-genotype epistasis may occur. The implications of maternal-offspring epistasis for quantitative-trait-loci studies are also discussed.     

Gene dispersal from transgenic crops

The risk of release of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was investigated in relation to interspecific gene flow with hoary mustard (Hirschfeldia incana). Microscopic studies showed polymorphism within the population of hoary mustard for pollen germination on oilseed rape flowers. The transgenic herbicide-resistant and a commercial cultivar of oilseed rape were not different for pollen behaviour and ovule fertilization. Pollen tube growth was slow and erratic in interspecific crosses. Fertilization efficiency of oilseed rape and hoary mustard pollen in interspecific crosses was 15% and 1.3%, respectively, of that in intraspecific crosses. This unequal efficiency in reciprocal crosses was confirmed by hybrid seed set in pods. There was no post-zygotic barrier to the development of hybrid embryos in hoary mustard pods. Up to 26 spontaneous hybrids per male sterile oilseed rape plant, and one per hoary mustard plant, were obtained in field experiments. Hybrids were identified by isozyme electrophoresis, morphology and cytology. All hybrids were triploid with 26 chromosomes, and had low fertility. They produced 0.5 seeds per plant after spontaneous backcrossing with hoary mustard. Some of these descendants were produced from unreduced gametes. Our results suggest that gene flow is likely to occur, but its actual frequency under crop growing conditions remains to be estimated.     

Detecting and Measuring Selection from Gene Frequency Data

The recent advent of high-throughput sequencing and genotyping technologies makes it possible to produce, easily and cost effectively, large amounts of detailed data on the genotype composition of populations. Detecting locus-specific effects may help identify those genes that have been, or are currently, targeted by natural selection. How best to identify these selected regions, loci, or single nucleotides remains a challenging issue. Here, we introduce a new model-based method, called SelEstim, to distinguish putative selected polymorphisms from the background of neutral (or nearly neutral) ones and to estimate the intensity of selection at the former. The underlying population genetic model is a diffusion approximation for the distribution of allele frequency in a population subdivided into a number of demes that exchange migrants. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for sampling from the joint posterior distribution of the model parameters, in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. We present evidence from stochastic simulations, which demonstrates the good power of SelEstim to identify loci targeted by selection and to estimate the strength of selection acting on these loci, within each deme. We also reanalyze a subset of SNP data from the Stanford HGDP–CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel to illustrate the performance of SelEstim on real data. In agreement with previous studies, our analyses point to a very strong signal of positive selection upstream of the LCT gene, which encodes for the enzyme lactase–phlorizin hydrolase and is associated with adult-type hypolactasia. The geographical distribution of the strength of positive selection across the Old World matches the interpolated map of lactase persistence phenotype frequencies, with the strongest selection coefficients in Europe and in the Indus Valley.     

青花菜雄性不育相关基因BoDHAR的克隆与表达分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段的序列为信息探针,通过在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR、PCR克隆与序列分析,获得了青花菜脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶DHARdehydroascorbatereductase基因的cDNA与DNA全长序列,命名为BoDHAR。并利用双链接头介导PCR的染色体步行技术(genomewalking)克隆了其上游644bp的5′端序列。所获的BoDHAR基因全长1486bp,存在两个内含子,DNA编码区序列633bp,编码210个氨基酸;序列分析表明BoDHAR与同源基因AT1G19570.1cDNA序列有82.3%的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列有79.6%的一致性;编码的水溶性蛋白存在多个磷酸化位点;5′端上游区存在明显的转录调控序列。半定量RT-PCR结果表明BoDHAR在可育系花蕾中的表达量明显高于不育系花蕾,在花药中的表达明显高于其它部位。