豆科植物在中国草原生态系统中的地位及其生理生态研究

豆科(Leguminosae)植物在改良土壤肥力、保持水土、提供多种经济产品方面功能显著,但我国干旱、半干旱草原区草场的退化使豆科植物资源受到严重破坏,有的面临灭绝的危险.本文明确了豆科植物在草原生态系统中的重要性,并综述了其光合、固氮等重要生理过程的研究进展,总结出自然生态系统中豆科植物的高光合机理和环境胁迫对固氮特性的影响,同时指出在豆科植物的适生机制和固氮潜能的发挥等还有很大的研究前景,在生产实践中,播种豆科灌木和豆科牧草是解决大面积人工林、草场"氮缺乏"的有效措施.     

共生固氮体系中的豆科植物基因

豆科根瘤菌发现的近百年历史以来,共生固氮作用一直受到人们的瞩目。近廿几年来对根痛瘤—豆科植物共生体的研究进展迅速,对共生体中根瘤菌本身的固氮基因(nif)和结瘤基因的编码、定位等有了较深入的了解。然而,共生体系中基因的调控是比较复杂的,环境因素和寄生植物基因对共生固氮的调控也起着重要作用。人们对豆科寄主结瘤和固氮遗传进行了一系列研究,并力图选育高固氮的豆科品种资源。本文仅就豆科植物—根瘤菌共生固氮体系中寄主植物基因及它在共生固氮体系研究中的作用和意义作简要的概述。     

几株分离自不同植物根际的固氮菌形态特征及营养特征研究

近年来,非豆科植物根际固氮问题,已越来越广泛地引起人们的注意。现已证明在一些牧草、水稻、玉米、甘蔗以及某些非豆科树木根际定殖着大量的固氮微生物,它们或在植物的根表,或者侵入根内进行固氮作用。其固氮效率几乎与豆科根瘤相仿。这一发现为非豆科植物扩大利用生物固氮资源的有益前景展示了一条可能     

非豆科固氮树种-沙棘与微生物联合共生体的纯培养研究

Ｆｒａｎｋｉａ 非豆科树木共生固氮体系是自然界中重要的固氮生物资源 ,具有与Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ 豆科植物相似的固氮能力 ,在自然界能量循环和生态平衡中起着重要作用 ,而且与形成共生固氮的非豆科植物其抗逆性强 ,耐干旱、盐碱 ,抗高寒、瘠薄 ,能在一般豆科植物不能生长的环境下正常生长结瘤固氮。非豆科固氮树种 沙棘是三北地区重要垦荒先锋树种1) ,其果实富含多种维生素 ,具有重要的经济开发价值。同时 ,沙棘又是具有内生菌根真菌的固氮树种[1] 。本文通过对沙棘菌根、根瘤联合共生体人工构建技术以及沙棘联合共生的增效作用的研究 ,…     

用气相色谱法测定Frankia菌的自生固氮活性

共生固氮放线菌Frankia与非豆科木本双子叶植物形成共生固氮体系,简称为非豆科共生。非豆科共生与根瘤菌和豆科植物的共生一样,具有很强的固氮能力,测定其固氮力,特别是测定Frankia菌的离体培养的自生固氮活性是选择优良菌株和研究共生体系的重要工作。但是由于Frankia菌生长缓慢,菌量稀少,在培养基中菌体分布又不均匀,给固氮活性的检测带来了许多困难,曾一度影响了研究工作的进展。很多学者开展了Frankia菌自     

新疆干旱区豆科植物结瘤的固氮特性

调查了新疆干旱区72种豆科植物的结瘤固氮活性,其中33种尚未见报道。这些植物所结根瘤在外形上多数不规则,以皮层厚和白色、棕色者居多,与非干旱区的根瘤形态显著不同。根瘤固氮活力相差较大,但比一般豆科植物根瘤活性高,最高者可达当地大豆根瘤的42倍。根瘤活性与宿主的抗逆境能力有关。此外,从11种豆科植物根瘤观察到10种具有吸氢活性。对干旱区豆科共生固氮生理生态的特性进行了讨论。     

豆科植物早期共生信号转导的研究进展

豆科植物与根瘤菌建立特异的共生关系,在寄主根部产生固氮根瘤。此过程包含了共生信号识别与传递、根瘤菌侵染、根瘤形成以及固氮功能实现等生物学事件。研究人员已经从2种豆科模式植物蒺藜苜蓿（Medicago truncatula）和百脉根（Lotus japonicus）的共生固氮体系中,筛选到许多与根瘤菌共生相关的突变体及其相对应的功能基因,建立起包含结瘤因子识别、共生信号传递和转录响应在内的早期共生信号途径。该文对豆科植物早期共生信号途径的新进展进行了综述。     

豆科植物早期共生信号转导的研究进展北大核心CSCD

豆科植物与根瘤菌建立特异的共生关系,在寄主根部产生固氮根瘤。此过程包含了共生信号识别与传递、根瘤菌侵染、根瘤形成以及固氮功能实现等生物学事件。研究人员已经从2种豆科模式植物蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)和百脉根(Lotus japonicus)的共生固氮体系中,筛选到许多与根瘤菌共生相关的突变体及其相对应的功能基因,建立起包含结瘤因子识别、共生信号传递和转录响应在内的早期共生信号途径。该文对豆科植物早期共生信号途径的新进展进行了综述。     

鼎湖山自然林豆科固氮植物资源的调查研究

本文在调查鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物结瘤固氮的基础上,参阅了国内外有关豆科植物结瘤固氮的主要文献,研究了鼎湖山自然林木本豆科植物的固氮资源。结果得出鼎湖山自然林中常见的木本豆科植物共有41种,其中乔木15种,灌木6种,木质藤本20种;有结瘤固氮特性的26种,其中乔木11种,灌木5种,木质藤本10种;经初步调查未见根瘤的6种,其中乔木2种,灌木1种,木质藤本3种;未调查的9种,其中乔木2种,木质藤本7种。本研究结果为鼎湖山木本豆科固氮植物资源的保护、管理和开发利用提供了科学论据,在理论和应用方面均有重要意义。     

新疆干旱地区根瘤菌资源研究I．根瘤菌种类及其共生固氮作用

从新疆不同生态条件下生长的31属109种豆科植物根瘤分离获得373株根瘤菌,其中88株是从未报道过结瘤情况的39种豆科植物根瘤分离获得。它们与豆科寄主植物共生结瘤,95％以上为有效根瘤。不同种的根瘤固氮活性差异较大,黄芪属根瘤固氮活性较高,最高者为大豆根瘤固氮活性的42倍。 20属37种豆科植物根瘤中97％有吸氢活性。根瘤固氮活性、吸氢活性均与寄主植物生长发育期有相关性。     

非共生固氮菌及其固氮作用

生物固氮作用是生态系统中重要的氮素来源,参与固氮作用的微生物对植物的生长发育至关重要。与共生固氮微生物相比,非共生固氮微生物地域分布更广泛、种类更多,对全球生态系统中氮素循环有着重要意义。本文总结了非共生固氮菌的分类及系统发育,非共生固氮菌的群落构建过程和机制;归纳了不同生态系统(如草原、森林、海洋、农田等)、植物不同部位(如林冠、叶际、根际、根内、凋落物等)和土壤中非共生固氮菌的群落组成及固氮潜力的差异,以及影响非共生固氮菌群落组成和固氮潜力的主要因素(如气候因素、土壤理化性质、人为措施等);并整理了常用的研究非共生固氮菌及其固氮潜力的检测方法。     

Symbiosis specificity in the legume: rhizobial mutualism

Legume plants are able to engage in root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, collectively called rhizobia. This mutualistic association is highly specific, such that each rhizobial species/strain interacts with only a specific group of legumes, and vice versa. Symbiosis specificity can occur at multiple phases of the interaction, ranging from initial bacterial attachment and infection to late nodule development associated with nitrogen fixation. Genetic control of symbiosis specificity is complex, involving fine-tuned signal communication between the symbiotic partners. Here we review our current understanding of the mechanisms used by the host and bacteria to choose their symbiotic partners, with a special focus on the role that the host immunity plays in controlling the specificity of the legume - rhizobial symbiosis.     

牲畜排泄物返还对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响研究进展

牲畜排泄物返还被认为是对草地的一种天然的施肥措施,也是草地养分归还的一种重要途径,对于维持土壤肥力和植被生产力具有十分重要的生态学意义。论述了放牧牲畜粪便和尿液自身降解及其氮素变化、粪尿返还对草地土壤氮转化和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的作用机制及影响效应,指出排泄物氮输入使粪尿斑块成为草地土壤氮转化和N₂O排放的活跃点,且不同排泄物类型、土壤理化特性和气候条件等使土壤氮素矿化、固持、硝化及反硝化等关键过程具有复杂性和差异性,进而导致不同类型草地生态系统N₂O排放对牲畜排泄物返还的响应不尽相同。建议未来在全球气候变化背景下,应加强草地牲畜排泄物-植被-土壤体系氮素生物地球化学循环过程的系统研究,进一步加深天然草地关键氮素转化过程和N₂O排放的微生物作用机制方面的认识,从而有助于为优化放牧牲畜排泄物的管理模式、制定科学合理的草地土壤养分调控策略和维持草地生态系统可持续发展提供科学有效的理论指导。     

Carbon Addition as a Countermeasure Against Biological Invasion by Plants

Increased nitrogen availability is known to favor invasion by non-native plants into natural grasslands. This suggests that decreasing nitrogen availability might serve as a countermeasure against invasion. One way to at least temporarily decrease nitrogen availability to plants is to increase microbial nitrogen uptake by adding carbon to the soil, and sawdust is a carbon source whose low cost could make it a practical conservation tool. To test whether adding sawdust to soil can counter the tendency of nitrogen enrichment to promote invasions by non-native plants, we hand-tilled 1.5kg sawdust/m² into the upper soil of the bare, nitrogen-rich patches left by dead shrubs of the nitrogen-fixing shrub Lupinus arboreus in two nearby areas with contrasting levels of invasion in a coastal grassland in northern California. After two years, in both areas, patches with sawdust had 40% less biomass of non-native plants than patches without sawdust, whereas biomass of native plants was not affected by sawdust addition. The more negative effect of sawdust on non-native species was specifically due to an effect on non-native grasses; adding sawdust increased the frequency of both native and non-native forbs. Results suggest that adding carbon as sawdust to soil can help counter invasion of grassland by non-native plants when invasion is being promoted by increased nitrogen availability, especially when the major invasive species are grasses.     

喀斯特土壤固氮微生物群落与植被、土壤的关系

固氮微生物作为土壤中重要的功能微生物群之一,其与地上植物群落、土壤环境之间的关系尚不清楚。在桂西北的环江县、都安县和大化县选取喀斯特典型植被类型(草丛、灌丛、次生林)建立样方,通过植被调查、测定土壤理化性质和构建克隆文库的方法,研究了土壤固氮微生物群落的结构与组成,分析了固氮微生物群落与植物群落、土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:研究区典型植被类型土壤中的优势固氮微生物为慢生根瘤菌。Mantel相关性分析表明植物群落与固氮微生物群落显著相关(r=0.6116,P=0.011);结合PCo A分析和Venn图可看出,植物群落组成与结构越相似,土壤固氮微生物群落结构与组成也越相似。CCA分析前两轴的解释率之和仅为22.72%,其中总氮、有效态钾、有效态钙对固氮微生物群落的影响显著,这表明本研究涵盖的土壤理化性质指标并不能完全解释固氮微生物群落的变异,需要补充更多的土壤数据进行更深入的研究。由此可见,在喀斯特生态恢复过程中,不仅要关注地上植被群落的恢复与重建,同时也应重视地下功能微生物群落的恢复与重建。     

植被与土壤特征对青藏高原不同程度退化草地的响应

高寒草地作为青藏高原高寒生态系统的重要组分之一,其退化已严重影响到高原的可持续发展和草地恢复重建。搜集了2004—2022年间关于青藏高原高寒草地退化的64篇研究结果,包含土壤有机碳、生物量和多样性指数等16个指标的1403组数据,运用meta分析解析了草地退化对土壤理化性质、植被生产力和物种多样性的影响,并对重度退化草地的土壤理化性质和植物生物量进行线性回归分析。结果表明：随着草地退化的加剧,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、土壤含水量、地上生物量、地下生物量和植被高度显著下降;土壤容重显著上升;土壤pH、全钾在各个退化阶段没有明显差异;Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数整体呈下降趋势。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和土壤含水量与地上生物量、地下生物量存在显著的正相关;土壤容重与地上生物量、地下生物量呈显著的负相关;土壤pH与地上生物量、地下生物量呈负相关。因此,青藏高原高寒草地退化通过改变土壤理化性质而改变地上群落多样性和生物量,为阐明植被与土壤特征对草地退化的响应机制以及高寒退化草地的恢复提供了科学依据。     

Endomycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis: How much do they share?

Abstract

Legume plants enter two important endosymbioses – with soil fungi, forming phosphorus acquiring arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), and with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Both symbioses have been studied extensively because these symbioses have great potential for agricultural applications. Although 80% of all living land plants form AM, the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with rhizobia is almost exclusively restricted to legumes. Despite varying degree of differences in the morphological responses induced by both endosymbionts in the host plants, significant similarities in the development of both fungal and bacterial symbioses have been reported. The signal perception and signal transduction cascades that initiate nodulation and mycorrhization in legumes partially overlap. Legume genes have been identified that are required for the establishment of both AM and root nodule symbiosis and are referred to as the common SYM genes. Genetic dissection of the common SYM signal transduction pathway required for bacterial and fungal root endosymbiosis has not only unraveled the players involved but also provided a first glimpse at conservation and specialization of signaling cascades essential for nodulation and mycorrhiza development. Based on the observation of common signaling cascades, it is tempting to speculate that the root nodule symbiosis, where fossil records date back to the late Cretaceaous, adopted and subsequently modified more ancient signal transduction pathways leading to AM formation, having already been in place 400 million years ago. This review discusses the common aspects of recognition of mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium by the host, and further signal transduction that leads to an effective symbiosis.     

Cell cycle regulation in the course of nodule organogenesis in Medicago

The molecular mechanisms of de novo meristem formation, cell differentiation and the integration of the cell cycle machinery into appropriate stages of the developmental programmes are still largely unknown in plants. Legume root nodules, which house nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, are unique plant organs and their development may serve as a model for organogenetic processes in plants. Nodules form and are essential for the plant only under limitation of combined nitrogen in the soil. Moreover, their development is triggered by external mitogenic signals produced by their symbiotic partners, the rhizobia. These signals, the lipochitooligosaccharide Nod factors, act as host-specific morphogens and induce the re-entry of root cortical cells into mitotic cycles. Maintenance of cell division activity leads to the formation of a persistent nodule meristem from which cells exit continuously and enter the nodule differentiation programme, involving multiple cycles of endoreduplication and enlargement of nuclear and cell volumes. While the small diploid 2C cells remain uninfected, the large polyploid cells can be invaded and, after completing the differentiation programme, host the nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This review summarizes the present knowledge on cell cycle reactivation and meristem formation in response to Nod factors and reports on a novel plant cell cycle regulator that can switch mitotic cycles to differentiation programmes.     

植物内生固氮菌及其固氮机理研究进展

氮素是植物生长必不可少的元素,植物内生固氮菌不仅能够在植物体内产生氮素以供植物利用,而且在自然界氮素循环过程中发挥积极作用,对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。近年来,植物内生固氮菌逐渐成为研究热点。由植物内生固氮菌的发现、作物共生、侵入途径、固氮机理、促生作用机制等方面系统地综述了植物内生固氮菌的研究进展,探讨了植物内生固氮菌新的研究思路以及一些尚未解决的问题,以期为植物内生固氮菌及生物固氮研究提供参考。     

Legume–rhizobium dance: an agricultural tool that could be improved?

The specific interaction between rhizobia and legume roots leads to the development of a highly regulated process called nodulation, by which the atmospheric nitrogen is converted into an assimilable plant nutrient. This capacity is the basis for the use of bacterial inoculants for field crop cultivation. Legume plants have acquired tools that allow the entry of compatible bacteria. Likewise, plants can impose sanctions against the maintenance of nodules occupied by rhizobia with low nitrogen-fixing capacity. At the same time, bacteria must overcome different obstacles posed first by the environment and then by the legume. The present review describes the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the entire legume–rhizobium symbiotic process and the strategies and tools of bacteria for reaching the nitrogen-fixing state inside the nodule. Also, we revised different approaches to improve the nodulation process for a better crop yield.