两种不同内皮祖细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的:探讨从小鼠骨髓中分离、培养、诱导分化及鉴定两种内皮祖细胞的方法,为进一步研究和临床应用奠定基础。方法:密度梯度离心法分离小鼠骨髓单个核细胞,接种于内皮祖细胞条件培养基,通过贴壁培养法培养出早期内皮祖细胞和晚期内皮祖细胞,并在0 d、6 d、10 d流式鉴定早期内皮祖细胞,在第8周流式鉴定晚期内皮祖细胞。结果:通过体外贴壁扩增培养,从小鼠骨髓细胞中成功培养出EEPC(早期内皮祖细胞)和EOC(晚期内皮祖细胞),表达CD34+/CD133+/VEGFR2+的EEPC比例从最初的0.08%能够增长至70%;EOC大约出现于3-4周,5-8周时呈现指数增长,具有典型的内皮细胞鹅卵石样形态,表达CD31、VEGFR2等内皮细胞表面标志而不表达CD34、CD133等干细胞表面标志。结论:确立了内皮祖细胞体外分离培养和诱导分化的实验方法,为进一步研究奠定基础。     

肝素促进脐血巨核祖细胞体外扩增

目的 :探索肝素在脐带血CD34⁺ 细胞定向扩增巨核祖细胞中的作用。方法采用免疫磁珠法 (MACS)分选CD34⁺ 细胞 ,在TPO ,IL 1 1的扩增体系中加入肝素 ,巨核祖细胞集落分析 (CFU MK)测定巨核祖细胞扩增倍数 ,流式细胞仪检测巨核祖细胞分化过程中的特异性标记 (CD34⁺ ,CD41a⁺ ,CD61⁺ ,CD34⁺ CD41a⁺ ,CD41a⁺ CD61 ⁺ ) ,巨核细胞特异性抗体 (CD41a)免疫组化染色和透射电镜观察鉴定巨核细胞形态及超微结构 ,血小板体外活化实验及NOD/SCID小鼠异种体内移植实验评价扩增的巨核祖细胞的功能。结果 :TPO( 5 0ng/ml)与IL-1 1 ( 5 0ng/ml)双因子联合应用 ,7天巨核祖细胞克隆扩增倍数为 83 1 7± 39 41倍 ,1 0天为 2 0 5 0 6± 74 2 6倍 ,流式细胞仪分析显示 7天CD34⁺ CD41a+ 细胞扩增 1 0 5 1± 4 79倍 ,0天加入肝素后 ,7天巨核祖细胞克隆扩增倍数为 1 0 8 2 5± 32 67倍 ,1 0天为 333 0 6± 2 7 5 4倍 ,7天CD34⁺ CD41a⁺ 细胞扩增到 2 9 93± 6 39倍 ,为无肝素组的 2.85倍 ,与双因子组相比有统计学差异 (P <0.0 1 ) ,肝素在第 5天及第 7天加入没有增加巨核祖细胞扩增效果。经全身照射预处理的NOD/SCID小鼠静脉输注扩增第 7天的巨核细胞 (TPO、IL-11、肝素联合 ) ,可明显加速其血小板及白细胞计数的恢复并提高生存率 ;同时 ,体外血小板活化实验证实扩增的巨核细胞在体外可产生血小板 ,有正常巨核细胞功能。结论 :TPO、IL-11组合的扩增体系中加入肝素可进一步改善脐带血巨核祖细胞的扩增效果 ,优化体外扩增体系。     

内皮祖细胞分离培养及应用技术新进展

内皮祖细胞(Endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)是能够增殖、迁移、粘附并分化为血管内皮细胞潜能的一种原始细胞,在修复血管内皮和促进血管生成中具有重要的作用。EPC来源于骨髓,存在于骨髓、外周血、脐带血,新研究表明在脂肪组织、心肌中也能发现EPC的存在。EPC与干细胞的细胞表面标志物相似,功能上亦接近干细胞,但不具有自我更新的功能。近年来EPC已成为热点问题,对疾病诊断,预后判断和靶向治疗方面发挥重要作用,在冠状动脉粥样硬化性疾病、糖尿病血管病变、恶性肿瘤等治疗中全身或局部注射EPC具有更广泛的前景和应用价值。但关于分离培养EPC的方法及细胞表面标志物不完全相同,报道较少,至今尚没有形成统一的标准,本文就对于内皮祖细胞基本现状、分离培养技术、分选鉴定及临床应用方面做一综述。     

Endothelial progenitor cells: identity defined?

In the past decade, researchers have gained important insights on the role of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells in adult neovascularization. A subset of BM-derived cells, called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has been of particular interest, as these cells were suggested to home to sites of neovascularization and neoendothelialization and differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs) in situ , a process referred to as postnatal vasculogenesis. Therefore, EPCs were proposed as a potential regenerative tool for treating human vascular disease and a possible target to restrict vessel growth in tumour pathology. However, conflicting results have been reported in the field, and the identification, characterization, and exact role of EPCs in vascular biology is still a subject of much discussion. The focus of this review is on the controversial issues in the field of EPCs which are related to the lack of a unique EPC marker, identification challenges related to the paucity of EPCs in the circulation, and the important phenotypical and functional overlap between EPCs, haematopoietic cells and mature ECs. We also discuss our recent findings on the origin of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), showing that this in vitro defined EC population does not originate from circulating CD133⁺ cells or CD45⁺ haematopoietic cells.     

人类CD34^＋造血干／祖细胞的分子生物学特性

造血干／祖细胞（ＨＳＣ／ＨＰＣ）以有序的不同年龄等级结构状态存在于体内,它们的增殖、分化、成熟及程序死亡是一个连续的动态过程。ＣＤ３４抗原是目前所能认识表达在ＨＳＣ／ＨＰＣ表面上的最早抗原分子,对其分子结构的研究使人们更加认识到ＣＤ３４＾＋ＨＳＣ／ＨＰＣ的不同功能亚群、表达范围及其它生物学特征,诸如细胞周期状态、光散射性、造血生长因子受体（ＨＧＦｓＲ）Ｐ糖蛋白（Ｐｇｐ）或多药耐药基因（ＭＤＲ）的表     

FOX03a过表达对内皮祖细胞周期相关蛋白的调控

目的：观察FOXO3a（forkhead box O3a）的活性改变对内皮祖细胞（endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs）增殖和细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。方法：将携带突变激活FOXO3a基因的腺病毒载体Ad-TM（triple mutant）-FOXO3a和阴性对照腺病毒载体Ad-GFP体外感染人脐血来源的EPCs。观察EPCs形态学改变,CCK-8分析转染后EPCs增殖情况,Western blot检测FOXO3a蛋白、细胞周期相关蛋白p27^kip1以及CDK2的表达水平。结果：构建了的2种腺病毒相关载体被成功转染。形态学改变方面,Ad-TM—FOXO3a组EPCs细胞生长缓慢,集落不明显;Westem blot和CCK-8结果显示,Ad-TM—FOXO3a转染组与阴性对照组相比,EPCs增殖被抑制,FOXO3a与p27^kip1蛋白过表达,CDK2表达下调。结论：FOXO3a可能通过上调p27kip1蛋白表达,下调CDK2表达,以抑制EPCs增殖。     

过氧化氢对内皮祖细胞凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的:比较不同浓度过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H2O2)对人外周血来源的内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)生存能力的改变及其对凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:采用密度梯度离心法和差速贴壁法从人外周静脉血中分离培养内皮祖细胞。选取传代后第3代EPCs作为研究对象,以终浓度分别为50μmol/L、100μmol/L、150μmol/L、200μmol/L、300μmol/L和400μmol/L的过氧化氢处理内皮祖细胞12 h,同时设立正常处理对照组。CCK-8法检测各组内皮祖细胞生存能力的差异;Western blot分析各组内皮祖细胞中凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2和p53的蛋白表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,在浓度为50μmol/L、100μmol/L和150μmol/L过氧化氢处理组中细胞存活能力逐渐增强,促凋亡蛋白Bax、p53随之下调,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2则显著上调;在浓度为200μmol/L、300μmol/L和400μmol/L过氧化氢处理组中细胞生存能力相对于正常对照组逐渐减弱,促凋亡蛋白Bax、p53表达水平逐渐增加,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达水平下降。结论:过氧化氢对内皮祖细胞存活能力和凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2、p53表达的影响均呈双相性变化。     

FOXO3a过表达对内皮祖细胞周期相关蛋白的调控

目的:观察FOXO3a(forkhead box O3a)的活性改变对内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)增殖和细胞周期相关蛋白表达的影响。方法:将携带突变激活FOXO3a基因的腺病毒载体Ad-TM(triple mutant)-FOXO3a和阴性对照腺病毒载体Ad-GFP体外感染人脐血来源的EPCs。观察EPCs形态学改变,CCK-8分析转染后EPCs增殖情况,Western blot检测FOXO3a蛋白、细胞周期相关蛋白p27kip1以及CDK2的表达水平。结果:构建了的2种腺病毒相关载体被成功转染。形态学改变方面,Ad-TM-FOXO3a组EPCs细胞生长缓慢,集落不明显;Western blot和CCK-8结果显示,Ad-TM-FOXO3a转染组与阴性对照组相比,EPCs增殖被抑制,FOXO3a与p27kip1蛋白过表达,CDK2表达下调。结论:FOXO3a可能通过上调p27kip1蛋白表达,下调CDK2表达,以抑制EPCs增殖。     

The characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells derived from mononuclear cells of rat bone marrow in different culture conditions

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from bone marrow are known to be heterogeneous. In this study, we tried to find favorable conditions that induce the differentiation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from bone marrow into EPCs. The differentiation capacity of MNCs from rat bone marrow was investigated in different conditions, such as different media, different induction times and different culture surfaces. The cell morphology and endothelial biomarkers associated with differentiated MNCs were studied. Our results indicated that MNCs cultured in EGM-2MV (Endothelial cell basal medium-2, plus SingleQuots of growth supplements) developed a bursiform shape, a late EPC-like morphology, while MNCs cultured in complete medium (CM, M199 with 10% FBS, 20 ng/mL VEGF and 10 ng/mL bFGF) showed a spindle shape, an early EPC-like morphology. Cells of both morphologies were able to incorporate DiI-ac-LDL and bind lectin in vitro. MNCs cultured in EGM-2MV exhibited a higher proliferation rate and higher eNOS expression than MNCs cultured in CM. MNCs cultured in EGM-2MV had the ability to form tubes on Matrigel. Flow cytometry results indicated that CD133 expression was highest at day 12 and that the greatest number of cells positive for both FLK-1 and CD133 appeared at day 20 from cells cultured in dishes without fibronectin coating. In addition, the expression levels of CD133, CD31 and FLK-1/CD133 were not significantly different between cells of different shapes. Our experiments suggest that MNCs from bone marrow can be differentiated into late EP-like cells in EGM-2MV, which have the ability to rapidly proliferate. These MNCs can also be differentiated into early EP-like cells in CM. Additionally, fibronectin may not be necessary for the differentiation of EPCs to mature ECs after three generations. Differentiated MNCs from bone marrow in EGM-2MV have the characteristics of EPCs, although the expression levels of EPC markers were lower than previously reported.     

内皮祖细胞的生物学特性及其临床应用前景

内皮祖细胞（Endothelial Progenitor Cells,EPCs）是内皮细胞（endothelial cells,ECs）的前体细胞,即能分化为成熟ECs的祖细胞,它在血管内皮再生中发挥着重要作用。随着EPCs研究的深入,其在临床诊断、预后判断和各种缺血性疾病的治疗方面将会有广阔的应用前景。然而,关于EPCs的定义、来源、表面标记以及培养鉴定方法目前仍存在争议。     

E-钙黏蛋白对血管内皮祖细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞之间的黏附作用研究

目的初步探讨E-钙黏蛋白（E-cad）在内皮祖细胞（EPCs）和间充质干细胞（MSCs）之间的黏附作用。 方法体外C57BL/6J小鼠骨髓腔分离培养EPCs和MSCs,使用Mito Tracker Red标记EPCs,DAPI标记MSCs;采用免疫荧光的方法观察E-cad在细胞内的表达情况;细胞黏附实验观察EPCs与MSCs体外黏附现象;使用E-cad siRNA干扰EPCs和MSCs中E-cad的表达,RT-qPCR和Western blot检测siRNA转染效率;转染成功后在成血管的凝胶上进一步观察二者黏附现象。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较使用LSD-t检验。 结果（1）与MSCs、EPCs比较,体外共培养MSCs和EPCs上清液中E-cad表达（378.26±34.47、564.72±41.58比1087.28±101.92）升高,差异均具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;（2）与Control-siRNA、Mock、Negative相比,E-cad siRNA转染MSCs 48 h后E-cad mRNA表达（0.97±0.07、0.93±0.06、1.00±0.03比0.30±0.05）、E-cad蛋白表达（252.19±11.62、223.70±13.66、257.50±12.08比31.74±4.08）均降低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;与Control-siRNA、Mock、Negative比较,E-cad siRNA转染EPCs 48 h后E-cad mRNA表达（0.93 ±0.07、0.88±0.08、1.00±0.02比0.36±0.07）、E-cad蛋白表达（429.46±31.87、409.13±26.97、436.80±34.69比54.03±15.05）均降低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;（3）E-cad siRNA成功转染MSCs和EPCs后,二者黏附现象受到抑制;（4）沉默EPCs和MSCs的E-cad后,二者在成血管凝胶上的黏附及成管现象均受到抑制。 结论E-cad介导EPCs和MSCs之间的黏附。     

Pinocembrin, a major flavonoid in propolis, improves the biological functions of EPCs derived from rat bone marrow through the PI3K-eNOS-NO signaling pathway

The number and quality of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are damaged to varying degrees in patients at risk for developing atherosclerosis. The improvement of the quantity and functions of EPCs can enhance repair of injured endothelial monolayer resulting in inhibiting atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pinocembrin (PIN), a major flavonoid in propolis on the differentiation and biological functions of EPCs and the potential mechanisms of these effects. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PIN treatment increased the number of CD34⁺, CD133⁺, FLK-1⁺, CD133⁺/FLK-1⁺ and CD34⁺/FLK-1⁺ mononuclear cells (MNCs) in the peripheral blood of apoE^−/− mice compared to untreated control mice. In vitro PIN treatment significantly increased the number of CD34⁺, CD133⁺, FLK-1⁺ and CD133⁺/FLK-1⁺ MNCs derived from SD bone marrow compared to untreated controls by 42.1, 84.6, 165.9 and 23.1 %, respectively. Additionally, PIN can improve biological functions of EPCs, such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, and in vitro tube formation and NO release. All of these improvements were inhibited by {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, while L-NAME only inhibited the PIN-induced increase in EPC proliferation and adhesion. We conclude that PIN can both promote the differentiation of EPCs in vitro and ex vivo and improve the biological functions of EPCs. The PI3K-eNOS-NO signaling pathway may be involved in the PIN-induced increase in the proliferation and adhesion of EPCs.     

Characteristics of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in aged mice

Evidence for dysfunction of endothelial repair in aged mice was sought by studying the pattern of induced differentiation, quantity, and function of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in aged mice. The CD117-positive stem cell population was separated from bone marrow by magnetic activated cell-sorting system (MACS), and EPCs were defined by demonstrating the expression of CD117+CD34+Flk-1+ by flow cytometry. After 7 days of culture, the number of clones formed was counted, and proliferation and migration of EPCs were analyzed by MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay and modified Boyden chamber assay. The results demonstrated that compared to the control group, the quantity of bone marrow-derived CD117+ stem cells and EPCs, as well as the proliferation, migration, the number of clones formed, and phagocytotic function of EPCs were significantly reduced in aged mice. There were no significant differences in the morphology and induced differentiation pattern of EPCs between the aged mouse group and the control group. Authors suggest that the dysfunction of EPCs may serve as a surrogate parameter of vascular function in old mice.     

骨髓间充质干细胞和内皮祖细胞移植促进血流重建的比较

目的:比较骨髓间充质细胞(Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells,BM/MSC)和骨髓源内皮祖细胞(Bone Marrow Endothelialprogenitor cells,BM/EPC)移植促进血流重建的效果,为进一步优化骨髓干细胞移植治疗肢体缺血提供理论基础。方法:获取Lewis大鼠骨髓单个核细胞,在体外培养分化为MSC和EPC。采用Lewis大鼠建立单侧后肢缺血模型。在模型建立后3天,将0.8mlD-Hanks液注入大鼠缺血侧后肢,为对照组(n=6);将8×106个骨髓MSC植入大鼠缺血侧后肢,为MSC组(n=6);将体外培养的8×106个EPC植入大鼠缺血侧后肢,为EPC组(n=6)。细胞移植后3周行缺血大鼠后肢动脉造影,检测缺血侧后肢侧支血管数;获取缺血侧后肢腓肠肌,分别行CD31和α-SMA免疫组化染色,计算毛细血管密度和小动脉密度。结果:MSC组与EPC组侧支血管数无显著性差异,二者均高于对照组;EPC组毛细血管密度明显高于MSC组,二者均高于对照组;MSC组与EPC组小动脉密度无显著性差异,二者均高于对照组。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞移植和内皮祖细胞移植均能够明显促进血流重建,而且骨髓间充质干细胞在治疗肢体缺血性疾病中的优势应该受到重视。     

用差异显示法分析不同生长环境中的造血干细胞/祖细胞基因表达的初步研究

对比分析不同生长环境中的脐血CD34+造血干/祖细胞基因表达变化。方法: 采用静态和动态培养系统培养脐血单个核细胞,1周后收获CD34+造血干/祖细胞, 提取总RNA, 用差异显示法对比分析在不同生长环境中造血干/祖细胞基因表达的差异。 结果: 在所使用的差异显示条件下,得到30个差异表达基因片段,其中一个差异表达片段为RAN基因,该基因属于RAS癌基因家族,可能与造血细胞增殖有关。结论: 不同生长环境影响CD34+造血干/祖细胞的基因表达,这些差异表达的基因可为优化体外培养环境,扩增造血细胞提供分子基础。     

Multi-site evaluation of the BD Stem Cell Enumeration Kit for CD34+ cell enumeration on the BD FACSCanto II and BD FACSCalibur flow cytometers

Background aimsEvaluation of the BD Stem Cell Enumeration Kit was conducted at four clinical sites with flow cytometry CD34⁺ enumeration to assess agreement between two investigational methods: (i) the BD FACSCanto II and BD FACSCalibur systems and (ii) the predicate method (Beckman Coulter StemKit and StemTrol, Immunotech SAS, Beckman Coulter, Marseille Cedex 9, France).MethodsLeftover and delinked specimens (n = 1032) from clinical flow cytometry testing were analyzed on the BD FACSCanto II (n = 918) and BD FACSCalibur (n = 905) in normal and mobilized blood, frozen and thawed bone marrow and leucopheresis and cord blood anticoagulated with citrate phosphate dextrose, anticoagulant citrate dextrose—solution A, heparin and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, alone or in combination. Fresh leucopheresis analysis addressed site equivalency for sample preparation, testing and analysis.ResultsThe mean relative bias showed agreement within predefined parameters for the BD FACSCanto II (−2.81 to 4.31 ±7.1) and BD FACSCalibur (−2.69 to 5.2 ±7.9). Results are reported as absolute and relative differences compared with the predicate for viable CD34⁺, percentage of CD34⁺ in CD45⁺ and viable CD45⁺ populations (or gates). Bias analyses of the distribution of the predicate low, mid and high bin values were done using BD FACSCanto II optimal gating and BD FACSCalibur manual gating for viable CD34⁺, percentage of CD34⁺ in CD45⁺ and viable CD45⁺. Bias results from both investigational methods show agreement. Deming regression analyses showed a linear relationship with R² > 0.92 for both investigational methods.DiscussionIn conclusion, the results from both investigational methods demonstrated agreement and equivalence with the predicate method for enumeration of absolute viable CD34⁺, percentage of viable CD34⁺ in CD45⁺ and absolute viable CD45⁺ populations.