基于细胞的抗单增李斯特菌单域重链抗体的筛选及鉴定

【目的】获得针对单增李斯特菌的特异性单域重链抗体,并对筛选过程中特异性克隆的富集规律进行分析,为筛选具有种属特异性的噬菌体展示抗体提供参考。【方法】采用固相筛选技术,以热灭活的单增李斯特菌菌体为抗原,通过四轮常规筛选和一轮消减筛选,从驼源天然噬菌体展示文库中筛选针对单增李斯特菌的单域重链抗体。采用Phage-ELISA法,对后四轮筛选洗脱物中随机挑选的噬菌体进行鉴定,阳性克隆进行基因测序及结合特异性分析。通过多序列比对分析将获得的基因序列进行分组和统计。【结果】成功筛选到2株单增李斯特菌特异性的单域重链抗体。【结论】在优化的筛选条件下,基于全细胞的筛选方法能够获得特异性识别单增李斯特菌的单域重链抗体,消减筛选对于去除非特异性克隆是有效的和必要的。     

Engineering bispecificity into a single albumin-binding domain

Bispecific antibodies as well as non-immunoglobulin based bispecific affinity proteins are considered to have a very high potential in future biotherapeutic applications. In this study, we report on a novel approach for generation of extremely small bispecific proteins comprised of only a single structural domain. Binding to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was engineered into an albumin-binding domain while still retaining the original affinity for albumin, resulting in a bispecific protein composed of merely 46 amino acids. By diversification of the non albumin-binding side of the three-helix bundle domain, followed by display of the resulting library on phage particles, bispecific single-domain proteins were isolated using selections with TNF-α as target. Moreover, based on the obtained sequences from the phage selection, a second-generation library was designed in order to further increase the affinity of the bispecific candidates. Staphylococcal surface display was employed for the affinity maturation, enabling efficient isolation of improved binders as well as multiparameter-based sortings with both TNF-α and albumin as targets in the same selection cycle. Isolated variants were sequenced and the binding to albumin and TNF-α was analyzed. This analysis revealed an affinity for TNF-α below 5 nM for the strongest binders. From the multiparameter sorting that simultaneously targeted TNF-α and albumin, several bispecific candidates were isolated with high affinity to both antigens, suggesting that cell display in combination with fluorescence activated cell sorting is a suitable technology for engineering of bispecificity. To our knowledge, the new binders represent the smallest engineered bispecific proteins reported so far. Possibilities and challenges as well as potential future applications of this novel strategy are discussed.     

天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库的构建与鉴定

目的:构建天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库。方法:采用RT-PCR法从未免疫的兔子脾脏中克隆得到抗体重链可变区(VH)与轻链可变区(VL)基因,重叠PCR将VH和VL拼接成scFv片段,将scFv连接到噬菌粒pComb3XSS上,电转入XL1-Blue菌中,得到单链抗体库,并用此抗体库筛选抗肌酸激酶抗体。结果:构建了容量为4×108,基因重组率95%的单链抗体库,DNA指纹图谱显示抗体库多样性良好。以肌酸激酶为抗原,从该库中筛到3株抗肌酸激酶的抗体。结论:分析表明构建的天然兔源单链抗体库质量良好,可用于快速筛选、制备多种单链抗体。     

Multiplexed fluid array screening of phage displayed anti-ricin single domain antibodies for rapid assessment of specificity

Phage display is a well-known technique that facilitates the selection of peptides or proteins that bind to a desired target. Using this tool, binding elements contained in the natural immune repertoires of the source animal or from a synthetically generated collection may be selected. The unpaired variable domain of the llama's heavy-chain-only classes of immunoglobulins represents an ideal source of genetic material to create phage display libraries. Initial panning of a semi-synthetic llama library yielded only one binder to the toxin ricin. In an effort to increase the number of monoclonal phage binders selected, the Luminex xMAP technology (Luminex, Austin, TX, USA) was used in addition to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen clonal populations of phage after three rounds of selection. The xMAP technology detected phage displayed single domain antibody (sdAb) bound to ricin immobilized on the surface of microspheres under equilibrium conditions. This enhanced capability led directly to the identification of additional single domain antibodies of interest. The selected sdAbs were expressed, purified, and then evaluated for their specificity as well as enhanced thermal stability in comparison to conventional immunoglobulin G (IgG). We determined equilibrium dissociation constants and demonstrated their use as effective capture molecules in sandwich immunoassays.     

抗EGFRvIII噬菌体抗体库的构建和筛选

目的：应用噬菌体展示技术筛选针对表皮生长因子受体突变体Ш (epidermal growth factor receptor variant type Ⅲ, EGFRvIII)的单链抗体 (single chain Fv, scFv)。方法：利用原核表达纯化的人EGFRvIIIex蛋白和高表达EGFRvIIIex的小鼠成纤维细胞系NIH3T3免疫小鼠,扩增VH和VL片段并拼装成scFv 基因,连接至噬菌粒pCANTAB 5E,电击转化Hpd3cells,构建噬菌体单链抗体库,并进行3轮富集筛选。在第4轮筛选时,采用了降低抗原浓度的方法。然后将筛选得到的阳性克隆测序分析,转化E.coli HB2151,IPTG 诱导可溶性scFv 的表达。结果：构建了库容为7.9×107 的噬菌体单链抗体库。经过第4轮低浓度抗原筛选,得到了较高亲和力的克隆。取单个阳性克隆测序分析结果表明,该抗EGFRvIII scFv 基因序列长807 bp,编码268个氨基酸。IPTG诱导后表达的可溶性scFv 可分别与纯化的EGFRvIIIex抗原以及细胞表面的EGFRvIIIex结合。结论：利用噬菌体抗体库筛选得到了高亲和力的抗EGFRvIII scFv,为开发针对EGFRvIII的抗体药物提供了靶向载体分子。     

Application of phage-displayed single chain antibodies in western blot

A phage display single chain fragment variable library constructed on pⅢ protein of M13 filamentous phage was screened using B-lymphocyte stimulator and FP248 as selective molecules. After four rounds of panning, there was a remarkable enrichment in the titer of bound phages. Twenty phage clones were selected from the last round and screened by means of phage-ELISA. With the antibody phages as primary antibodies in Western blot, we developed a method for detecting the specific antigen. The dilutions of antibody phages depend on the affinity between antibody-displayed phage particles and antigens.     

By-passing immunization. Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage.

We have mimicked features of immune selection to make human antibodies in bacteria. Diverse libraries of immunoglobulin heavy (VH) and light (V kappa and V lambda) chain variable (V) genes were prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of unimmunized donors by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Genes encoding single chain Fv fragments were made by randomly combining heavy and light chain V-genes using PCR, and the combinatorial library (greater than 10(7) members) cloned for display on the surface of a phage. Rare phage with "antigen-binding" activities were selected by four rounds of growth and panning with "antigen" (turkey egg-white lysozyme (TEL) or bovine serum albumin) or "hapten" (2-phenyloxazol-5-one (phOx], and the encoding heavy and light chain genes were sequenced. The V-genes were human with some nearly identical to known germ-line V-genes, while others were more heavily mutated. Soluble antibody fragments were prepared and shown to bind specifically to antigen or hapten and with good affinities, Ka (TEL) = 10(7) M-1; Ka (phOx) = 2 x 10(6) M-1. Isolation of higher-affinity fragments may require the use of larger primary libraries or the construction of secondary libraries from the binders. Nevertheless, our results suggest that a single large phage display library can be used to isolate human antibodies against any antigen, by-passing both hybridoma technology and immunization.     

人源噬菌体抗体库的构建及抗VEGF抗体的初步筛选分析

应用噬菌体表面呈递技术构建人抗体组合文库 .筛选获得了结合血管内皮细胞生长因子( VEGF)的人噬菌体 Fab抗体 ,并对所获抗体的多样性进行了进一步分析 .从不同人群外周血淋巴细胞提取总 RNA,经反转录后采用家族特异性免疫球蛋白可变区基因引物与免疫球蛋白信肽序列引物 ,通过改变 PCR条件或半套式扩增分别获得全部亚型的轻、重链抗体 Fab段 ,并重组到噬粒载体 p Comb3H中 ,经电转化大肠杆菌 XL- 1 Blue,构建了 1 .5× 1 0 8完整组合抗体库 .利用 VEGF12 1对该库经过 4轮固相筛选后 ,获得 1 2个可与 VEGF特异结合的阳性克隆 .酶谱分析表明了所获抗体克隆的多样性 .为通过基因工程改造 ,进一步获得可用于临床的人源 VEGF抗体奠定了基础 .     

β淀粉样蛋白人源性抗体的制备

目的:应用噬菌体展示及抗体库技术,制备并鉴定β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)人源性抗体。方法:应用固相筛选方法,以人工合成的Aβ1-15肽为靶标分子,在大容量全合成人源性噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗Aβ人源性抗体,并进行特异性鉴定。结果:经过3轮筛选,单克隆鉴定获得噬菌体抗体F11,竞争性ELISA表明抗体对Aβ1-42的结合位点位于1～15氨基酸残基内,ELISA结果证实抗体特异性良好。结论:以Aβ1-15肽为靶标分子获得了特异性良好的人源性抗体。     

Construction and expression of a reshaped VH domain against human CD28 molecules

Compared with the amino acid sequence of a mouse anti-human CD28 VH domain antibody, the two most homologous sequences of human antibodies were pulled out from Genbank. One of them was used as the main template for the framework regions of the reshaped VH domain. While the original mouse antibody CDRs were inserted into the human acceptor FRs, some residues in human acceptor FRs, which were different from those of the original mouse FRs in corresponding positions, were then determined or, alternatively, mutagenized to their conservative properties in kappa classification. Based on the amino acid sequences of the designed VH domain, the nucleotide sequence was deduced by using E. coli bias codons. The sequence was split into ten 30 to 60 nucleotide fragments for synthesizing, then annealed and amplified by overlap PCR. Taq DNA polymerase was used in a buffer with high Mg2+ concentration to induce more random mutations, both in FRs and CDRs. A phage display library was constructed by cloning these PCR products. After three rounds of panning, several reshaped VH with high antigen binding activity were obtained. One of them had the same CDR amino acid sequences as that of the original mouse VH domain. Further study showed that it retained a high antigen binding affinity after being expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3).     

人源单克隆抗人免疫缺陷病毒1型抗体Fab段基因的获得

应用噬苏体抗体库技术有效地筛选出了多株抗ＨＩＶ－１人源单克隆抗体。以逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）从ＨＩＶ－１感染者外周血淋巴细胞中扩增抗体轻重链可变区基因,插入载体ｐＣＯＭＢ３,建立噬菌体抗体库。分别以ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ１２０和ｇｐ１６０为固相抗原,经过多轮筛选,从中获得了多株抗ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ４１、ｇｐ１２０和ｇｐ１６０的单克隆抗体Ｆａｂ段基因。抗ＨＩＶ特异性噬菌体抗体随抗体库的筛选高度富集,抗     

Highly efficient selection of phage antibodies mediated by display of antigen as Lpp-OmpA' fusions on live bacteria

Delayed infectivity panning (DIP) is a novel approach for the in vivo isolation of interacting protein pairs. DIP combines phage display and cell surface display of polypeptides as follows: an antigen is displayed in many copies on the surface of F(+) Escherichia coli cells by fusing it to a Lpp-OmpA' hybrid. To prevent premature, non-specific infection by phage, the cells are rendered functionally F(-) by growth at 16 degrees C. The antigen-displaying cells are used to capture antibody-displaying phage by virtue of the antibody-antigen interaction. Following removal of unbound phage, infection of the cells by bound phage is initiated by raising the temperature to 37 degrees C that facilitates F pilus expression. The phage then dissociate from the antigen and infect the bacteria through the F pilus. Using specific scFv antibodies and the human ErbB2 proto-oncogene and IL2-Ralpha chain as model antibody-antigen pairs, we demonstrate enrichment of those phage that display a specific antibody over phage that display an irrelevant antibody of over 1,000,000 in a single DIP cycle. We further show the successful isolation of anti-toxin, anti-receptor, anti-enzyme and anti-peptide antibodies from several immune phage libraries, a shuffled library and a large synthetic human library. The effectiveness of DIP makes it suitable for the isolation of rare clones present in large libraries.Since DIP can be applied for most of the phage libraries already existing, it could be a powerful tool for the rapid isolation and characterization of binders in numerous protein-protein interactions.     

SARS-CoVN蛋白抗原表位的筛选和鉴定

利用噬菌体展示的线性12肽库从马抗SARS-CoVIgG筛选SARS-CoV的抗原表位。经生物淘洗富集的噬菌体克隆被测序。获得两个共有序列:DXXDP和TXTLL。它们分别与SARS-CoVN蛋白341-345和392-396位氨基酸序列高度同源。含共有序列的克隆在ELISA竞争抑制试验中与SARS-CoVN蛋白竞争结合马抗SARS-CoVIgG。将两个共有序列肽通过基因重组技术成功展示到大肠杆菌鞭毛,获得重组菌F1和F2。用重组菌F1和F2免疫接种试验Balb/c小鼠产生的血清均能与SARS-CoVN蛋白特异结合。说明DXXDP和TXTLL是SARS-CoVN蛋白的两个连续抗原表位。     

一种构建改形单域抗体的方法

为验证一种构建改形单域抗体的实用新方法,与以往方法不同的是,该方法不需要对抗体进行空间结构模拟,以确定人源抗体的FRs接受序列及在人源FRs接受序列中哪些氨基酸残基需要突变,并且该方法将抗体的改形与亲和力成熟于同一过程完成,利用该方法构建了改形抗CD28重链单域抗体,根据一种鼠源抗CD28重链单域抗体的氨基酸序列,于GenBank中查得两条与之最同源的人源抗体序列,利用其中一条的FRs作为改形抗体的主框架进行改形构建,将鼠源抗体的CDR区插入到人源FR区后,对人源FR区的一些氨基酸残基进行替换突变,替换的氨基酸残基数及替换原则主要是根据对查到的人源抗体序列,鼠源抗体序列,以及这些序列与Kabat分类中的种属序列进行的比较,为了增加改形抗体基因的多样性,对要被替换的氨基酸残基在基因合成中采用简并的方式,使要被替换的氨基酸残基和替换的氨基酸残基都有机会出现,二者出现的几率各为50%,同时,在将大小不同的合成核苷酸片段采用重叠PCR扩增以获得完整改形抗体基因时,采用高Mg^2 浓度下和使用TaqDNA聚合酶,以进一步随机引入突变,利用重叠PCR产物构建了一个噬菌体抗体库,经过3轮淘选后,获得了几个具有较高免疫学活性的改形抗体,对其中的两个抗体进行了进一步研究,将两个抗体的基因在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达,复性后的表达蛋白仍具有较高的免疫学活性,结果表明该方法是有效可行的。     

绵羊肌肉生长抑制素MSTN原核表达及其纳米抗体文库的构建与鉴定

克隆绵羊肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,纯化重组蛋白免疫健康的双峰驼（Bactrian camel）,分离其外周血淋巴细胞提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR扩增骆驼重链抗体IgG2、IgG3的可变区（VHH）基因片段,将VHH片段与pCANTAB5E连接后电转入大肠杆菌TG1构建纳米抗体文库。结果显示,纳米抗体文库容量为9.5×10⁵,挑取部分克隆进行测序分析,所获得的纳米抗体文库具有良好的多态性,为进一步筛选绵羊MSTN的高特异性纳米抗体片段奠定了基础。     

Isolation and characterization of phage-displayed single chain antibodies recognizing nonreducing terminal mannose residues. 1. A new strategy for generation of anti-carbohydrate antibodies

Phage-display technology is probably the best available strategy to produce antibodies directed against various carbohydrate moieties since conventional hybridoma technologies have yielded mostly low-affinity antibodies against a limited number of carbohydrate antigens. Because of difficulties in immobilization of carbohydrate antigens onto plastic plates, however, the same procedures used for protein antigens cannot be readily applied. We adapted phage-display technology to generate human single chain antibodies (scFvs) using neoglycolipids as antigens. This study describes the isolation and characterization of phage-displayed antibodies (phage Abs) that recognized nonreducing terminal mannose residues. We first constructed a phage Ab library with a large repertoire using CDR shuffling and VL/VH shuffling methods with unique vector constructs. The library was subjected to four rounds of panning against neoglycolipids synthesized from mannotriose (Man3) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) by reductive amination. Of 672 clones screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Man3-DPPE as an antigen, 25 positive clones encoding scFvs with unique amino acid sequences were isolated as candidates for phage Abs against Man3 residues. TLC-overlay assays and surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that selected phage Abs bound to neoglycolipids bearing mannose residues at nonreducing termini. In addition, binding of the phage Ab to RNase B carrying high mannose type oligosaccharides but not to fetuin carrying complex type and O-linked oligosaccharides was confirmed. Furthermore, first round characterization of scFvs expressed from respective phages indicated good affinity and specificity for nonreducing terminal mannose residues. These results demonstrated the usefulness of this strategy in constructing human scFv against various carbohydrate antigens. Further studies on the purification and characterization of these scFvs are presented in an accompanying paper in this issue.     

Generation of human monoclonal antibodies against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Propionibacterium acnes</Emphasis> by applying the phage display method to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells immunized in vitro

Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is often detected in normal human skin flora. P. acnes has been associated with many diseases. In this study, we attempted to generate anti-P. acnes human monoclonal antibodies. A phage antibody library was first generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells immunized in vitro with P. acnes using the phage display method, and P. acnes-specific phage antibodies were obtained using solid phase panning. Antigen-specific variable region genes were then amplified and recombined into vectors expressing human IgG antibodies. The results indicated that the recombinant human IgG antibodies exhibited P. acnes-specific binding. This study demonstrates that the combined use of an in vitro immunization protocol and the phage display method enables the generation of human monoclonal antibodies against pathogenic bacteria and toxic antigens.     

Mapping of linear epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies with gene-fragment phage display libraries

Epitope mapping with mono- or polyclonal antibodies has so far been done either by dissecting the antigens into overlapping polypeptides in the form of recombinantly expressed fusion proteins, or by synthesizing overlapping short peptides, or by a combination of both methods. Here, we report an alternative method which involves the generation of random gene fragments of approximately 50–200 by in length and cloning these into the 5 terminus of the protein III gene of fd phages. Selection for phages that bind a given monoclonal antibody and sequencing the DNA inserts of immunopositive phages yields derived amino acid sequences containing the desired epitope. A monoclonal antibody (mAb 215) directed against the largest subunit of Drosophila RNA polymerase II (RPB215) was used to map the corresponding epitope in a fUSE5 phage display library made of random DNA fragments from plasmid DNA containing the entire gene. After a single round of panning with this phage library, bacterial colonies were obtained which produced fd phages displaying the mAb 215 epitope. Sequencing of single-stranded phage DNA from a number of positive colonies (recognized by the antibody on colony immunoblots) resulted in overlapping sequences all containing the 15mer epitope determined by mapping with synthetic peptides. Similarly, we have localized the epitopes recognized by a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the human p53 protein, and by a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against the human cytokeratin 19 protein. Identification of positive colonies after the panning procedure depends on the detection system used (colony immunoblot or ELISA) and there appear to be some restrictions to the use of linker-encoded amino acids for optimal presentation of epitopes. A comparison with epitope mapping by synthetic peptides shows that the phage display method allows one to map linear epitopes down to a size only slightly larger than the true epitope. In general, our phage display method is faster, easier, and cheaper than the construction of overlapping fusion proteins or the use of synthetic peptides, especially in cases where the antigen is a large polypeptide such as the 215 kDa subunit of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II.     

Enrichment of a single clone from a high diversity library of phage-displayed antibodies by panning with Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) midgut homogenate

A high diversity library of recombinant human antibodies was selected on complex antigen mixtures from midguts of female Anopheles gambiae Giles. The library of phage-displayed single chain variable region fragment constructs, derived from beta-lymphocyte mRNA of na?ve human donors, was repeatedly selected and reamplified on the insoluble fraction of midgut homogenates. Five rounds of panning yielded only one midgut-specific clone, which predominated the resulting antibody panel. In A. gambiae, the epitope was found throughout the tissues of females but was absent from the midgut of males. The cognate antigen proved to be detergent soluble but very sensitive to denaturation and could not be isolated or identified by Western blot of native electrophoresis gels or by immunoprecipitation. Nevertheless, immunohistology revealed that this sex-specific epitope is associated with the lumenal side of the midgut. Severe bottlenecking may limit the utility of phage display selection from na?ve libraries for generating diverse panels of antibodies against complex mixtures of antigens from insect tissues. These results suggest that the selection of sufficiently diverse antibody panels, from which mosquitocidal or malaria transmission-blocking antibodies can be isolated, may require improved selection methods or specifically enriched pre-immunized libraries.     

Isolating Substrates for an Engineered α-Lytic Protease by Phage Display

Panning of a substrate phage library with an α-lytic protease mutant showed that substrate phage display can be used to isolate sequences with improved protease sensitivity even for proteases of relatively broad specificity. Two panning experiments were performed with an engineered α-lytic protease mutant known to have a preference for cleavage after His or Met residues. Both experiments led to the isolation of protease-sensitive phage containing linker sequences in which His and Met residues were enriched compared with the initial library. Despite the relatively hydrophobic substrate binding site of the enzyme, the predominant protease-sensitive sequence isolated from the second library panning had the sequence Asp-Ser-Thr-Met. Kinetic studies showed that this sequence was cleaved up to 4.5-fold faster than rationally designed positive controls. Protease-resistant phage particles were also selected and characterized, with the finding that Gly and Pro appeared frequently at the putative P₄ positions, whereas Asp dominated the putative P₁ position.