Kv3.4通道参与15-羟二十碳四烯酸诱导的大鼠肺动脉收缩

通过组织浴槽血管环方法观察Kv3．4通道特异阻断剂BDS-Ⅰ对15-羟二十碳四烯酸（15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,15-FETE）收缩肺动脉血管的影响;通过酶法分离、培养Wistar大鼠肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞（pulmonary artery smooth musclecells,PASMCs）,RT-PCR和Western blot技术观察15-HETE对大鼠PASMCs上Kv3．4通道表达的影响,以探讨Kv3．4通道在15-HETE收缩肺动脉过程中的作用。结果如下：（1）15-HETE以浓度依赖方式使肺动脉环张力增加,对缺氧组大鼠肺动脉环张力作用更为明显,与正常对照组相比差异显著;（2）除去肺动脉内皮后,15-HETE引起血管收缩的强度较内皮完整时增强,呈剂量依赖性收缩反应;（3）阻断Kv3．4通道可抑制15-HETE收缩肺动脉;（4）15-HETE下调PASMCs膜上Kv3．4通道mRNA及蛋白质表达。上述观察结果提示Kv3．4通道参与由15-HETE引起的缺氧肺动脉血管收缩（hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,HPV）。     

钾通道在大鼠支气管平滑肌张力调控中作用的研究

目的：探讨延迟整流钾通道（Kv),高电导钙激活钾通道（BKCa)和ATP敏感钾通道（KATP)在大鼠支气管平滑肌张力调控中的作用。方法：以特异性钾通道阻断剂为工具,采用体外等长张力测定观察钾通道对静息和收缩状态下支气管张力的影响。结果：（1）KV阻断剂4－aminopyridine(4-AP)诱发大鼠支气管平滑肌产生浓度依赖性收缩反应,而BKCa阻断剂tetraethylammonium(TEA)和KATP阻断剂glibenclamide(Glib)对其无影响。（2）去除上皮对4－AP诱发大鼠支气管平滑肌收缩反应无影响,而钙通道阻断剂nifedipine对其有显著抑制效应。（3）在0.1mmol/L组胺或50mmol/L KCl诱发支气管平滑肌收缩之前或之后,加入TEA（1,5mmol/L)或0.1mmol/L 4-AP均显著增强二者诱发的收缩反应;而Glib(10μmol/L）对其无明显影响。结论：Kv参与大鼠支气管平滑肌静息张力的调控,而BKCa和KATP对其无影响。Kv和BKCa的关闭增强组胺及高浓度钾离子诱发大鼠离体支气管产生的收缩张力。     

自发性高血压大鼠和Wistar大鼠脑动脉平滑肌细胞膜电流的比较

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和Wistar大鼠脑动脉(BA)平滑肌细胞膜电流的异同。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究SHR和Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞在电流密度、电流组成以及自发性瞬时外向K+电流(STOCs)特性的异同。结果:①当指令电压为0、+20、+40和+60mV时,SHR与Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞间电流密度存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。②SHR与Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞膜电流都对1 mmol/L电压依赖的K+通道(Kv)阻断剂4AP和1 mmol/L大电导Ca2+激活K+通道(BKCa)阻断剂TEA敏感。③SHR的STOCs发放频率和电流幅度都远大于Wistar大鼠。1 mmol/LTEA基本完全阻断STOCs通道电流,而4-AP对STOCs没有影响。结论:SHR和Wistar大鼠脑动脉平滑肌细胞的电流密度存在差异,两种平滑肌细胞外向电流都由BKCa和Kv通道组成。SHR大鼠平滑肌细胞更易诱发由BKCa通道介导的STOCs。     

人乳腺MCF10A细胞系K~+通道的表达和特性及其与增殖的关系

近年来发现,K+通道与乳腺癌细胞的增殖和转化密切相关,但机制尚不清楚。本研究室前期报道了K+通道阻断剂4-氨基吡啶(4-aminopyridine,4-AP)能够抑制人乳腺上皮细胞的增殖,本文则进一步检测几种电压门控K+通道(voltage-gatedK+channel,Kv)在人乳腺上皮细胞系MCF10A中的表达,运用全细胞膜片钳技术,初步研究了该细胞K+通道的特性,观察K+通道阻断剂对细胞增殖以及信号通路蛋白活性的影响。结果显示,MCF10A细胞均有Kv1.1、Kv1.2、Kv1.3和Kv1.5基因mRNA的表达,其中Kv1.5表达量明显高于乳腺癌细胞MCF7。全细胞膜片钳钳制细胞于-60mV,给予持续时间800ms、范围从-60mV到+60mV的去极化刺激电压,步幅为10mV,然后给予持续150ms的-60mV的刺激,刺激频率为1Hz,可记录到一种跨膜电流,该电流具有电压依赖、外向整流的特性,并且能被Kv通道阻断剂4-AP阻断,证实该细胞膜存在Kv通道。此外,4-AP阻断K+通道10min后,与增殖相关的有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)信号通路ERK1/2蛋白活性增强而p38蛋白活性减弱;5mmol/L4-AP处理细胞48h后,MCF10A的生长抑制率为25.29%。以上结果提示,在人乳腺上皮细胞系MCF10A细胞膜上存在不同亚型的Kv通道,该通道可被4-AP阻断,并且4-AP能够抑制MCF10A细胞的增殖,其机制可能与细胞增殖信号通路不同成员的活性调节有关。     

常氧和急性低氧下大鼠传导性肺动脉平滑肌细胞的电生理特性

本文旨在研究大鼠传导性肺动脉平滑肌细胞（pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs）的电生理特征及对急性低氧的反应。用酶解法急性分离出1-2级分支的PASMCs,通过全细胞膜片钳方法研究常氧及急性低氧状况下细胞钾电流的差异,并在常氧下先后使用iBTX和4-AP阻断大电导钙激活钾离子（large conductance Ca-activated K^＋,BKCa）通道及延迟整流性钾离子（delayed rectifier K^＋,KDR）通道后,观察细胞钾电流特征。根据细胞的大小、形态及电生理特征可将PASMCs分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。iBTX对Ⅰ类细胞几乎无作用,而4-AP几乎完全阻断它的钾电流;Ⅱ类细胞的钾电流在加入iBTX后大部分被抑制,其余的对4．AP敏感;Ⅲ类细胞的钾电流对iBTX及4-AP均敏感。急性低氧对三类细胞的钾电流均有不同程度的抑制,并使Ⅰ类细胞的膜电位显著升高,而Ⅱ、Ⅲ类细胞膜电位升高的程度不如Ⅰ类显著。结果表明,传导性肺动脉有3种形态及电生理特性不同的PASMCs,在急性低氧时其钾电流不同程度地受到抑制,同时静息膜电位也有不同程度去极化,这些可能参与急性低氧时传导性肺动脉舒缩反应的调节。KDR及BKCa通道在3种细胞中的比例不同可能是急性低氧对3种PASMCs影响不同的离子基础。     

延迟整流钾通道对哮喘患者血清被动致敏的人支气管平滑肌的张力调控

目的：探讨延迟整流钾通道（Kv）在哮喘患者血清被动致敏的人支气管平滑肌（HBSM）张力调控中的作用。方法：采用等长张力测定法,观察Kv通道阻断剂对正常与哮喘患者血清被动致敏的HBSM静息和收缩张力的影响。结果：①哮喘患者血清被动致敏的HBSM对组胺诱发的收缩反应明显强于对照组。②Kv阻断剂4-氨基吡啶（4-AP）可引起静息状态下两组HBSM产生浓度依赖性收缩反应,且致敏组对4-AP所致收缩的敏感性强于对照组。即量效曲线中被动致敏组达到最大效应的一半时所需浓度的负对数值（PD2）明显升高;但两组的最大收缩强度（Emax）无明显差异;KCa阻断剂四乙基铵（TEA）和KATP阻断剂格列苯脲（Glib）对HBSM静息张力无明显影响。③4～AP预处理标本后,可明显增加对照组支气管环对组胺的收缩反应,即处理后Emax明显高于处理前;但不影响致敏组对组胺的收缩反应,即致敏组4-AP处理前后Emax无明显差异。结论：①Kv参与HBSM静息张力的调控。而KCa、KATP对其无明显影响。②哮喘患者血清被动致敏的HBSM的Kv活性下降,此变化可能是哮喘形成和发病的机制之一。     

SO_2对胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞钾离子通道的影响

为了探讨二氧化硫(SO2)引起大鼠血管平滑肌的降压机制,采用急性酶分离法分离大鼠单个血管平滑肌细胞,运用全细胞膜片钳技术记录平滑肌细胞外向钾电流(IKv),观察SO2及其衍生物对平滑肌细胞膜钾电流的作用,从离子通道角度研究SO2对血压的影响。结果发现:SO2衍生物可使外向IKv显著增大,10μmol/L SO2衍生物可使电流-电压曲线(I-V曲线)显著上移,即增大IKv,且呈一定的电压依赖性,并且,SO2衍生物可使IKv增大呈现出剂量-效应关系。当使用5 mmol/L 4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)抑制IKv后,加入10μmol/L SO2衍生物,IKv有一定程度增加。TEA能抑制SO2衍生物对IKv的增大效应。10μmol/L SO2衍生物可使IKv的激活曲线显著向超极化方向移动,但并不影响其斜率因子。说明SO2衍生物作用于血管平滑肌细胞,可引起外向钾电流幅度增大,使钾电流提前激活,这是SO2及其衍生物降压的作用机制之一;TEA、4-AP对SO2衍生物引起的血管平滑肌细胞钾电流的增大具有拮抗作用。     

ERK1/2通路参与15-羟二十碳四烯酸收缩缺氧大鼠肺动脉的过程

缺氧诱导的15-羟二十碳四烯酸（15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,15-HETE）是引起肺动脉收缩的重要介导因子。15-HETE引起肺动脉收缩的信号转导途径尚不清楚。本研究旨在确定细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1／2,ERK1／2）信号转导通路是否参与15-HETE收缩缺氧火鼠肺动脉的过程。采用组织浴槽肺动脉环张力检测、蛋白质免疫印迹Western blot）和免疫细胞化学方法。制备缺氧大鼠动物模型,成年雄性Wistar大鼠在低氧环境下（吸入氧分数为0．12）正常喂养9d。显微分离直径1-1．5mm肺动脉,剪成长为3mm的动脉环,进行血管张力检测。用ERK1／2上游激酶（MEK）抑制剂PD98059抑制ERK1／2活性。结果显示,PD98059可明显抑制15-HETE对缺氧大鼠肺动脉环的收缩作用。在去除内皮的肺动脉环,PD98059仍叮明显降低15-HETE的缩血管作用。Western blot和免疫细胞化学结果都显示,15-HETE能促进ERK1／2磷酸化。由此表明ERK1／2信号转导通路参与15-HETE收缩缺氧大鼠肺动脉的过程。     

钾通道阻断剂所致的蜗内直流电位改变

本实验采用耳蜗外淋巴灌流技术,观察了四氨基吡啶(4-AP)、四乙基铵(TEA)以及奎宁等不同钾通道阻断剂对豚鼠蜗内直流电位(EP)的影响。发现快钾通道阻断剂4-AP对EP无明显影响,但可改变强噪声所致EP改变的形式。TEA与奎宁则可减少负相EP(N-EP)的绝对值。实验结果提示耳蜗内有不同类型的钾离子通道存在并各具有不同的生理意义。     

15-脂氧合酶/15-羟廿碳四烯酸在缺氧性肺动脉高压中的作用和机制

肺动脉高压是一种病因复杂的罕见病,以肺动脉阻力增高,引起右心室后负荷增大,最终导致右心室功能衰竭而使患者死亡为特征。肺血管花生四烯酸信号通路异常在肺动脉高压中发挥重要作用。肺动脉高压患者肺动脉内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和成纤维细胞中15-脂氧合酶(15-lipoxygenase, 15-LO)及其代谢产物15-羟廿碳四烯酸(15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,15-HETE)水平均升高。在缺氧条件下,15-LO/15-HETE引起肺动脉收缩,促进肺动脉内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞增殖,抑制肺动脉平滑肌细胞凋亡,促进肺血管外膜纤维化,进而导致肺动脉高压的发生。本文主要对15-LO/15-HETE与缺氧性肺动脉高压相关性的研究进行综述,以阐明15-LO/15-HETE在缺氧性肺动脉高压中发挥的核心作用。     

Effect of normoxia and hypoxia on K(+) current and resting membrane potential of fetal rabbit pulmonary artery smooth muscle

At birth, the increase in O(2) tension (pO(2)) is an important cause of the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. In adult animals there are impressive interspecies differences in the level of hypoxia required to elicit a pulmonary vasoconstrictor response and in the amplitude of the response. Hypoxic inhibition of some potassium (K(+)) channels in the membrane of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) helps to initiate hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. To determine the effect of the change in pO(2) on fetal rabbit PASMCs and to investigate possible species-dependent differences, we measured the current-voltage relationship and the resting membrane potential, in PASMCs from fetal resistance arteries using the amphotericin-perforated patch-clamp technique under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, the K(+) current in PASMCs was small, and could be inhibited by 4-aminopyridine, iberiotoxin and glibenclamide, reflecting contributions by Kv, K(Ca) and K(ATP) channels. The average resting membrane potential was -44.3+/-1.3 mV (n=29) and could be depolarized by 4-AP (5 mM) and ITX (100 nM) but not by glibenclamide (10 microM). Changing from hypoxia, that mimicked fetal life, to normoxia dramatically increased the K(Ca) and consequently hyperpolarized (-9.3+/-1.7 mV; n=8) fetal rabbit PASMCs. Under normoxic conditions K(+) current was reduced by 4-AP with a significant change in resting membrane potential (11.1+/-1.7 mV; n=8). We conclude that resting membrane potential in fetal rabbit PASMCs under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions depends on both Kv and K(Ca) channels, in contrast to fetal lamb or porcine PASMCs. Potential species differences in the K(+) channels that control resting membrane potential must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of studies of neonatal pulmonary vascular reactivity to changes in O(2) tension.     

Chronic hypoxia decreases K(V) channel expression and function in pulmonary artery myocytes

Activity of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels regulates membrane potential (E(m)) and cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](cyt)). A rise in ([Ca2+](cyt))in pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells (SMCs) triggers pulmonary vasoconstriction and stimulates PASMC proliferation. Chronic hypoxia (PO(2) 30-35 mmHg for 60-72 h) decreased mRNA expression of KV channel alpha-subunits (Kv1.1, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv4.3, and Kv9.3) in PASMCs but not in mesenteric artery (MA) SMCs. Consistently, chronic hypoxia attenuated protein expression of Kv1.1, Kv1.5, and Kv2.1; reduced KV current [I(KV)]; caused E(m) depolarization; and increased ([Ca2+](cyt)) in PASMCs but negligibly affected KV channel expression, increased I(KV), and induced hyperpolarization in MASMCs. These results demonstrate that chronic hypoxia selectively downregulates KV channel expression, reduces I(KV), and induces E(m) depolarization in PASMCs. The subsequent rise in ([Ca2+](cyt)) plays a critical role in the development of pulmonary vasoconstriction and medial hypertrophy. The divergent effects of hypoxia on KV channel alpha-subunit mRNA expression in PASMCs and MASMCs may result from different mechanisms involved in the regulation of KV channel gene expression.     

Hypoxia promotes rabbit pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation through a 15-LOX-2 product 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

The initial event of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction followed by remodeling of pulmonary arteries. Although 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE] is found to be able to induce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, role of 15(S)-HETE in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) proliferation has been studied less. We sought evidence for a role of 15(S)-HETE in the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. We found that hypoxia enhances 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) expression and stimulates cultured rabbit PASMCs proliferation. 15(S)-HETE at concentration 0.1 μM stimulated proliferation of PASMCs and induced ERK 1/ERK 2 phosphorylation but had no effect on p38 kinase expression as assessed by Western blotting. 15(S)-HETE-stimulated PASMC proliferation was blocked by the MEK inhibitors PD-98059. Hypoxia (3% O(2))-stimulated PASMC proliferation was blocked by U0126, a MEK inhibitor, as well as by NDGA and CDC, inhibitors of 15-LOX, but not by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB-202190. We conclude that 15-LOX-2 and its product, 15(S)-HETE, are important intermediates in hypoxia-induced rabbit PASMC proliferation and may participate in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.     

兔血管平滑肌延迟整流钾通道研究及其与克隆Kv1.5通道的电生理特性比较

本文用膜片箝全细胞技术比较了研究了单个兔肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞上延迟整流钾通道与克隆Ｋｖ１．５通道的电生理及药理学特性。将平滑肌细胞箝制在－４０ｍＶ,以１０ｍＶ的步跨阶跃去极化（０￣６０ｍＶ）可产生一系列快速上升的外向电流,几无衰减,其激活曲线的Ｖ１／２为２７．２ｍＶ。灌流液中加入１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和ＴＥＡ １ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ４ＡＰ,电流幅度均明显减小,细胞外Ｃａ＾２＋水平由１．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ降至０．     

15-KETE对慢性缺氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞钾离子通道的作用

目的观察15-酮基二十碳四烯酸（15-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid,15-KETE）对缺氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞（pulmonary arterial smooth cells,PASMCs）膜电压门控钾离子通道的活性的影响。方法将12只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组和缺氧组,每组6只。采用急性酶分离法（胶原酶Ⅰ型和弹性酶）获得SD大鼠单个PASMCs,应用全细胞膜片钳记录方法,研究15-KETE对两组大鼠膜电位（Em）、膜电容（Cm）、电压门控钾电流（IKv）的影响。结果 （1）慢性缺氧使大鼠PASMCs的Em显著去极化（P〈0.05,n=6）,明显地抑制了大鼠PASMCs的IKv（P〈0.01,n=6）,对大鼠PASMCs的Cm无影响;（2）较高浓度的15-KETE（1×10^-7 mol/L、1×10^-6 mol/L）可使慢性缺氧大鼠PASMCs去极化;（3）15-KETE（1×10^-8 mol/L～1×10^-6 mol/L）可浓度依赖性地抑制慢性缺氧大鼠PASMCs的IKv;（4）较高浓度15-KETE（1×10^-7 mol/L、1×10^-6 mol/L）对缺氧PASMCs IKV的平均阻抑率显著高于常氧PASMCs。结论缺氧未改变15-KETE引大鼠PASMCs去极化及浓度依赖抑止IKv的特性,且缺氧可能改变了PASMCs对15-KETE的敏感性。     

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces pulmonary vascular remodeling through 15-LO/15-HETE pathway under hypoxic condition

15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) is known to play an important role in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Accumulating evidence for its down-stream participants in the vasoconstriction and remodeling processes of pulmonary arteries, while how hypoxia regulates 15-LO/15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) to mediate hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is still unknown. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important vascular regulator whose concentration increases under hypoxic condition in the lungs of both humans and mice with pulmonary hypertension. The present study was carried out to determine whether hypoxia advances the pulmonary vascular remodeling through the PDGF/15-LO/15-HETE pathway. We found that pulmonary arterial medial thickening caused by hypoxia was alleviated after a treatment of the hypoxic rats with imatinib, which was associated with down-regulations of 15-LO-2 expression and 15-HETE production. Moreover, the increases in cell proliferation and endogenous 15-HETE content by hypoxia were attenuated by the inhibitors of PDGF-β receptor in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The effects of PDGF-BB on cell proliferation and survival were weakened after the administration of 15-LO inhibitors or 15-LO RNA interference. These results suggest that hypoxia promotes PASMCs proliferation and survival, contributing to pulmonary vascular medial hypertrophy, which is likely to be mediated via the PDGF-BB/15-LO-2/15-HETE pathway.     

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: role of voltage-gated potassium channels

Activity of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels controls membrane potential, which subsequently regulates cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_cyt) in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Acute hypoxia inhibits Kv channel function in PASMCs, inducing membrane depolarization and a rise in [Ca²⁺ ]_cyt that triggers vasoconstriction. Prolonged hypoxia inhibits expression of Kv channels and reduces Kv channel currents in PASMCs. The consequent membrane depolarization raises [Ca²⁺]_cyt, thus stimulating PASMC proliferation. The present review discusses recent evidence for the involvement of Kv channels in initiation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.     

Hypoxia suppresses KV1.5 channel expression through endogenous 15-HETE in rat pulmonary artery

Hypoxia initiated pulmonary vasoconstriction is due to the inhibition of voltage-gated K(+) (K(V)) channels. But the mechanism is unclear. We have evidence that hypoxia activates 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) in distal pulmonary arteries and increases the formation of 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). 15-HETE-induced pulmonary artery constriction to be through the inhibition of K(V) channels (K(V)1.5, K(V)2.1 and K(V)3.4). However, no direct link among hypoxia, 15-HETE and inhibition of K(V) subtypes is established. Therefore, we investigated whether 15-LOX/15-HETE pathway contributes to the hypoxia-induced down-regulation of K(V) channels. As K(V)1.5 channel is O(2)-sensitive, it was chosen in the initial study. We found that inhibition of 15-LOX suppressed the response of hypoxic pulmonary artery rings to phenylephrine. The expressions of K(V)1.5 channel mRNA and protein was robustly up-regulated in cultured PASMC and pulmonary artery after blocking of 15-LOX by lipoxygenase inhibitors in hypoxia. The 15-LOX blockade also partly rescued the voltage-gated K(+) current (I(K(V))). 15-HETE contributes to the down-regulation of K(V)1.5 channel, inhibition of I(K(V)) and increase of native pulmonary artery tension after hypoxia. Hypoxia inhibits K(V)1.5 channel through 15-LOX/15-HETE pathway.