溶血磷脂酸对培养小鼠大脑皮层神经元的双重作用:抗凋亡和促凋亡

应用DNA电泳分析、HO33342和TUNEL染色法、以及部分地使用透射电镜技术,检测了不同浓度的溶血磷脂酸(1ysophosphatidic acid,LPA)对离体培养的小鼠大脑皮层神经元存活情况的影响.结果显示,低浓度的LPA(0.1～30μmol/L)对去血清培养所致的皮层神经元凋亡有浓度依赖性的保护作用,而较高浓度的LPA(＞50 μmol/L)不仅不表现这种保护作用,而且可引致培养在含血清的完全培养基中的皮层神经元出现凋亡.以上结果表明,适当浓度的LPA对凋亡的皮层神经元起着保护因子或抗凋亡因子的作用,而较高浓度的LPA则起着促凋亡因子的作用.     

乳酸对培养大鼠大脑皮层神经元缺氧/复氧损伤的影响

目的:观察不同浓度乳酸对原代培养大鼠大脑皮层神经元缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的影响及其机制。方法:原代培养大鼠大脑皮层神经元缺氧8、12、24h后在培养液中添加不同浓度乳酸(终浓度分别为0、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0mmol/L),复氧24h,以细胞存活率和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量为指标,观察不同浓度乳酸对神经元H/R损伤的影响,并以盐酸模拟乳酸解离的H 的作用,探讨乳酸对大脑皮层神经元H/R损伤影响的机制。结果:5.0mmol/L乳酸和盐酸引起常氧神经元损伤并加重神经元H/R损伤;1.0mmol/L乳酸对缺氧12h和24h神经元H/R损伤具有保护作用,相同浓度盐酸对神经元H/R损伤无影响。结论:较低浓度乳酸对神经元H/R损伤具有保护作用,其机制与H 的作用无关;较高浓度乳酸加重神经元H/R损伤,其机制可能包括H 的作用。     

氧化应激诱发大脑皮质神经元凋亡的体外实验研究

既往研究表明 ,神经细胞死亡容易坏死而较少发生凋亡 ,1994年 ,Ｒａｔａｎ等培养神经细胞发现有大量神经元发生凋亡 ,但其凋亡机制尚不清楚。本实验采用氧化应激方法作用于原代培养的新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元 ,并进行凋亡指标的检测 ,以对其凋亡机制进行探讨。1　材料与方法(1)大鼠大脑皮质神经元的原代培养　取新生 1ｄ的ＳＤ大鼠 ,在无菌条件下分离皮质 ,置于盛有Ｈａｎｋ’ｓ液 ＤＭＥＭ (1∶1)小烧杯中 ,将组织剪碎并过滤至离心管中 ,加入 0 .2 5 %胰酶 2ｍｌ消化 10ｍｉｎ ,弃去胰酶溶液 ,将ＤＭＥＭ液 胎牛血清 (4∶1)加入离心管中 ,…     

热损伤对大鼠纹状体神经元凋亡的影响

目的:探讨热损伤对原代培养的大鼠纹状体神经元凋亡的影响.方法:对原代培养的大鼠纹状体神经元进行43℃热损伤40 min后,用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(LSCM)观察神经元细胞内Ca2 浓度的变化、神经元线粒体膜电位的变化,TUNEL法检测热损伤前后纹状体神经元凋亡的变化.结果:热损伤使纹状体神经元内Ca2 浓度明显升高,线粒体膜电位明显降低(P＜0.01);热损伤后纹状体神经元凋亡增多.结论:热损伤可能通过增加细胞内钙离子浓度、降低细胞线粒体膜电位而诱发大鼠纹状体原代培养神经元凋亡.     

大脑皮层神经元NMDA受体的单通道特性

本文用膜片箝技术对机械分离培养的大鼠大脑皮层神经元胞体上的ＮＭＤＡ受体的单通道特性进行了研究,实验用细胞贴附和内面向外两种形式记录单离子通道的活动。电极液内含有ＮＭＤＡ或Ｌ－门冬氨酸时,在皮层神经元上常见电导为３５ｐＳ的离子通道。通道对Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋非选择性通透,对Ｃｌ－不通透,其平均开放时间和开放概率随超极化程度增大而降低。开放、关闭时间及ｂｕｒｓｔ时程的分布直方图均需双指数拟合。Ｍｇ２＋以电压和浓度依赖性的方式减小通道开放时间,ＡＰＶ能阻断通道活动,温度降低使通道开放时间延长及电流幅度减小。本文结果表明大脑皮层神经元上ＮＭＤＡ受体通道活动自身具有电压依赖性,因此提示ＮＭＤＡ受体通道的正常功能活动可能依赖于某些细胞内调控过程的存在。     

高同型半胱氨酸对大鼠神经元的损伤作用及其相关机制的研究

目的:研究同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)对体外培养神经元的损伤作用及其相关机制。方法:用Hcy处理体外培养的海马和皮层神经元,观察神经元的凋亡情况,以及神经元内游离钙浓度改变、DNA损伤和氧化损伤。结果:用250μmol/LHcy作用4h可使神经元凋亡率显著升高,并呈时间依赖性。甲基供体S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAM)可显著抑制Hcy引起的神经元凋亡。Hcy(250μmol/L)可使神经元内游离钙浓度显著升高;导致神经元的彗星率明显增高;使神经元内MDA的产生增多,但并不影响神经元的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。结论:高浓度Hcy可通过神经兴奋作用、DNA损伤和氧化损伤等多方面机制对神经元造成损伤作用,从而诱导神经元发生凋亡。DNA损伤在Hcy导致神经元凋亡的作用中起着关键作用。     

芝麻素抑制NMDA诱导的小鼠皮层神经元损伤

目的:研究芝麻素对NMDA所致原代培养小鼠皮层神经元损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:体外培养原代皮层神经元;免疫荧光染色鉴定细胞纯度;MTT法测定细胞存活率;Hoechst/PI双染色观察细胞凋亡的形态学变化;激光共聚焦显微镜技术观察钙成像,检测细胞内钙离子浓度变化;Western blot检测各组细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、NR2A、NR2B蛋白的表达。结果:NMDA(200μM)60分钟能使神经元细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡百分比明显增加(P0.01),芝麻素(0.1μM)能提高细胞存活率,减少细胞凋亡(P0.01)。与NMDA组相比,芝麻素能抑制钙超载;降低Bax和NR2B蛋白表达;增加和Bcl-2蛋白表达(P0.01)。结论:芝麻素具有神经保护作用,这种作用可能与抑制钙超载、下调NMDA受体亚型NR2B的表达以及调节Bcl-2家族蛋白有关。     

溶血磷脂酸对β-淀粉样蛋白片段AβP31-35所致小鼠大脑皮层离体神经元凋亡的神经保护作用

已报道低浓度溶血磷脂酸(lysophosphatidic acid,LPA)对去血清培养所致的神经元凋亡有神经保护作用.为了进一步观察LPA是否对β-amyloid peptide fragment 31-35(AβP31-35)所致的神经元凋亡也起类似的作用,本研究应用DNA电泳分析、HO33342和TUNEL染色法等技术,对培养的小鼠大脑皮层神经元进行了观察.结果显示,只有使用较低浓度的LPA(1～10μmol/L)、并且将此剂量的LPA比AβP31-35提前12～24 h加入培养液时,才可看到LPA明显削弱了AβP31-35所致的神经元凋亡.以上结果表明,适当浓度的LPA在长时间预作用的条件下,可对AβP31-35所致的皮层神经元凋亡起保护因子或抗凋亡因子的作用,但其作用途径可能较在去血清培养所致的凋亡时更为复杂,因为在去血清的同时加入LPA就能制止去血清所致的凋亡.     

异丙酚对缺氧/复氧后原代培养的海马神经元c-fos表达和神经元凋亡的影响

目的:观察异丙酚对原代培养海马神经元缺氧反应的影响.方法:培养12 d海马神经元分组测定LDH漏出率及c-fos蛋白含量和神经元凋亡率.结果:加入异丙酚后LDH漏出率、c-fos的蛋白含量和细胞凋亡率较缺氧组明显减少.结论:异丙酚组能提高体外海马神经元的缺氧耐力,减少LDH漏出率,降低c-fos蛋白过度表达和细胞凋亡率.     

NPPB对低渗诱导海马神经元凋亡的拮抗作用

目的观察体积调节性氯离子通道阻滞剂NPPB对低渗条件下神经元凋亡的影响。方法采用原代培养的大鼠海马神经元细胞,实验分为对照组(无低渗溶液处理)、低渗组、低渗加NPPB干预组;在不同时间点(10min、30min、60min),应用AnnexinⅤ/PI流式细胞检测以及免疫细胞荧光三标法(TUNEL/MAP-2/DAPI)检测各实验组神经元凋亡的情况。结果与对照组相比,神经元在低渗干预10min后凋亡细胞明显增多,60min时神经元的凋亡达到高峰(P0.01),而NPPB干预组在各时间点凋亡神经元相对低渗组明显下降(P0.01),较正常对照组增高。结论低渗条件可诱导体外培养海马神经元细胞凋亡,体积调节性氯离子通道阻滞剂NPPB可以显著降低低渗诱导的神经元凋亡,提示VRAC通道参与了低渗诱导的神经元凋亡。     

Glutamate-Treated Rat Cortical Neuronal Cultures Die in a Way Different from the Classical Apoptosis Induced by Staurosporine

The alkaloid protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine induced neuronal cell death with both the morphological and the biochemical characteristics of apoptosis. The punctate chromatin associated with apoptosis with retention of plasma membrane integrity was observed in neurons identified by colocalization of NeuN staining. Such cells had DNA fragmentation visualized byin situend-labeling which was seen as a laddered pattern upon gel electrophoresis. In contrast cells treated with glutamate did not exhibit either of these morphological or biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Instead a much smaller and more compact pyknotic structure was observed associated with smeared DNA fragmentation patterns. A confocal time-lapse study of the appearance of the morphological changes in individual nuclei after staurosporine treatment showed collapse into punctate chromatin over a period of 10 min. In contrast, the collapse into small pyknotic nuclei after glutamate treatment was at least 10 times slower. It is concluded that excitotoxicity produced by glutamate did not induce cell death by an apoptotic mechanism in cultured cortical neurons.     

Ceramide Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Mesencephalic Neurons

Abstract: The death of dopaminergic and other neurons in primary cultures of the mesencephalon could be induced by treatment with ceramide, as in lymphocytes where it mediates activation by the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β of a novel sphingomyelin-dependent signaling pathway leading to apoptosis. The morphological hallmarks of this form of cell death—bleb formation, cell body shrinkage, nuclear chromatin condensation, and fragmentation—were observed in degenerating neurons. Internucleosomal DNA degradation could also be evidenced by gel electrophoresis. The C₂ and C₆ analogues as well as native ceramide, administered in a dodecane suspension, had a similar effect, whereas the closely related C₂-dihydroceramide, which lacks the 4–5 trans double bond in the sphingosine chain, failed to induce apoptosis. Neuronal death could be delayed by serum factors, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide.     

Suramin induced ceramide accumulation leads to apoptotic cell death in dorsal root ganglion neurons

Suramin is an experimental antineoplastic agent that is currently being tested in clinical trials for a number of human cancers. In previous clinical trials, it has been noted that a significant percentage of patients treated with suramin develop a peripheral neuropathy. Both the cytotoxic (chemotherapeutic) and neurotoxic mechanisms of action of this compound are unknown. Evidence presented in this study suggests that both effects may be due to extensive disruption in glycolipid transport and/or metabolism. Suramin treated dorsal root ganglion cultures revealed an accumulation of the GM1 ganglioside and ceramide. Exposure of cultures to suramin, a cell permeable ceramide analog, or sphingomyelinase lead to apoptotic cell death demonstrated by electron microscopy, bis-benzimide staining and DNA laddering on gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, a significant increase in intracellular ceramide preceded cell death in suramin treated neurons. We propose that suramin induced ceramide accumulation within neurons leads to apoptotic cell death.     

凋亡而不出现DNA梯形带一例

用普通琼脂糖凝胶电泳UVB照射后分别培养24、36小时的NIH3T3细胞DNA,均未出现梯形带,但从细胞形态上看,大部分细胞发生凋亡并出现凋亡小体。电泳UVB照射后培养24小时的昆明小鼠胸腺细胞DNA,出现典型的凋亡梯形带。说明细胞在发生凋亡时DNA并不总是从核小体之间断裂的,不能把DNA梯形带作为判断细胞凋亡的唯一标准。     

大剂量地塞米松快速高效诱导巨噬细胞凋亡

运用透射电镜、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞术、原位末端标记法(TUNEL)染色等技术,检测了大剂量地塞米松处理小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的各种变化.结果显示,大剂量地塞米松处理的巨噬细胞发生胞体皱缩、染色质凝聚、胞质浓缩;TUNEL染色呈阳性;0.5 h后DNA凝胶电泳即呈梯状条带;流式细胞术作周期分析出现凋亡峰等明显的凋亡特征.并且随处理时间延长凋亡率升高.结果表明,大剂量地塞米松快速、高效诱导小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞凋亡.     

一种放大凋亡细胞Giemsa染色法及其在抗癌药物研究中的应用

本文介绍了一种用甲醇、冰醋酸、水处理细胞再经Giemsa染色的方法,经该方法处理后,细胞体积增大,凋亡细胞形态尤其胞核结构在普通光学显微镜下非常清晰.采用高三尖杉酯碱诱导四种不同类型肿瘤细胞凋亡,经放大细胞Giemsa染色之后,可获得清晰的不同时期凋亡细胞形态学表现及动态变化特征.进一步用琼脂糖电泳法检测四种细胞的DNA降解程度,结果表明,这种放大细胞的方法比琼脂糖电泳法更适用于形成凋亡小体之前细胞形态学特征的分析,为抗癌药物及细胞凋亡的研究提供了一种直观、准确的方法.     

Characterization of ceramide-induced apoptotic death in cerebellar granule cells in culture

Sphingomyelin signalling system has been involved in several examples of cell death through apoptosis. We have characterised the effect of exposure to the cell permeable ceramide analogue, C2-ceramide, on cultures of differentiated cerebellar granule cells. C(2)-ceramide was toxic to granule cells in a dose- and time-dependent way at concentrations higher than 10 microM. Ceramide exposure was accompanied by characteristic alterations of cell morphology, namely swollen cell bodies and punctuate appearance and arcuate direction of processes. The final outcome of ceramide exposure was a form of cell death largely apoptotic in nature. Hoechst stain, followed by counts of nuclei with normal appearance and size or with condensed chromatin and reduced size, revealed a large increase of the proportion of shrunken nuclei in treated cultures. In situ visualisation of fragmented DNA through the TUNEL technique, additionally marked cells undergoing apoptosis as a consequence of ceramide treatment. Accordingly, the DNA extracted from cultures exposed to C2-ceramide and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis showed the peculiar ladder of fragmented low molecular weight DNA. Treatments with inhibitors of two caspases or of nitric oxide synthase were unable to rescue neurons exposed to ceramide, thus suggesting a neurotoxic action not primarily dependent on activation of death proteases or on nitric oxide production.     

维甲酸诱导的人大肠癌细胞凋亡

本研究应用光镜、电镜技术、DNA凝胶电泳、流式细胞术及末端脱氧核苷酰转移酶原位标记(TUNEL法),观察全反式维甲酸ATRA诱导的人大肠癌CCL229细胞凋亡特征。RA诱导CCL229细胞凋亡,光、电镜下观察到凋亡小体形成等典型的形态学改变,琼脂糖凝胶电泳上呈现特征性的DNA ladder,DNA直方图上显示亚二倍体峰。10-8mol/L-105mol/L范围内,RA诱导CCL229细胞凋亡表现出时间和剂量依赖性。     

红车轴草提取物对胃癌BGC-823细胞凋亡的影响

探讨红车轴草(TrifoliumpratenseL)提取物对胃癌细胞株BGC-823的抑制增殖效应及诱导凋亡作用.我们采用不同浓度(50、100、250、500、1000mg/L)红车轴草提取物处理BGC-823细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测药物对细胞的抑制作用,倒置显微镜观察细胞的形态学改变;AO/EB染色,荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态;采用DNALadder观察DNA的降解;应用流式细胞仪观察细胞凋亡过程中的细胞周期的变化和细胞凋亡.结果显示在红车轴草提取物的作用下,BGC-823细胞呈凋亡改变,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳呈典型的凋亡特征.细胞凋亡的同时,细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期.实验结果表明红车轴草提取物能抑制胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖,能诱导胃癌细胞凋亡.     

胡桃楸提取液诱导Hela细胞凋亡的研究

目的：初步探讨胡桃揪提取液对Hela细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法：通过形态学观察,琼脂糖凝胶电泳及流式细胞术（FCM）检测凋亡细胞。结果：形态学观察发现核固缩、出现凋亡小体。琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见DNA ladder条带。流式细胞仪检测有凋亡峰。结论：胡桃揪提取液可诱导Hela细胞凋亡。