普通小麦与钩刺山羊草杂交F1的农艺性状及细胞遗传学的观察

为有效地利用钩刺山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｔｒｉｕｎｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｌ．）的抗白粉病基因对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）进行遗传改良,了解两者杂交后杂种Ｆ１的遗传机制是十分必要的。对Ｆ１杂种的研究表明,二价体频率高于理论值,是分别存在于钩刺山羊草Ｃ和Ｕ基因组中的小麦５Ｂ染色体上Ｐｈ基因抑制因子联合作用的结果。以尾状山羊草（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｃａｕｄａｔａ Ｌ．）Ｃ基因组特异重复序列     

一个来自硬粒小麦的抗白粉病基因的鉴定和微卫星标记

在起源于硬粒小麦(TriticumdurumDesf.accessionDR147)和尾状山羊草(AegilopscaudataL.acc.Ae14)合成的双二倍体与普通小麦品种“莱州953”杂交组合衍生的BC3F2群体中鉴定了一个抗小麦白粉病基因。遗传分析表明,该基因为一个显性单基因。应用分离群体分组法(BSA),鉴定了两个与抗病基因紧密连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm311和Xgwm382,它们与抗病基因的遗传距离分别为5.9cM和4.9cM。对双二倍体亲本硬粒小麦DR147和尾状山羊草Ae14及轮回亲本“莱州953”的DNAPCR扩增结果表明,与抗病基因相关的微卫星标记Xgwm311和Xgwm382来源于硬粒小麦DR147。根据已发表的小麦微卫星图谱和对“中国春”缺-四体系DNA扩增结果,抗病基因被定位在小麦2A染色体的长臂末端。     

从CIMMYT引进的人工合成六倍体小麦D染色体组微卫星分子标记的遗传差异

采用微卫星（SSR）分子标记技术,选用23个D染色体组特异性引的对来自CIMMYT的26份人工合成六倍体小麦D染色体组的遗传多样性进行了分析。研究发现,26份材料在D染色体组上存在丰富的等位基因变异（92个）,平均每个基因座为4个。遗传距离计算结果也显示,26份材料D染色体组之间具有较大的遗传差异,平均遗传距离高达0．4955。因此,人工合成六倍体小麦D染色体组中存在丰富的遗传多样性,可以作为拓宽普通小麦遗传基础的新的遗传变异来源。研究还发现,由同一个粗山羊草基因型与不同硬粒小麦杂交合成的人工合成六倍体小麦（如合成种17和18）在所用检测的23个基因座中有3个存在差异,说明小麦在多倍化后,供体基因组在重复序列区域会发生遗传分化。     

小麦-簇毛麦新种质山农05078的鉴定(简报)

簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum,VV,2n=14）属禾本科小麦族小麦亚族簇毛麦属,分蘖力比较强,多花,籽粒蛋白质含量高,耐旱,抗寒性好,高抗锈病、全蚀病和白粉病。硬簇麦（AABBVV,2n=42）是利用硬粒小麦和簇毛麦杂交人工合成的双二倍体,保留了簇毛麦的优良性状和特点,是进行小麦遗传改良的优良中间材料。人工合成小麦Am3（AABBDD,2n=42）是利用波斯小麦与粗山羊草杂交后染色体加倍而形成的双二倍体,但它所具有的A、B、D染色体组可能与经过多年分化的普通小麦所含的A、B、D染色体组不同,     

偏凸-柱穗山羊草双二倍体SDAU18的细胞分子遗传学鉴定

综合利用细胞学、种子贮藏蛋白电泳、基因组原位杂交（GISH）和抗性接种鉴定相结合的方法．对偏凸-柱穗山羊草双二倍体SDAU18进行了鉴定。结果表明,SDAU18的根尖细胞染色体数目变异范围为52—56．在绝大多数根尖细胞染色体数目为56的SDAU18减数分裂中期I花粉母细胞fPMCMI）内可观察到28个二价体,在部分细胞中可观察到一定频率的单价体、三价体和四价体,平均染色体构型为2n=56=3．21I＋19．78IIRing＋6．50IIRod＋0．01III＋0．04IVRing＋0．01IVRod;在SDAU18种子贮藏蛋白电泳图谱中,亲本偏凸山羊草和柱穗山羊草的多数特异带能够出现,SDAU18高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基图谱中既出现双亲的亚基谱带．也观察到新型亚基谱带：分别利用偏凸山羊草和柱穗山羊草基因组总DNA作探针．另一个亲本基因组总DNA作封阻。对SDAU18根尖细胞制片进行染色体原位杂交．在SDAU18的56条染色体中分别有14条出现绿色杂交信号：SDAU18是偏凸山羊草和柱穗山羊草的双二倍体,对小麦白粉病和条锈病均表现免疫,是一个在小麦品种遗传改良中具有重要利用价值的新型种质材料。     

一个来自硬粒小麦的抗白粉病基因的鉴定和微卫星标记

在起源于硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.accession DR147)和尾状山羊草(Aegilops caudata L.acc.Ae14)合成的双二倍体与普通小麦品种"莱州953"杂交组合衍生的BC3F2群体中鉴定了一个抗小麦白粉病基因.遗传分析表明,该基因为一个显性单基因.应用分离群体分组法(BSA),鉴定了两个与抗病基因紧密连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm311和Xgwm382,它们与抗病基因的遗传距离分别为5.9 cM和4.9 cM.对双二倍体亲本硬粒小麦DR147和尾状山羊草Ae14及轮回亲本"莱州953"的DNA PCR扩增结果表明,与抗病基因相关的微卫星标记Xgwm311和Xgwm382来源于硬粒小麦DR147.根据已发表的小麦微卫星图谱和对"中国春"缺-四体系DNA扩增结果,抗病基因被定位在小麦2A染色体的长臂末端.     

四倍体小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体抗病新种质的创制

通过四倍体小麦与粗山羊草杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了ＰＳ５－Ｙ２８７双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）。该双二倍体ＰＭＣ ＭⅠ染色体构型基本稳定,对小麦白粉病表现免疫,对条锈、叶锈和秆锈病表现良好的田间抗性。并且该种质籽粒外观品质好,是一份有利用价值的小麦种质材料。     

几个四倍体小麦-山羊草双二倍体及其部分亲本的抗小麦白粉病基因分析

用离体叶段接种方法鉴定了11个四倍体小麦一山羊草双二倍体、波斯小麦PS5、硬粒小麦DR147、5份山羊草、杂交高代材料Am9／莱州953*^2F5和(DR147／Ael4)／／莱州953*^2F4对20个具有不同毒力白粉菌株的抗谱。通过与含有已知抗病基因品种或品系的反应模式比较,推测Am9／莱州953*^2F5含有Pm4b,波斯小麦PS5含有Pm4b与一个未知抗病基因组合;(DR147／Ael4)／／莱州953*^2F4和硬粒小麦DR147含有Pm4a和一个未知抗病基因组合;尾状山羊草Ael4和小伞山羊草Y39抗所有白粉菌株,由于迄今还没有在尾状山羊草和小伞山羊草中鉴定出抗白粉病基因,推测这2份山羊草含有新的抗白粉病基因。除Am9外,在其它双二倍体中波斯小麦或硬粒小麦的抗性部分受到抑制。山羊草的抗性部分或完全量到抑制。     

利用杀配子染色体创造普通小麦-大赖草异易位系

某些山羊草染色体在普通小麦遗传背景中可引起小麦染色体发生断裂、重接从而产生染色体结构变异, 利用这一机制, 用抗赤霉病普通小麦-大赖草Lr2和Lr7染色体二体附加系与普通小麦-柱穗山羊草的2C杀配子染色体二体附加系杂交, 再用中国春回交, 采用染色体C分带技术从BC1中初筛出染色体结构发生变异的植株, 再通过染色体C分带和基因组荧光原位杂交技术, 并结合花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体配对分析, 对其自交后代作细致的细胞学分析, 选育出3个普通小麦-大赖草纯合易位系T1DS-Lr7L(98002, NAU633), T4AL·4AS-Lr7S(98004, NAU634)和T1BL-Lr2S (98048, NAU635), 以及一批尚待鉴定的含小麦与大赖草染色体易位植株. 对杀配子染色体在诱导小麦与外源染色体间易位的可行性和效率, 以及异易位系的利用价值进行了讨论.     

普通小麦三个基因组之间的遗传关系及原位杂交分析

以普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）的３个可能的二倍体供体种（乌拉尔图小麦（Ｔ．ｕｒａｒｔｕＴｈｕｍ．）拟斯卑尔脱山羊草（ＡｅｇｉｌｏｐｓｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓＴａｕｓｃｈ）和粗山羊草（Ａｅ．ｔａｕｓｃｈｉｉＣｏｓｓ．）的基因组ＤＮＡ为研究对象,通过它们之间的相互杂交,比较杂交强度以及泳道中带纹的不同,并结合部分ＤＮＡ重复序列在基因组间含量差异的数据,得出结论：Ａ＾ｕ和Ｄ基因组的关系     

Comparative characteristic of Triticum aestivum/Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum/Triticum dicoccum hybrid lines by genomic composition and resistance to fungal diseases under different environmental conditions

The genetic diversity of common wheat hybrid lines Triticum aestivum/Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum/Triticum dicoccum (2n = 42, F_6–7) using chromosome-specific microsatellite (SSR) markers and C-banding of chromosomes was studied. Cluster analysis of data obtained by 42 SSR markers indicated that the hybrid lines can be broken into three groups according to their origin. There were two cases of complete genetic similarity between lines 183₂-2/184₁-6 and 208-3/213-1, which were obtained using common wheat as the parental plants. In cross combinations, when the stabilization of the nuclear genome of hexaploid lines occurred against a background of the cytoplasmic genome of tetraploid wheats, there was a high level of divergence between sister lines, in some cases exceeding 50%. The evaluation of the degree of susceptibility of the lines to powdery mildew, leaf and stem rust, and septoria leaf blotch was performed under different environmental conditions. It was shown that resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust significantly depended on the region where assays were conducted. An evaluation of the field data showed that the lines 195-3, 196-1, and 221-1 with T. durum genetic material displayed complex resistance to fungal pathogens in Western Siberia and the Republic of Belarus. For lines 195-3 and 196-1, one shows a possible contribution of chromosomes 4B and 5B in the formation of complex resistance to diseases. Hybrid lines with complex resistance can be used to expand the genetic diversity of modern common wheat cultivars for genes of immunity.     

Leaf wax of Triticum aestivum

Leaf waxes from spring wheat varieties Selkirk and Manitou contain hydrocarbons (6%, 10%), long chain esters (14%, 13%), free acids (5%, 8%), free alcohols (19%, 21%), β-diketone (16%, 20%), hydroxy β-diketones (8%, 10%), unidentified gum (29%, 16.5%) and minor amounts of diol diesters, glycerides and aldehydes. The major hydrocarbon is nonacosane and major esters are octacosyl esters of C₁₄–C₃₂ acids but C₂₀ and C₂₂ alcohol esters of trans 2-docosenoic and tetracosenoic acids are also present (Selkirk 20%, Manitou 10% of total esters). Previously unknown trans 2-docosen-1-ol is present as an ester (Selkirk 5%, Manitou 2.5% of total esters). Free acids are C₁₄–C₃₂ acids and trans 2-docosenoic and tetracosenoic acids (Selkirk 30%, Manitou 9% of free acids). Octacosanol is the principal free alcohol. Hentriacontane-14,16-dione is the β-diketone and the hydroxy β-diketones are a 1:1 mixture of 8- and 9- hydroxyhentriacontane-14,16-diones.     

Nucleolar behaviour in Triticum

The maximum number of major nucleoli (macronucleoli) per nucleus of hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat, Aegilops speltoides and Ae. squarrosa corresponded to the number of satellited chromosomes of each species. Smaller nucleoli (micronucleoli) were rare or absent in all of these species except the hexaploid, in which they were predominantly organized on chromosome arm 5D^s. — Fewer than the maximum number of macronucleoli in a mitotic interphase nucleus resulted from fusion of developing nucleoli. Enforced proximity of nucleolus-organizing regions resulted in more frequent fusion of nucleoli. — Analyses of related interphase nuclei showed that nucleoli, and hence probably chromosomes, undergo limited movement during mitotic interphase. These observations also indicate that specific chromosomes do not occupy specific sites in the interphase nucleus.     

Molecular evidence for Triticum speltoides as a B-genome progenitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum).

In polyploid wheat, the origin of the B-genome donor has remained relatively unknown in spite of a number of investigations attempting to identify the parental species. A project was designed to isolate and clone a genome-specific DNA sequence from Triticum speltoides L. to determine if that species could be the B-genome donor. A cloning scheme involving the prescreening of 1-kb fragments followed by colony, dot blot, and Southern blot hybridization screenings was used to isolate a speltoides-specific sequence (pSp89.XI). The methods used allowed for rapid isolation of a genome-specific sequence when screened against total DNA from closely related species. Subsequent analyses showed that the sequence was barely detected in any of the other genomes of the annual Sitopsis section. The results of dot blot and Southern blot analyses established that (i) the sequence pSP89.XI, specific to T. speltoides relative to the other species of the Sitopsis section, was present in the genomes of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, (ii) the relative abundance of pSp89.XI seemed to decrease from the diploid to the polyploid wheats, and (iii) the existence of a related, but modified B genome in polyploid wheat compared with that in modern T. speltoides was probable. Key words : genome-specific, DNA.     

乌拉尔图小麦的遗传学研究进展

乌拉尔图小麦(T．urartu)是四倍体小麦和普通小麦A基因组的供体,它在普通小麦的发育和进化中起着关键的作用。本文首先介绍了该物种的发现、形态特征和在分类学上的位置,然后从遗传多样性、它与小麦属内其它种的关系、构建基因组文库和1Ay高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的研究等方面综述了乌拉尔图小麦的遗传学研究进展。为了加快普通小麦遗传学、发育和进化、新品种选育等方面的研究,本文建议今后应重点从挖掘优异基因、构建遗传图谱及分离探针和微卫星引物等方面对乌拉尔图小麦作进一步的研究。     

The Karyotype Analysis of Triticum monococcum

The comparisom of karyotypes between 10 different materials of T. monococcum and T. boeoticum was carried out using flame-drying slides prepared by smear method. Cytological observation shows that their karyotypes appear very similar and may belong to the genome A of wheat. They both are found to possess 7 pairs of chromosomes (2n=14), i.e. 5 pairs of metacentric and 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. All the No. 5 chromosomes have a satellite.     

Hybridization of Aegilops caudata with Triticum durum,Triticum aestivum and the Detection of Alien Chromatins

Aegilops caudata L. carries resistance genes against wheat diseases as well as genes of high crude protein and lysine contents, which can be useful for wheat improvement. An amphiploid of Triticum durum - Ac. caudata was synthesized and the hybridization of T. aestivum with the amphiploid Am 8 was carried out. Chromosome in situ hybridization was carried out for the PMC (pollen mother cell) of the synthesized amphiploid (AABBCC) and ( T. aestivum Beijing 837 × Am 8) F2 by using the pAeca 212 as a probe. The results showed that the 7 bivalents from C genome had hybridization signals in the amphiploid. The detection for F2(Beijing 837× Am 8) indicated that translocation, even (pure) home translocation, occurred in F2 generations spontaneously. The study showed the bright prospect in transferring alien resistance genes from C genome to wheat.     

Carbonisation and morphological changes in modern dehusked and husked Triticum dicoccum and Triticum aestivum grains

Modern Triticum dicoccum and Triticum aestivum grains, with and without glumes, were subjected to experimental carbonisation under anoxic conditions. Experimental variables were the presence or absence of glumes, temperature, exposure time and heating rate. The maximum temperature was 600°C, the time of exposure was 60 min and the heating rate between 1 and 100°C/min. Length, width, area, mass loss and reflectance of uncarbonised and carbonised grains were measured as a function of the variables. The main effects of charring are an increase in width, decrease in length and formation of protrusions. Reflectance measurements allow for the determination of the temperature at which carbonisation occurred. The occurrence of protrusions on the pericarp, longitudinal imprints in the pericarp and concave flanks are observed and discussed. The calculated shape factor 100L/W is a useful tool for distinguishing between T. dicoccum and T. aestivum grains in samples that contain at least thirty specimens, but for single grains this method is problematic.     

Some Aspects of Germination of Triticum aestivum

An examination of the germinating wheat seed has been made withthe light microscope. Although the resting seed possesses onlypro vascular strands, these mature within about 24 h. By thistime the endosperm cheeks have swollen and forced the creaseoutwards, producing a cavity adjacent to the scutellum, exposingthe epithelium to the solution of endosperm hydrolysis products.Application of a direct silver method for staining the golgiapparatus has revealed the presence of particles in the aleurone,endosperm, scutellum, and coleorhiza which appear to move towardsthe developing embryo. It is unlikely that these particles areconcerned with the transport of hydrolysed food reserves butpossible alternative roles are discussed.     

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Triticum L

The genus Triticum L. includes the major cereal crop, common or bread wheat (hexaploid Triticum aestivum L.), and other important cultivated species. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of all known wheat species and the closely related Aegilops species. This analysis was based on chloroplast matK gene comparison along with trnL intron sequences of some species. Polyploid wheat species are successfully divided only into two groups – Emmer (sections Dicoccoides and Triticum) and Timopheevii (section Timopheevii). Results reveal strictly maternal plastid inheritance of synthetic wheat amphiploids included in the study. A concordance of chloroplast origin with the definite nuclear genomes of polyploid species that were inherited at the last hybridization events was found. Our analysis suggests that there were two ancestral representatives of Aegilops speltoides Tausch that participated in the speciation of polyploid wheats with B and G genome in their genome composition. However, G genome species are younger in evolution than ones with B genome. B genome-specific PCR primers were developed for amplification of Acc-1 gene.