小麦耐盐系愈伤组织细胞的超微结构观察

对用正筛选法选出的耐１％、２％和２．５％ＮａＣｌ的小麦３个耐盐细胞系进行了详细的电镜观察。结果表明,随着耐盐程度的提高,小麦愈伤组织细胞的质体膨胀状态,数量有减少的趋势。耐低盐浓度（１％ＮａＣｌ）的细胞系线粒体结构与对照差别不大,而耐高浓度盐分的细胞系对对照有明显差异。耐盐系细胞的线粒体,粗糙型内质网及核糖体数量比对照细胞增加,高尔基体和内质网膨胀,细胞核核质凝聚,核膜膨胀,液泡发达,细胞壁的生长     

盐胁迫下不同的钙盐对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

利用Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２和ＣａＣｌ２可以提高生长在盐渍条件下小麦幼苗的耐盐能力,增加幼苗的干、鲜重。其原因是由于两种钙盐均能防止膜脂过氧化,降低质膜透性,减少细胞内营养物质外渗,阻止Ｎａ＋进入细胞。实验结果证明,在降低小麦幼苗盐害方面,Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２好于ＣａＣｌ２。讨论了两个钙盐在降低盐害机理方面的差异     

小麦耐盐细胞系耐盐性分析

通过一步筛选获得了耐盐（１．０％,ＮａＣｌ）的小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）细胞系（Ｓｒ１）,当ＳＲ１在含１．０％,ＮａＣｌ的培养基上继代半年后,钭其中的一部分移入无盐培养基代１０次,得到细胞系ＳＲ２。无论是在正常还是办迫条件下,ＳＲ１的鲜重增量／克鲜重、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白含量均高于原始型（ＳＮ）,而含水量均高于原始型（ＳＮ）,而含水量、Ｋ＾＋及可溶性糖含量却低于ＳＮ。Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾     

NaCl胁迫及外源自由基对离体小麦叶片O2^—和膜脂质过氧化的影响…

在ＮａＣｌ胁迫初期,离体小麦叶片内Ｏ２＾－含量较低,随着胁迫时间的延长,自由基产生速率逐渐增加,第４天达最高峰,以后又迅速下降,随着ＮａＣｌ办迫强度增加,叶片内Ｏ２＾－浓度升高,膜脂过氧化作用增强,膜透性增加、ＳＯＤ活性下降,外源自由基处理的叶片中自由基量增加,Ｏ２＾－产生高峰提前,膜脂过氧化作用和膜透性增加。     

NaCl、Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究

分别用浓度为２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的营养液培养小麦４ｄ,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,ＮａＣｌ的影响大于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,高浓度时,ＮａＣｌ影响小于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。     

新疆呼图壁种牛场地区13种优势植物水溶性盐分的含量特点及数量分析

通过对新疆呼图壁种牛场地区１３种耐盐植物水溶性盐分含量的分析,结果阐述了盐分分布和积累的特点：１）大部分植物在盐分含量水平上是：Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＾＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｃｌ＾－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＨＣＯ３＾－〉ＣＯ３＾２－,Ｎａ＾＋超过２００００μｇ／ｇ,Ｃａ＾２＋不足８００μｇ／ｇ;Ｃｌ＾－达４．１６％,ＣＯ３＾２－仅为０．１１％。全盐量平均为２５．８１％;２）ＣＯ３＾２－、ＨＣＯ３＾－和Ｃａ＾２     

小麦耐盐细胞系及后代耐盐稳定性的生化分析

以离体培养筛选出的耐盐小麦变异系及其后代为材料,对其耐盐稳定性进行有关生理生化特性分析。结果表明：（１）随着耐盐愈伤组织耐盐能力的提高,过氧化物同工酶酶带谱加,与对照相比,三个区域出现了明显差异;（２）从耐盐愈伤组织酯酶同工酶酶谱发现,耐盐愈伤组织具有Ｃ２,Ｃ５,Ｃ９,Ｃ１１新增加酶带;（３）耐盐系后代幼苗能维持较高的Ｋ＾＋／Ｎａ＾＋比值,在盐浓度为０．９％时,其Ｋ＾＋／Ｎａ＾＋为０．７８８,而对     

Na2SO4胁迫对四种抗盐性不同牧草膜脂过氧化和活性氧清除系统…

经过１％和２％的Ｎａ２ＳＯ４胁迫后,草原绢蒿,圆叶蒿,苇状羊茅和鸭茅４种牧草的膜脂过氧化程度和质膜的透性都增加,但抗盐性较强的草原绢蒿和苇状羊茅的膜脂过氧化程度及质膜透性分别低于同科中抗盐性较差的圆叶蒿和鸭茅。随着Ｎａ２ＳＯ４胁迫浓度的增加,两种禾本科牧草的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）的活性逐渐升高,两种菊科牧草的ＳＯＤ及ＣＡＴ的活性却逐渐下降,但禾本科中抗盐性较强的苇状羊茅的Ｓ     

盐度和CO2倍增环境下碱蓬幼苗呼吸酶活性的变化

研究了生长在正常大气ＣＯ２和ＣＯ２倍增环境中的盐生植物碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ）幼苗呼吸酶活性对ＫＣｌ和ＮａＣｌ的反应．结果表明,在ＣＯ２倍增（７００μｌ·Ｌ－１）和正常大气ＣＯ２（３５０μｌ·Ｌ－１）下,３００ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＫＣｌ和ＮａＣｌ均能抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）和苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）活性,而异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ＩＤＨ）活性为ＮａＣｌ抑制、ＫＣｌ促进;ＮａＣｌ和ＫＣｌ明显抑制细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＯ）和光呼吸中乙醇酸氧化酶（ＧＯ）、羟基丙酮酸还原酶（ＨＰＲ）活性;并指出在ＫＣｌ胁迫下,ＣＯ２使三羧酸循环（ＴＣＡＣ）的运行变慢,ＮａＣｌ胁迫下使其加快,ＴＣＡＣ运行限速步骤与ＭＤＨ无关,ＣＯ为盐对呼吸代谢影响的重要位点．另外,Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋对蛋白表达的影响有差异,ＣＯ２可使盐胁迫下的碱蓬幼苗蛋白表达降低．     

小麦与高冰草（长穗偃麦草）体细胞杂种株系与其亲本幼苗抗盐 …

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ处理高冰草、小麦、小麦和高冰草体细胞杂种Ｆ３代Ⅲ－１、Ⅱ－２的幼苗,５ｄ后观察其形态,计算耐盐系数,测定生长量脯按酸含量,Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｃａ＾＋等生理指标。结果表明,高冰草具有典型耐盐单子叶植物的特征,。亲本小麦属非生植物,抗盐能力较弱,当ＮａＣｌ浓度达０．５％时已有盐害影响,超过后迅速加重甚至死亡,而杂 受害的盐度比小麦高。１．０％以上ＮａＣｌ浓度达０．５％时已有盐害影     

等渗Ca（NO3）2和NaCl胁迫对黄瓜砧用南瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以黄瓜砧用黑籽南瓜和白籽南瓜幼苗为材料,通过营养液栽培研究了等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫对南瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,不同盐胁迫下两砧木幼苗生长和抗氧化系统活性均受到不同程度抑制;与黑籽南瓜相比,白籽南瓜‘青砧1号’植株的生物量和SOD、POD和CAT活性均较高,而盐害指数、膜相对透性、MDA含量及O2.-产生速率则明显降低。等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl对两砧木南瓜幼苗的盐胁迫效应不同,Ca(NO3)2胁迫对砧木生长的抑制作用及盐害指数、膜相对透性、MDA含量、O2.-产生速率均小于等渗的NaCl处理,而其SOD、POD、CAT活性高于NaCl处理。可见,白籽南瓜‘青砧1号’具有较强的生长势和有效清除体内活性氧能力,有效降低膜质过氧化伤害程度,这是其耐盐性高于黑籽南瓜的重要原因;Ca(NO3)2处理使两砧木幼苗细胞受氧化损伤程度较轻,对植株生长的抑制程度明显低于等渗的NaCl。     

NaCl胁迫对西瓜嫁接苗叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合特性的影响

以耐盐性较强的葫芦品种‘超丰抗生王’为砧木,耐盐性较弱的西瓜品种‘秀丽’为接穗,采用营养液水培法,研究了NaCl胁迫对西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗保护酶活性、膜质过氧化及光合特性的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,嫁接苗和自根苗生物量显著下降,但嫁接苗下降幅度小于自根苗;NaCl胁迫抑制了西瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的气体交换参数,但是嫁接苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及叶绿素含量显著高于自根苗;NaCl胁迫下西瓜嫁接苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著高于自根苗,丙二醛含量较自根苗低。上述结果表明,NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗通过维持较高的抗氧化酶活性来提高清除活性氧(ROS)的能力,从而降低氧化损伤,并保持较高光合速率,从而增强西瓜幼苗对盐胁迫的耐性。     

Correlation Between Lipid Preoxidation Damage and Ultrastructural Changes of Mesophyll Cells in Barley and Wheat Seedlings During Salt Stress

The correlation among lipid preoxidation, destruction of membrane system and ultrastruc- tural changes of mesophyll cells during salt stress was studied with the NaCl-resistant barley (Jian No. 4) and NaCl-sensitive wheat (Ning Mai No. 4) seedlings. During initial period of salt stress, mesophyll cells was able to maintain higher SOD activity, less lipid preoxidation and approximately integral membrane system; with the increasing intensity of salt stress, SOD activity lowered, MDA content increased obviously, electrolytes and UV-absorbed substances in cells leaked, cell organelles were destroyed severely, and even whole cell structure was ruined. The barley was able to maintain more intact cell structure and less damage of membrane system than the wheat did. These results indicated that changes of ultrastructure of mesophyll cells were consistent with disorder and damage of their membrane systems, and the damage of membrane system might be as a result of the increase of membrane lipid preoxidation.     

内生细菌对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗脯氨酸和丙二醛的影响

以周麦18为试验材料,以内生菌252和254为供试菌株,试验采用盆栽法设置盐胁迫组、盐胁迫接菌组和对照组,研究不同盐浓度胁迫下接菌处理对小麦幼苗脯氨酸(Pro,proline)和丙二醛(MDA,malondialdehyde)含量的影响。结果表明:小麦幼苗在盐胁迫环境下,随着培养时间和盐浓度增加,盐胁迫组Pro含量先升后降。在前中期,盐胁迫组小麦Pro含量逐渐积累,提高了小麦抗逆性;在后期Pro含量较中期有一定程度下降,小麦逐渐对盐环境产生适应性。随着盐浓度升高,盐胁迫组小麦在不同培养阶段对盐环境的抵抗能力不同,每个时期对盐抵抗能力有一阈值,超过此盐浓度Pro含量下降,抵抗能力减弱。接菌处理后,小麦Pro含量升高,提高了抗盐胁迫能力,第14天时修复效果最明显,接菌252处理组和254处理组分别在盐浓度为200 mmol/L和250 mmol/L时高出盐胁迫组133.48%和91.48%。盐胁迫组MDA含量随时间延长先降后升,与Pro含量变化趋势相反。在前中期,盐胁迫组小麦膜质过氧化程度不高,对小麦正常代谢活动尚未造成严重影响,在后期MDA含量升高,盐胁迫组小麦逐渐枯萎。接菌后,降低了幼苗细胞膜脂化程度,提高了小麦存活率,促进幼苗生长,MDA含量在21 d时均低于盐胁迫组,修复效果显著。     

盐胁迫对4个水稻种质抗逆性生理的影响

为筛选水稻(Oryza sativa)耐盐种质资源,研究了水稻耐盐相关生理指标。结果表明,盐胁迫下,耐盐种质Pokkali、Fl478、JX99的电导率较低,细胞膜透性较小,叶片叶绿素含量较高,受盐害程度较弱。盐胁迫促进了丙二醛的大量积累,加剧了细胞膜脂过氧化程度,而耐盐种质的丙二醛积累较少,但高盐胁迫下3个耐盐种质的丙二醛含量升高,破坏了细胞膜的完整性。感盐种质R29的临界饱和亏的增幅较大,耐盐种质相对含水量降幅小。应用模糊隶属函数法综合评价,4个水稻种质的耐盐性依次为JX99PokkaliFL478IR29。     

外源海藻糖对小麦幼苗耐盐性的影响

以盐敏感小麦品种鲁麦15为材料,分别用完全Hoagland营养液、150mmol／L NaCl和150mmol／L NaCl 10mmol／L海藻糖处理小麦幼苗,测定小麦幼苗生长、离子含量、根系质膜H^ -ATPase、SOD活性、MDA含量等指标,旨在探讨外源海藻糖在抗盐性中的作用。结果表明：外源海藻糖可明显缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用;明显提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片中K^ 的含量,降低Na^ 的含量,降低其Na^ ／K^ ;提高NaCl胁迫条件下小麦幼苗SOD活性,降低MDA的含量,降低细胞质膜透性,缓解根系质膜H^ -ATPase活性抑制。以上结果表叫外源海藻糖可能通过增加活性氧清除能力、缓解质膜伤害、维持胞质离子稳态提高植物抗盐性。     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下水稻叶绿体活性氧清除系统的影响

研究了外源GSH对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的水稻品种Pokkali(耐盐)和Peta(盐敏感)叶绿体中抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫下,外源GSH可以提高水稻叶绿体中活性氧清除系统中SOD、APX、GR的活性以及AsA、GSH的含量,降低叶绿体中H2O2和MDA的含量,从而降低了叶绿体膜脂过氧化的水平,缓解盐胁迫对叶绿体膜的伤害.外源GSH对盐胁迫下盐敏感品种Peta叶绿体中上述指标增加或减少的幅度大于耐盐品种Pokkali.     

The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaf of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt‐tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii

The possible involvement of the antioxidative system in the tolerance to salt stress was studied in the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. M82 (M82) and its wild salt‐tolerant relative L. pennellii (Corn) D'Arcy accession Atico (Lpa). All analyses, except that of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), were performed of the youngest fully‐expanded leaf of control and salt (100 m M NaCl) stressed plants, 4, 7, 10, 14, 18 and 22 days after completing the stress treatment. In Lpa, constitutive level of lipid peroxidation and activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were lower while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were inherently higher than in M82. Relative to M82, lipid peroxidation was much lower and the activities of SOD, CAT and APX were higher in Lpa at 100 m M NaCl. The activity of DHAR decreased more in Lpa than in M82 under salt stress, and the activity of MDHAR, which was lower in Lpa than in M82 under control conditions, increased much more and to a higher level in salt‐treated Lpa plants. GR activity decreased similarly in the two species under salt stress. The results of these analyses suggest that the wild salt‐tolerant Lpa plants are better protected against active oxygen species (AOS), inherently and under salt stress, than the relatively sensitive plants of the cultivated species.     

Antioxidant enzymes and physiological characteristics in two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars under salt stress

The effects of NaCl stress on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, cell membrane stability, net photosynthetic rate, gas-exchange, and chlorophyll content were investigated in two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars, Dafeng (salt-tolerant) and Wuxi (salt-sensitive), grown under control (nutrient solution) or salt stress (nutrient solution containing 75, 150, and 225 mM NaCl) conditions for 7 days. In leaves of salt-tolerant cv. Dafeng, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activities significantly increased as compared to the controls, whereas no significant change was observed in cv. Wuxi. Lipid peroxidation and cell membrane injury were enhanced in both cultivars. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance decreased in response to salt stress, but cv. Dafeng showed a smaller reduction in photosynthesis than cv. Wuxi. The results indicated that stomatal aperture limited leaf photosynthetic capacity in the NaCl-treated plants of both cultivars. However, significant reduction in the leaf chlorophyll content due to NaCl stress was observed only in cv. Wuxi. These results suggested that salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke varieties may have a better protection against reactive oxygen species, at least in part, by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes under salt stress.