高浓度钾抑制杜氏盐藻生长的生理机制

在含１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ的杜氏盐藻（Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌａｓａｌｉｎａ（Ｄｕｎａｌ）Ｔｅｏｄ．）培养液中加入５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ以上的ＫＣｌ可观察到Ｋ＋对杜氏盐藻生长有明显的抑制作用,而当ＫＣｌ达１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,杜氏盐藻的生长被完全抑制。另一方面,当培养液中缺乏Ｋ＋时,杜氏盐藻的生长也被显著抑制。在正常培养条件下,伴随着杜氏盐藻的生长,培养液的ｐＨ由８左右升高至１０左右,而高浓度Ｋ＋则显著抑制杜氏盐藻培养液ｐＨ的升高;而在培养液ｐＨ为７．０至１０．０的范围内,不同ｐＨ对杜氏盐藻的生长无明显影响。将杜氏盐藻在高浓度Ｋ＋条件下预处理１２ｈ以上,杜氏盐藻的光合放氧速率显著下降,光合速率下降的程度与Ｋ＋浓度的高低和预处理的时间长短呈正相关。高浓度Ｋ＋处理也引起杜氏盐藻叶绿素含量的显著下降。对经高浓度Ｋ＋预处理的杜氏盐藻的光合放氧速率与培养液中ｐＨ变化同时进行测定的结果表明,Ｋ＋抑制杜氏盐藻光合速率的同时也显著抑制了光照条件引起的培养液ｐＨ的上升。实验结果表明,Ｋ＋抑制杜氏盐藻光合作用以及抑制杜氏盐藻生长与Ｋ＋影响跨盐藻质膜的质子运输之间可能存在一定关系。     

高CO_2浓度对大豆不同叶位叶片叶绿体淀粉粒积累的效应

对高CO_2浓度下生长的大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)不同叶位的叶片进行了电镜观察,揭示出大豆不同叶位叶片的叶绿体对倍增的CO_2浓度反应不一。其显著的超微结构差异特征是:1.叶位居中的叶片叶绿体积累的淀粉粒不仅很大,而且最多,有的叶绿体中的淀粉粒可达20个,几乎充满着叶绿体的基质空间。2.下位叶叶绿体的淀粉粒积累较多,通常为2～5个;3.上位叶叶绿体所含淀粉粒既小又少,虽然有的叶绿体中也积累有3～4个淀粉粒,但大多数叶绿体中所含淀粉粒仅有1～2个。以上结果联系到大豆中位叶的光合作用速率较高及对籽粒产量起作用最大来讨论是很有意义的。     

丁草胺对杜氏盐藻生理生化的影响

采用室内模拟培养试验方法,研究了酰胺类除草剂丁草胺对杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长和生理生化的影响。结果表明,低浓度的丁草胺对杜氏盐藻生长速率有促进作用,而高浓度的丁草胺对杜氏盐藻生长速率有显著的抑制作用,且随着浓度的加大,杜氏盐藻生长速率逐渐降低。丁草胺对杜氏盐藻藻细胞的光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等也有影响。     

高CO2浓度对大平不同叶位叶片叶绿体淀粉粒积累的效应

对高ＣＯ２浓度下生长的大豆不同叶位的叶片进行电镜观察,揭示出大豆不同叶位叶片的叶绿体对倍增的ＣＯ２浓度反应不一。其显的超微结构差异特征是：１．叶位居中的叶片叶绿体积累的淀粉粒不仅很大,而且最多,有的叶绿体中的分粒可达２０个,几种充满着叶绿体的基质空间。２．下位叶叶绿体的淀粉粒积累较多,通常为２￣５个;３．上位叶叶绿体所含淀粉粒既小又少,虽然有的叶绿体中也积累有３￣４个淀粉粒,但大多叶绿体中所含淀     

杜氏盐藻促生菌株的分离与鉴定

拟通过探究藻际微生物对微藻生长及代谢产物积累的影响,筛选出促进微藻生长的促生菌株。以杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)Ds-SXYC-2为试材,分离鉴定盐藻藻际环境中的共生菌株,进一步构建藻菌(1∶1)共培养体系、测试盐藻生长及代谢产物积累等表型。结果显示,从杜氏盐藻藻际环境分离获得5株共生菌株,经16S rDNA分子鉴定,属于3个菌属。菌株B1与B2为涅斯捷连科氏菌(Nesterenkonia),菌株B3与B4为盐单胞菌(Halomonas),菌株B5为海杆菌(Marinobacter)。5株共生菌株对杜氏盐藻的生长均有促进作用,菌株B3能显著促进杜氏盐藻生长及代谢产物的积累。共培养15 d后,杜氏盐藻生物量达到2.3 g/L,比对照组增加了28.9%,叶绿素a的含量达到4.61 mg/L,比对照组增加了36.3%,β-胡萝卜素比对照组提高了56.4%。盐藻多糖、蛋白质、总脂含量分别比对照组增加了34.8%、71.2%和37.6%。菌株B3盐单胞菌可以作为促进杜氏盐藻生长及代谢产物累积的优势菌株,进一步构建共培养体系可应用于杜氏盐藻的商业生产。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和壬基酚联合暴露对杜氏盐藻生长的影响

为了探讨环境激素类物质邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)和壬基酚(NP)对海洋微藻的联合毒性效应,选取杜氏盐藻(Dunaliella salina)为受试生物,以环境激素对杜氏盐藻单一暴露的96h EC₅₀的毒性效应作为一个毒性单位(IU),采用毒性单位法比较研究了DEP和NP单一暴露以及两者以三种不同混合比例(毒性单位比:1:1、1:4和4:1)暴露对杜氏盐藻的细胞生长、叶绿体色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性以及最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)的影响.实验结果表明:DEP和NP单一暴露对杜氏盐藻的96h EC₅₀分别为69.54 mg/L和1.47 mg/L,两种环境激素对杜氏盐藻均有抑制作用,且NP较DEP对杜氏盐藻的毒性更强.DEP和NP联合暴露较单一暴露对杜氏盐藻的细胞生长、叶绿体色素和可溶性蛋白的合成有较强的抑制作用,两种环境激素在毒性单位比为1:1、1:4、4:1三个比例水平上的联合毒性效应均表现为协同效应,其中比例为1:1的协同效应最强.     

不同激光辐照对盐生杜氏藻生长及β-胡萝卜素累积的影响研究

用YAG、LD和Ar 三种不同激光辐照处理盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)细胞,通过对辐照前后盐生杜氏藻的生长速率和色素含量进行测定比较,研究不同激光处理对盐生杜氏藻的生理刺激效果。实验结果表明:当YAG激光辐照剂量超过1min时,对盐生杜氏藻细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用,并抑制其胡萝卜素的合成;LD激光在辐照剂量为3min~5min能促进细胞增殖,其中5min剂量的处理组,生长速率较对照组提高190%,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量,分别提高27.2%和24.4%;Ar 激光在辐照剂量为5min~30min范围内能促进类胡萝卜素的积累,与对照组相比,分别提高18.5%~130.9%,但在这剂量范围内,Ar 激光抑制其生长,同时对不同激光辐照对盐生杜氏藻所产生的生物学效应机理进行了初步探讨。     

杜氏盐藻完整叶绿体的分离及其蛋白提取

应用高压破碎及蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法,分离出杜氏盐藻的完整叶绿体,随后用冻融法和研磨法分别提取叶绿体蛋白,并通过蛋白定量和SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳对两种蛋白提取方法进行比较,确立了一套适用于杜氏盐藻叶绿体分离和蛋白提取、定量以及电泳的方法.结果表明:用高压破碎结合蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法能够获得完整且较纯的盐藻细胞叶绿体;SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果显示,冻融法提取叶绿体蛋白效率高,电泳条带清晰,蛋白数量较多,蛋白齐全.为下一步在亚细胞水平进行杜氏盐藻耐盐机制的蛋白组学研究奠定了基础.     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及其交互作用对大豆叶绿体超微结构的影响

应用透射电镜观察了模拟大气CO2和O3浓度倍增及其交互作用(开顶箱法)对大豆叶肉细胞叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度倍增促进了大豆叶绿体的发育,内含淀粉粒积累明显增多、体积增大;叶绿体被膜保持完好;叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐,而O3浓度倍增抑制了叶绿体内淀粉粒的累积,并导致叶绿体被膜破碎,片层解体,严重地破坏了叶绿体的结构和功能CO2和O3浓度倍增的交互作用对叶绿体超微结构有不同程度的破坏,但二者浓度呈梯度增加对叶绿体的损害作用要大于二者浓度持续倍增对叶绿体的影响,进一步表明CO2正效应对O3负效应的补偿作用。     

CO2浓度倍增对谷子和紫花苜蓿叶绿体超微结构的效应

电镜观察结果表明,不同种类植物生长在相同倍增的高ＣＯ２ 浓度条件下,其叶绿体超微结构彼此呈现出明显的差异． 最醒目的特征是淀粉粒的积累比对照的增加很多;类囊体膜系发生异变． 总体上,（１）淀粉粒,Ｃ４ 植物谷子（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａ ｉｔａｌｉｃａ）叶绿体比Ｃ３ 植物紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ）积累的更多． （２）淀粉粒较小且较少时,紫花苜蓿叶绿体基粒类囊体膜增多,与基质类囊体膜相间排列有序;谷子叶绿体的基粒垛及基粒类囊体膜数均增多,但基粒变小,基质类囊体膜变长,且有些膜出现膨胀甚至破损． （３）淀粉粒较大且积累过多时,紫花苜蓿叶绿体中尚可隐约见到由４～８ 个类囊体膜组成的短小基粒零星分布于淀粉粒间;谷子叶绿体中几乎找不到可辨认的基粒和基质类囊体膜     

ABA 对黑黄檀种子萌发的抑制作用以及其他植物激素对ABA 的拮抗作用

以云南特有濒危树种黑黄檀( Dalbergia fusca) 的种子为材料, 研究了脱落酸(ABA) 对种子萌发的抑制作用, 以及种子萌发过程中吲哚乙酸( IAA) 、赤霉酸(GA3 )、6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA) 和乙烯利对ABA的拮抗作用。黑黄檀种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃。交替光照(14 h 光照和10 h 黑暗) 以及黑暗对种子萌发没有明显的影响。0 . 001～0 . 1 mmol/L ABA 不影响种子的萌发率, 但降低种子的萌发进程; 1 mmol􊄯L 和2 . 5mmo􊄯l L ABA 显著地抑制种子的萌发率和萌发进程。种子的萌发率不被0 . 0001 ～ 1 mmo􊄯l L IAA 和GA3 、0 . 0001～0 . 1 mmol/L 6-BA、以及0 . 001～10 mmol/L 乙烯利( 乙烯供体) 的影响,但被1 mmol􊄯L 6-BA 抑制。1mmol/L ABA 对种子萌发的抑制作用能被0 . 01～1 mmol/L IAA、0 . 01～1 mmol/L GA3 、0 . 001～0 .1 mmol/L 6-BA 和0 . 1～10 mmol􊄯L 乙烯利所拮抗, 而且这种拮抗作用与植物激素的类型和浓度有关。0. 01 mmol/L 6-BA 和0 . 1 mmol/L 乙烯利对1mmol/L ABA 抑制作用的拮抗不能被添加0 . 001 mmol/L IAA 或者0 .001 mmol/L GA3 加成。但0 . 1mmol/L 乙烯利对1 mmol/L ABA 抑制作用的拮抗能够被添加0 . 01 mmol/L 6-BA 或者0 .1 mmol/L 6-BA 加成, 导致更高的萌发率和幼苗生长。     

Methylxanthines as inducers of pectin lyase in Penicillium griseoroseum cultured on sucrose

Pectin lyase (PL) from Penicillium griseoroseum can be induced by xanthine, theobromine, theophylline and especially by caffeine and hypoxanthine (5 mmol l⁻¹ with 0·01% yeast extract (YE)). For caffeine and hypoxanthine, PL activity was, respectively, 5·2 and 3·7 times higher than with YE alone. The simultaneous addition of caffeine or hypoxanthine (5 mmol l⁻¹) and YE (0·1%) had a synergistic effect on PL activity as compared to the addition of these substances alone (0·2% YE; 10 mmol l⁻¹ caffeine; 10 mmol l⁻¹ hypoxanthine). Increasing caffeine concentrations (0–10 mmol l⁻¹) for a constant YE content of 0·01%, resulted in an increase in PL activity and a decrease in mycelial mass. For a constant caffeine concentration (5 mmol l⁻¹) and increasing YE contents (0–0·2%), a higher PL activity and mycelial mass were detected. The addition of caffeine (10 mmol l⁻¹) at the beginning of incubation increased PL activity and decreased mycelial mass, while caffeine added after 12 and 24 h resulted in decreases in PL activity and increases in mycelial mass. The results presented here indicate that methylxanthines, especially caffeine, can induce PL in P. griseoroseum .     

Optimization of the cryopreservation of African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) sperm

Cryopreservation of testicular sperm in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was tested using three penetrating cryoprotectants (DMSO, methanol, and glycerol) and three semen diluents (300 mmol/L glucose, 300 mmol/L sucrose, and a motility inhibiting saline [MIS] solution [150 mmol/L NaCl, 3 mmol/L KCL, 1 mmol/L Mg₂SO₄, 1 mmol/L CaCl₂, and 20 mmol/L Tris, pH 8.0]). Three freezing rates and four thawing rates were also tested, and the best freezing/thawing conditions have been determined. The responses of sperm motility, viability, and fertility were assessed. Incubation of the sperm macerates with penetrating cryoprotectants showed that DMSO was the least toxic and methanol the most toxic. Semen in cryodiluents frozen 10 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (freezing rate of 20 to 25 °C/min) and thawed at room temperature for 40 sec had significantly higher percentages of motile and viable sperm than that of semen frozen 5 cm or 8 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen and thawed at 5, 25, or 30 °C for 10, 15, or 60 sec, respectively. Sperm frozen in MIS containing 5% DMSO had a higher hatching rate than that of sperm frozen in sucrose and glucose diluents containing 5% or 10% DMSO and in MIS containing 10% DMSO. Addition of 73 mmol/L sucrose to the sperm extender MIS + 5% DMSO could improve the postthaw sperm motility and fertility. In conclusion, dilution of collected sperm in MIS solution (to have a final concentration of 6.5 × 10⁶ to 8 × 10⁶/mL) containing 5% DMSO and 73 mmol/L sucrose, freezing in a vapor of liquid nitrogen at 10 cm above the surface, and thawing at room temperature for 40 sec was the best cryopreservation protocol. This protocol gave 70% hatching rate, 80% motility rate, and 75% viability rate of fresh hormonally induced sperm.     

Reduced de novo synthesis of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and reduced taurine levels in ethanol-treated chick brains

In previous studies, exogenous ethanol (3 mmol EtOH/kg egg) caused a 1.6-fold increase in chick brain homocysteine (HoCys) levels at 11 days of development and the mixture of 3 mmol EtOH/kg egg and 34 μmol folic acid/kg egg attenuated EtOH-induced increases in chick brain HoCys levels. Because HoCys is converted to methionine utilizing the methyl donor, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl THF), we studied whether exogenous ethanol (3 mmol EtOH/kg egg) or the mixture of 3 mmol EtOH/kg egg and 34 μmol 5-methyl THF/kg egg inhibited chick brain 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (10-FTHF DH; EC 1.5.1.6) activities and brain N⁵, N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; EC 1.5.1.20) activities at 11 days of development. Three daily dosages of 3 mmol EtOH/kg egg (E_0–2) caused approximately a 7-fold reduction in brain 10-FTHF DH activities and approximately a 1.9-fold reduction in brain MTHFR activities as compared to controls at 11 days of development (p ≤ 0.05). Because HoCys is also removed by the transsulfuration pathway, which synthesizes taurine, we studied whether exogenous ethanol (3 mmol EtOH/kg egg) or the mixture of 3 mmol EtOH/kg egg and 34 μmol 5-methyl THF/kg egg influenced chick brain taurine levels. In EtOH-treated and EtOH and 5-methyl THF-treated embryos, brain taurine levels decreased by approximately 5.5-fold and 6.2-fold as compared to controls, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Exogenous 5-methyl THF failed to attenuate EtOH-induced decreased brain taurine levels at 11 days of development.     

胞外镁离子对SD成年大鼠心肌细胞胞内钙信号的影响

目的：研究胞外不同浓度的镁离子对SD成年大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变的影响。方法：采用激光共聚焦显微镜系统同步配合阈上电刺激探测心肌细胞钙瞬变。结果：胞外低浓度的镁离子（0 mmol /L,0.5 mmol /L; 正常镁离子浓度为1 mmol/L）可以升高钙瞬变的峰值（P〈0.05）,但不影响钙瞬变的持续时间（以钙瞬变的半高宽表示）（P〉0.05）;胞外高浓度的镁离子（2.5 mmol /L,5 mmol /L,10 mmol /L）均可抑制钙瞬变的峰值（P〈0.05）;其中5 mmol/L和10 mmol/L的胞外镁还能延长钙瞬变的持续时间（P〈0.05）。结论：正常情况下镁对心肌细胞钙瞬变有抑制作用。     

Influence of incubation temperature and time on resistant starch type III formation from autoclaved and acid-hydrolysed cassava starch

Raw cassava starch, having 74.94 and 0.44 g/100 g resistant starch type II and III (RS II and RS III), respectively, was autoclaved at 121 °C in water, 1, 10 or 100 mmol/L lactic acid. The formation of RS III was evaluated in relation to variable incubation temperature (−20 to 100 °C), incubation time (6–48 h) and autoclaving time (15–90 min). Negligible to low quantities of RS III (0.59–2.42 g/100 g) were formed from autoclaved starch suspended in 100 mmol/L lactic acid, whereas intermediate to high quantities (2.68–9.97 g/100 g) were formed from autoclaved starch suspended in water, 1 or 10 mmol/L lactic acid, except for treatments with water or 10 mmol/L lactic acid incubated at 100 °C for 6 h (1.74 g/100 g). Autoclaving times corresponding to maximum RS III contents were 15 and 45 min for water and 10 mmol/L lactic acid, respectively. Whereas, the RS III fractions from cassava starch suspended in water had melt transitions between 158 and 175 °C with low endothermic enthalpies (0.2–1.6 J/g), the thermal transitions of the acid treated samples were indistinct.     

设施调温模式下叶施低浓度NaCl对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

为了明确设施调温模式下叶施低浓度NaCl对黄瓜幼苗生长和物质积累的影响,本试验在日光温室内加设地膜小棚进行调温,形成中低温(L)区和中高温(H)区,采用0(L0和H0)、5(L5和H5)、10(L10和H10)、15 mmol-L-l(L15和H15)的NaCl 对2子叶1 心期的黄瓜幼苗进行连续21 d的叶面喷洒处理...     

Organic and inorganic nitrogen source effects on the metabolism of Clostridium acetobytulicum

Summary The effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen combinations on cell growth, solvent production and nitrogen utilization by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was studied in batch fermentations. Fermentations in media with 10 mM glutamic acid, as the organic nitrogen source, and 0 mM to 10 mM ammonium chloride, as the inorganic nitrogen source had a solvent yield of 0.8 to 1.08 mmol solvent/mmol glucose used, with a slow fermentation rate (2 mmol solvent/l h^-1). When media contained 20 mM or 30 mM glutamic acid as well as 2.5 to 7.5 mM ammonium chloride the fermentation rate increased (5.5 mmol/l h^-1) while the solvent yield remained constant (0.86 to 0.96 mmol solvent/mmol glucose used). Total solvent production was higher in media containing 20 mM or 30 mM glutamic acid than with 10 mM glutamic acid.     

无机磷影响叠氮钠对ATP合成酶合成活性的抑制

利用ADP和放射性磷直接合成ATP的方法,研究了无机磷(P_i)和叠氮钠对猪心线粒体ATP合成酶（F₁F_O-ATPase）ATP合成活性的影响.结果发现无机磷除作为合成ATP的底物参与F₁F_O-ATPase的合成反应外,还对F₁F_O-ATPase的合成活性呈现抑制作用,在1 mmol/L ADP存在时,随着P_i浓度由0.01～10 mmol/L增加,抑制合成作用越来越强.与叠氮钠在低浓度时(小于1 mmol/L)只抑制ATP水解,不影响ATP合成的观点不同.实验结果显示0.1 mmol/L叠氮钠表观激活F₁F_O-ATPase的ATP合成活性,且激活程度与反应体系中所加P_i的浓度呈负相关.当固定P_i浓度（0.1 mmol/L）后,随着叠氮钠浓度的增加表观激活程度也在变化,叠氮钠与磷浓度相等时表观激活程度最大,直至叠氮钠浓度接近0.5 mmol/L时,开始呈现表观抑制现象,叠氮钠浓度高于1 mmol/L之后,就出现解偶联现象.     

Proabsorptive effect of glycerol as a glucose substitute in oral rehydration solutions

We hypothesized that glycerol, a readily diffusable hydrophilic substance, may effectively substitute for glucose and enhance intestinal water and sodium absorption in an oral rehydration solution (ORS). This was evaluated using a low osmolality (230-240 mOsm/kg) ORS containing 75 mmol/L sodium and a combination of glucose:glycerol (in mmol/L) 75:0, 50:25; 37.5:37.5, 25:50, 10:65, or 0:75 during 3-hour long in vivo rat jejunal perfusions. Water, sodium, potassium, glucose and glycerol absorption, and unidirectional fluid movement (J(in), J(eff)) were determined. Sodium and net water absorptions were maximal at glucose:glycerol ratios between 37.5:37.5 and 10:65 mmol/L. In the absence of glucose (0:75), absorption of water and electrolytes was lower than at any other concentration. The greater net rehydration seemed to be due to a higher J(in) as glycerol was increased up to 65 mmol/L. Potassium absorption followed a similar pattern. With 50 mmol/L glycerol and 25 mmol/L glucose, there was a marked expansion of the lamina propria extracellular space and increased intercellular expansion between enterocytes. These results indicate that glycerol may be an effective partial substitute for glucose in ready-to-use ORS by producing an improved rate of water and electrolyte absorption.