固氮酶锰铁蛋白的晶体生长

从以Mn代钼的固氮培养基中固氮生长的固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann）突变种UW3中分离纯化的MnFe蛋白,在一定的结晶条件下,可从溶液中析出深棕色的短斜四棱柱晶体。Tris和Hepes缓冲液、NaCl、MgCl2和PEG的浓度及结晶方法等,对该蛋白的出晶率、晶核数目、晶体大小和质量均有明显的影响,PEG浓度的改变还可使该蛋白晶体的晶型发生变化。MnFe蛋白结晶所需的上述化合物的最适浓度与缺失nifZ固氮菌突变种△nifZ MoFe需的最适浓度有所不同。ＳＤＳ凝胶电泳表明,晶体溶解的蛋白与结晶前的MnFe蛋白基本相同。结果表明：该晶体为MnFe蛋白的晶体。     

含铼重组液对部分缺失金属原子簇的钼铁蛋白的激活作用

棕色固氮菌(AzotobactervinelandiiLipmann)固氮酶MoFe蛋白经邻菲啉和空气处理后,成为部分缺失P_cluster和FeMoco的失活蛋白。与由Re2O7、高柠檬酸铁、Na2S和二硫苏糖醇(DTT)组成的无圆二色(CD)谱信号的重组液保温后,保温蛋白对乙炔和质子还原的活性都得以显著恢复;紫外和可见光CD谱虽有明显恢复,但仍与还原MoFe蛋白有所差异。这表明:1)保温的蛋白液中除含有未被邻菲啉等处理而破坏的完整MoFe蛋白外,还可能存在新组装的含Re的固氮酶;2)新组装的ReFe蛋白和MoFe蛋白可能在固氮能力上相似,而在结构上有所差别     

固氮酶铬铁蛋白的晶体生长

在合适的结晶条件下,从含Cr无氨培养基中生长的固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3中纯化出的CrFe蛋白可从溶液中析出深棕色斜四棱柱晶体,晶体最大的两条对角线长度分别可达0.25 mm和0.12 mm.PEG 8000、MgCl2、NaCl、Tris 和Hepes 缓冲液的浓度及结晶方法等对该蛋白的出晶率、晶核数目、晶体大小和质量都有明显影响.CrFe蛋白结晶所需的上述化合物的最适浓度与在Mn中生长的固氮菌突变种UW3的MnFe蛋白和缺失nifZ固氮菌突变种的ΔnifZ MoFe蛋白结晶所需的最适浓度有所不同.结果表明,该蛋白晶体可能为CrFe蛋白的晶体.     

含铬固氮酶组分I蛋白的纯化和特性

在含Mo固氮培养基中不能生长而在无Mo条件下可固氮生长的固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3,能在无Mo而含Cr的无氮培养基中生长。从菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分I蛋白含有Cr和Fe原子（Fe/Mo/Cr为11.60:0.41:1.00),并能表达相当于棕色固氮菌野生型固氮菌MoFe蛋白对乙炔和质子还原的70％的活性。与从Mn中生长的UW3菌体中所提取纯化的MnFe蛋白不同,这种含铬蛋白与MoFe蛋白（α2β2)一样,是由两种亚基组成的四聚体。初步结果表明,这种含Cr蛋白可能是一种固氮酶组分I蛋白。     

无机钼酸在棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)体内的累积和转化

醋酸铵培养的棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii),经超声击碎高速离心制备粗提取液、DEAE-纤维素柱层析表明,体内~(99)MoFe蛋白合成受到阻遏,在0.15 M NaGl洗脱分部中,除~(99)Mo储存蛋白峰外,还存在一个无机~(99)MoO_4~=组分。醋酸铵培养的棕色固氮菌经去阻遏后,在体内固氮活性出现的同时,可观察到原先菌体内累积的~(99)Mo储存蛋白峰降低,无机~(99)MoO_4~=的组分几乎消失以及~(99)MoFe蛋白合成。若去阻遏过程存在氯霉素,则菌体不显示固氮活性,(99)MoFe蛋白不再合成,储存蛋白和无机铝酸组分中~(99)Mo的转移停止。     

棕色固氮菌钼铁蛋白的金属原子簇与其构象的关系

棕色固氮菌（Ａｚｏｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ）固氮酶钼铁蛋白的紫外ＣＤ谱在２０５—２３５ ｎｍ 出现由峰位分别为２０８ 和２２２ ｎｍ 的双负峰组成的负槽;经邻菲口罗啉在厌氧或有氧环境中处理后,在２２２ ｎｍ 的负峰随该蛋白中Ｐ－ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ 和ＦｅＭｏｃｏ 含量的降低而减少。在分别由Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４、Ｎａ２Ｓ、二硫苏糖醇和高柠檬酸铁或柠檬酸铁组成的重组液重组后,上述两种处理蛋白在２２２ ｎｍ 的负峰又随其Ｐ－ｃｌｕｓｔｅｒ和ＦｅＭｏｃｏ含量的恢复而恢复。表明,钼铁蛋白的金属原子簇与蛋白质构象间存在明显的相关性     

缺失nifE的棕色固氮菌突变种MoFe蛋白的纯化及体外激活

经DEAE纤维素、Sephacryl S-300和Q．Sepharose柱层析分离纯化,从缺失nifE的棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种(DJ35)的无细胞粗提物中得到AnilE MoFe蛋白(△nilE Av1)。SDS凝胶电泳分析表明,△nilE Av1的亚单位种类和分子量分别与棕色固氮菌野生型(OP)MoFe蛋白(Av1)的α和β亚单位相似。当与固氮酶Fe蛋白(Av2)活性互补时,△nifE Av1不具有还原质子的能力,但从0P Av1中抽提的FeMoco却可使其激活。经过量的邻菲哕啉(o-phen)厌氧处理并经Sephadex G-25柱层析分离后,便得到△nilE Av1@。在同时存在Av2和MgATP发生系统的条件下,△nilE Av1@,而不是△nilE Av1,可为由KMnO4、高柠檬酸铁、Na2S、Na2S2O4和二硫苏糖醇组成的含Mn重组液(Rs-Mn)显著激活。但在缺少MgATP或Av2的条件下,RS-Mn则不能激活△nilE Av1@。这就表明,RS-Mn对△nilE Av1@的激活需要o-phen的预先处理及同时存在Av2和MgATP的这二个条件。     

含锰固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白的纯化和特性

棕色固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann)突变种UW3能在无Mo的无氨培养基中固氮生长,低浓度的Mn对UW3突变种生长有促进作用,从在Mn中生长的UW3菌体中分离得到的部分纯固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白含量有Mn和Fe原子（Fe/Mo/Mn为10．41：0．19：1．00）并有OP MoFe蛋白一半的还原乙炔和质子的活性。这种蛋白的吸收光谱和圆二色谱与MoFe蛋白存在明显的差异,含Mn蛋白的亚基分子量都与MoFe蛋白的α亚基相近。初步结果表明,这种含Mn蛋白可胡是一种固氮酶组分Ⅰ蛋白。     

固氮酶铬铁蛋白的晶体生长

在合适的结晶条件下 ,从含Cr无氨培养基中生长的固氮菌 (AzotobactervinelandiiLipmann)突变种UW3 中纯化出的CrFe蛋白可从溶液中析出深棕色斜四棱柱晶体 ,晶体最大的两条对角线长度分别可达 0 .2 5mm和 0 .12mm。PEG 80 0 0、MgCl2 、NaCl、Tris和Hepes缓冲液的浓度及结晶方法等对该蛋白的出晶率、晶核数目、晶体大小和质量都有明显影响。CrFe蛋白结晶所需的上述化合物的最适浓度与在Mn中生长的固氮菌突变种UW3 的MnFe蛋白和缺失nifZ固氮菌突变种的ΔnifZMoFe蛋白结晶所需的最适浓度有所不同。结果表明 ,该蛋白晶体可能为CrFe蛋白的晶体     

氧敏感蛋白空间晶体生长的研究

为适应固氮酶蛋白等厌氧蛋白质空间晶体生长的要求,应在地面用简易而适用的厌氧加样装置以优化这类蛋白的结晶条件。用塑料袋或简易箱代替固氮酶实验室常用的笨重厌氧箱,获得了缺失nifZ因氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii Lipmann）突变种的MoFe蛋白和含锰固氮培养基中生物的UW3的MnFe蛋白晶体,并在远离固氮酶实验室的地方,使用由小仪器塑料袋和急求用的氩气袋组成的更轻便的厌氧装置,用坐滴法也能使这两种蛋白结晶出来。结果表明,利用上述简易厌氧装置有望达到以上2种厌氧蛋白空间晶体生长的要求。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism