根癌土壤杆菌转化水稻研究进展

就根癌土壤杆菌介导的水稻基因转化的研究现状,影响转化的一些因素和利用根癌土壤杆菌转化水稻的一些应用作一综述,并对目前根癌土壤杆菌介导水稻基因转化中存在的问题及解决办法作出评价。     

诱导根癌土壤杆菌vir区基因表达信号分子的构效研究

以根癌土壤杆菌为介导的外源基因转化系统是目前应用最为广泛和有效的植物基因转化系统。根癌土壤杆菌D质粒毒性区。irA、virB、。irC、。irD。。irE、。irG6个基因位点,在外源诱导性信号分子的作用下,表达出转移DNA（T－DNA）复合物,整合人植物细胞核基因组中。利用根癌土壤杆菌这种天然的转化机制,已获得双子叶转基因植株。但单子叶植物难以被根癌土壤杆菌转化,某些研究者认为这是由于单子叶植物缺乏促使根癌土壤杆菌产生趋化运动以及诱导。ir区基因表达的信号分子［‘」。我们从幼穗分化期至抽穗扬花期水稻中分离获得2种高效…     

通过基因枪提高根癌土壤杆菌转化水稻的效率

携带普通双元载体的根癌土壤杆菌（Ａgrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townnsend)Conn)EHA105菌株对粳稻（Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)中花８号不敏感,转化效率较.在因枪将根癌土壤菌细胞直接轰击到水稻愈伤组织中可以显提高其转化效率。Ｓouthern检测证明转基因植物含有单拷贝的外源基因插入片段,转基因植物后代的ＧＵＳ基因表达呈３：１分离。     

根癌土壤杆菌介导的水稻高效转化和转基因植株的高频再生

利用根襄封杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｕｍ ｔｕｍｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ（Ｓｍｉｔｈ ｅｔ Ｔｏｗｎｓｅｎｄ）Ｃｏｎｎ）介导的转化方法对４个粳稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）品种和２个灿稻（Ｏ．ｓａｔｉｖａ ｓｓｐ．ｉｎｄｉｃａ）品种进行了转化。在对影响根癌土壤杆菌转化水稻效率的多种因素进行比较研究后,建立了根癌土壤杆菌介导的水稻高效转化和再生系统。将水稻成熟胚和未成熟胚来源的     

放射土壤杆菌HLB-2菌株抑制葡萄根癌土壤杆菌生长和冠瘿形成的研究

在山东莱西啤酒花冠瘿瘸发病严重地区,从啤酒花冠瘿中分离到一株无致病性的土壤杆菌,经鉴定为放射土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium radiobacter)HLB-2,属于生物I型。HLB-2菌株在培养基上产生一种类似土壤杆菌素84的物质,能抑制葡萄根癌土壤杆菌生物III型菌株的生长。在温室接种试验中,可以完全抑制16株致病力不同的葡萄根癌土壤杆菌中的14株菌(含octopine或nopaline质粒)在向日葵幼苗和葡萄幼枝上诱发冠瘿病。 在培养基上测定敏感性的结果和温室冠瘿病抑制试验的结果一致,表明HLB-2菌株的防病机制可能是由于它所产生的土壤杆菌素。在对比试验中,K84菌株和D286菌株对葡萄根癌土壤杆菌均无抑制作用。以上结果表明,HLB-2菌株在葡萄冠瘿病的生物防冶中有一定的实用价值。     

对根癌农杆菌vir区基因具诱导作用的水稻信号分子的分离和确定

以农杆菌vir::lacZ融合基因系统作为检测手段,确定在水稻(Oryza sati-va L.cv.IR72)幼穗分化期至抽穗扬花期的叶片抽提液中含有2种高效诱导农杆菌vir区基因表达的信号分子.这2种信号分子与乙酸丁香酮(AS)的诱导作用极为相似.经过红外光谱、紫外光谱、质谱、核磁共振、异核多量子相干相关谱,异核多键相关谱等波谱分析,确定这2种信号分子的化学结构分别为:5,7,4′-三羟基-3′,5′-二甲氧基黄酮(俗称小麦黄素),和5,4′-二羟基-3′,5′-二甲氧基-7-(β-D葡萄糖基)黄酮.研究结果证明:单子叶植物中确实含有高效诱导农杆菌vir区基因表达的信号分子,单子叶植物难以被农杆菌转化不是由于单子叶植物中缺乏诱导vir区基因表达的信号分子,而由于这类信号分子仅在单子叶植物中特定时期和特定部位中产生.     

中国毛白杨根癌土壤杆菌的类型和对土壤杆菌素敏感性的研究

从我国北方8个毛白杨根癌病发病苗圃分离到根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterlum tume[actena)8株。经质粒型、生物型、寄主范匿和对土壤秆菌素agfocin 84和D286的敏感性测定,证明5株系nopaline质粒型,其中生物I型2株,生物|I型2株,I—II中间型1株,3株系agroplne质粒型,其中生物I型2株,生物II型1株。所有分离菌株均系宽寄主群,其中1株经回接能侵染单子叶植物美人蕉(Canna inaiea),水仙(Narcissus)和吊兰(Chlorophytum)。分离菌株中,5株nopaIine质粒型菌榫对土壤杆菌素84敏感,3株agropine质粒和3株生物I型nopali 质粒菌株对土壤杆菌素])286敏感。在温室中,合并使用两种土壤杆菌素产生菌——放射土壤杆菌(A．Radiobaccer)K84和D286的菌体悬浮液,预浸毛白杨和向目荚幼苗根部 或与致病的毛白杨根癌土壤杆菌共接种枝茎,降低根瘟病诱发率达94％以上。表明放射土壤扦菌K84和D286可以控制毛白杨根癌病。     

利用根癌农杆菌法获得转基因水稻植株及其后代

在100μmol／L乙酰丁香酮（AS）等vir基因诱导分子存在的情况下,用含双元载体pBYT2的根癌农杆菌菌株EHA101同水稻（OrizasativaL．）台北309悬浮培养细胞共培养3天。经过2个月的连续筛选,共从364颗同根癌农杆菌共培养的悬浮培养细胞团中得到17个具有稳定潮霉素抗性和GUS表达的愈伤组织。对从8个转化组织中得到的10株可能的R0代转基因植株及其后代进行外源基因的整合和表达分析,Southern分析表明外源基因已稳定地整合进水稻基因组中并实现了有性遗传传递。杂交结果显示在其中一个转化系的植株中有5个拷贝的T－DNA整合,而其余的转化系则只整合了1个拷贝。转基因水稻细胞及植株中GUS活性的组织化学染色观察和荧光分析表明玉米ubiquitin基因启动子在水稻细胞中能高效启动gus报告基因的表达。ndPAGE－X－Gluc法检测表明转基因水稻细胞中表达的GUS蛋白比Sigma公司的标准GUS蛋白（SigmaCo．G0786）要小,而与来自大肠杆菌HB101（pBI1121）中的GUS蛋白大小相同。结果表明,根癌农杆菌可有效且可靠地介导外源基因转化水稻。     

Identification of Rice Signal Factor Inhibiting the Growth and Transfer of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A rice signal factors which could inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn and absorption on the surface of rice cells was for the first time isolated from rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. IR72) roots. This is a new natural thiourea compound, i.e. ethyl-4-(O-nitrophenyl)-3-thioallophanate. Most of the thiourea compounds are synthesis. One of the reasons which rice is not sensitive to A. tumefaciens gene transfer is that rice contains the signal factor which can inhibit the growth of A. tumefaciens as well as its gene transfer to the surface of rice cells.     

根癌农杆菌介导的水稻遗传转化

就根癌农杆菌介导水稻遗传转化的研究历程和影响农杆菌转化水稻的几个关键因素以及这一问题的前景作了评述和展望     

Rice scutellum induces Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir genes and T-strand generation

For successful transformation of a plant by Agrobacterium tumefaciens it is essential that the explant used in cocultivation has the ability to induce Agrobacterium tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid virulence (vir) genes. Here we report a significant variation in different tissues of Indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Co43) in their ability to induce Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir genes and T-strand generation, using explants preincubated in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. An analysis of rice leaf segments revealed that they neither induced vir genes nor inhibited vir gene induction. Of different parts of rice plants of different ages analysed only scutellum from four-day old rice seedlings induced vir genes and generation of T-strands. We observed that the physical presence of preincubated scutella is required for vir gene induction. Conditioned medium from which preincubated scutella were removed did not induce the vir genes. Scutellum-derived calli, cultured for 25 days on medium containing 2,4-D, also induced virE to an appreciable level. These results suggest that scutellum and scutellum-derived calli may be the most susceptible tissues of rice for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.     

Identification in Agrobacterium tumefaciens of the d-galacturonic acid dehydrogenase gene

There are at least three different pathways for the catabolism of d-galacturonate in microorganisms. In the oxidative pathway, which was described in some prokaryotic species, d-galacturonate is first oxidised to meso-galactarate (mucate) by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.203). In the following steps of the pathway mucate is converted to 2-keto-glutarate. The enzyme activities of this catabolic pathway have been described while the corresponding gene sequences are still unidentified. The d-galacturonate dehydrogenase was purified from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and the mass of its tryptic peptides was determined using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. This enabled the identification of the corresponding gene udh. It codes for a protein with 267 amino acids having homology to the protein family of NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold proteins. The open reading frame was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The N-terminally tagged protein was not compromised in its activity and was used after purification for a kinetic characterization. The enzyme was specific for NAD and accepted d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid as substrates with similar affinities. NMR analysis showed that in water solution the substrate d-galacturonic acid is predominantly in pyranosic form which is converted by the enzyme to 1,4 lactone of galactaric acid. This lactone seems stable under intracellular conditions and does not spontaneously open to the linear meso-galactaric acid.     

Identification of a dimeric KDG aldolase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a Gram‐negative bacterium and causative agent of Crown Gall disease that infects a variety of economically important plants. The annotated A. tumefaciens genome contains 10 putative dapA genes, which code for dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). However, we have recently demonstrated that only one of these genes (dapA7) encodes a functional DHDPS. The function of the other nine putative dapA genes is yet to be determined. Here, we demonstrate using bioinformatics that the product of the dapA5 gene (DapA5) possesses all the catalytic residues canonical to 2‐keto‐3‐deoxygluconate (KDG) aldolase, which is a class I aldolase involved in glucose metabolism. We therefore expressed, purified, and characterized recombinant DapA5 using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy, analytical ultracentrifugation, and enzyme kinetics. The results show that DapA5 (1) adopts an α/β structure consistent with the TIM‐barrel fold of KDG aldolases, (2) possesses KDG aldolase enzyme activity, and (3) exists as a tight dimer in solution. This study shows for the first time that dapA5 from A. tumefaciens encodes a functional dimeric KDG aldolase.     

Growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens under octopine limitation in chemostats

Agrobacterium tumefaciens B6 and ATCC 15955 were grown under octopine or glutamate limitation in chemostats. Examination of the maximum specific growth rate (mu max) and substrate affinity (KS) for each strain indicated that strain B6 was highly inefficient in its use of octopine as either a nitrogen or carbon source compared with strain ATCC 15955. Examination of the yield coefficients showed that in both strains octopine was used more efficiently as a nitrogen source than as a carbon source. The data permitted predictions to be made concerning the outcome of competition for a single limiting substrate. Under octopine limitation, strain ATCC 15955 should dominate; under glutamate limitation, strain B6 should dominate. The results of an observed competition with glutamate as the limiting substrate confirmed the latter prediction, although B6 did dominate at a rate faster than was predicted from simple competition theory. B6 displayed higher growth rates and substrate affinities than ATCC 15955 on all concentrations of glutamate. The yield of B6 on octopine was also considerably higher. This latter attribute could provide an ecological advantage to B6 because of the importance of yield in the fate of competitions under multisubstrate regimens. These will be the most prevalent regimens in the area around the tumor (tumorosphere) or the rhizosphere. The increased performance on glutamate could provide an advantage in an opine-free environment when B6 is growing as a saprophyte.     

Stimulation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Growth by Azotobacter vinelandii Ferrisiderophores

Azotobacter vinelandii stimulated the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens H2, H23, H24, H27, and ATCC 15955 on media containing insoluble iron sources. The Azotobacter vinelandii siderophores appeared to promote Agrobacterium tumefaciens growth by solubilizing mineral iron, and the ferrisiderophores so formed then acted as iron sources for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobactin, the Agrobacterium siderophore, appeared to be inefficient in solubilizing mineral iron directly.     

Identification of a chromosomal tra-like region in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The virD4 gene is one of the virulence genes present on the pTiC58 plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Unexpectedly, we found that a pTi-free A. tumefaciens strain carried a protein of similar size to the plasmid-encoded VirD4 protein which reacted with VirD4-specific antibodies. This suggested that this strain may contain a homologue of the VirD4 protein. A chromosomal fragment encoding a protein of similar sequence to VirD4 was isolated and a 7.8 kilobase region surrounding the gene encoding this putative homologue was sequenced. This region contained four open reading frames, encoding putative proteins similar to proteins of known bacterial transfer and conjugation systems, viz., orf1 encoded a putative homologue of the TraA protein of the Rhizobium symbiosis plasmid pNGR234 and the TraA protein encoded by pTiC58 from A. tumefaciens plasmid pTiC58, orf3 encoded a protein very similar to the MobC protein encoded by the IncQ plasmid RSF1010 of E. coli and to MobS encoded by pTF1 from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, whereas the predicted product of orf4 displayed similarity to the TraG protein encoded by the IncPalpha plasmid RP4 of E. coli, TraG and VirD4 encoded by A. tumefaciens plasmid pTiC58. The product of orf2 showed no significant similarity to any known protein. Preliminary assays with two orf4 mutants suggested that the product of this orf is involved in DNA transfer. The 7.8 kb chromosomal fragment seems to be closely related to the tra region of different conjugative plasmids and appears to be confined to Agrobacterium species, raising the question of the role of a chromosomal tra-like region during evolution.