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1.
土壤干旱条件下氮素营养对玉米内源激素含量影响 总被引:8,自引:6,他引:8
在田间持水量分别保持于35%、55%和75%±5%的土壤水分条件下,利用盆栽实验研究了土壤干旱和氮素营养对玉米内源激素和气孔导度的影响.结果表明,土壤干旱下氮素营养明显降低了玉米根系木质部汁液ABA浓度,而正常供水下施氮处理间则无显著差异(施氮处理仍较低),同时测定的叶片ABA浓度则呈相反的变化趋势,表现为干旱下施氮处理要高于不施氮处理;施氮处理木质部汁液中ZRs浓度应低于相应的不施氮处理,在调控气孔行为方面并未表现拮抗ABA作用;3种土壤水分条件下,施氮玉米叶片的气孔导度均高于不施氮处理,与木质部汁液ABA浓度呈负相关,说明施氮处理较低的根源ABA浓度是导致其气孔导度较大的主要原因. 相似文献
2.
土壤干旱条件下玉米叶片内源激素含量及光合作用的变化 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
利用HPLC和ELISA技术研究了土壤干旱条件下玉米叶片内源IAA、ABA、ZR、DHZR、iPA含量的变化情况,以及叶片光合作用过程中,光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs),PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)的变化情况,结果发现:叶片中IAA浓度,在整个干旱过程中变化不大,与对照相比下降不明显;IAA的浓度对干旱的反应不敏感;叶片中ABA浓度在干旱最初3d里急剧升高,直至最大值,之后有所下降;ABA的 相似文献
3.
水分是干旱沙区植被重建和恢复的主要限制性因子,土壤有效水分含量直接影响植物木质部水分运输能力。但是不同水分条件下不同物种、不同年龄木质部水力特性和叶片气体交换的差异以及土壤水分含量对其影响的相关研究目前尚不明确。因此,该研究以10年和30年树龄人工固沙区的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)和中间锦鸡儿(C. liouana)为实验材料,研究它们在旱季和雨季下水力特性和光合特性的差异及其关系。研究结果表明,树龄对柠条锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿木质部导水率、导水率损失百分比、叶片水势和相对含水量等无显著的影响,而土壤水分含量对其功能性状的影响较显著。树龄和土壤水分含量均对灌木叶片光合作用有显著影响,但在土壤水分条件良好的情况下树龄对其影响不显著。此外,土壤含水量与叶片水分含量和木质部茎比导水率之间呈显著的正相关关系;木质部导水率与叶片水分状态和气孔导度也存在显著的正相关关系,而光合速率与木质部导水率和叶片水分含量存在显著正相关关系,这表明土壤水分含量通过影响木质部导水率和栓塞程度而直接影响了叶片水分状况和光合碳同化能力。总而言之,柠条锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿的木质部导水能力和叶片光合... 相似文献
4.
植物气孔气态失水与SPAC系统液态供水的相互调节作用研究进展 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
讨论了植物气孔气态失水与SPAC系统液态供水相互作用研究领域的一些重要现象和行为.当植物水力信号和化学信号共同作用促进气孔对叶水势的调节时,植物对叶水势的调节表现为等水行为.气孔对环境湿度变化响应的反馈机制可用来解释土壤干旱条件下气孔和光合的午休现象,以及气孔导度和水流导度之间的相关关系;而气孔对环境湿度变化响应的前馈机制,则可用来解释气孔导度对大气 叶片间水汽饱和差的滞后反应.植物最大限度地利用木质部传输水分的策略,要求气孔快速响应以避免木质部过度气穴化和短时间内将气穴逆转的相应机制. 相似文献
5.
干旱条件下ABA与气孔导度和叶片生长的关系 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
介绍了干旱情况下ABA的产生、运输,以及根源ABA与气孔导度和叶片生长之间的定性、定量关系,并对干旱时叶片ABA的重新分布,以及引起气孔关闭和抑制生长的机理作了叙述。 相似文献
6.
为探讨亚低温和干旱对植株水分传输的影响机制,以番茄幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室设置常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)和亚低温(昼15 ℃/夜8 ℃)环境,采用盆栽进行正常灌水(75%~85%田间持水量)和干旱处理(55%~65%田间持水量),分析了温度和土壤水分对番茄植株水分传输、气孔和木质部导管形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明: 与常温正常灌水处理相比,干旱处理使番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、茎流速率、气孔长度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著减小,而使叶、茎、根导管细胞壁厚度和抗栓塞能力增强;亚低温处理下番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著降低,但气孔变大,叶、根导管细胞壁厚度和叶、茎、根抗栓塞能力显著升高。亚低温条件下土壤水分状况对番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、气孔形态、叶、根导管结构均无显著影响。总之,干旱处理下番茄通过协同调控叶、茎、根结构使植株水分关系重新达到稳态;亚低温处理下番茄植株水分关系的调控主要通过改变叶和根导管结构实现,且受土壤水分状况的影响较小。 相似文献
7.
野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。 相似文献
8.
根源ABA参与气孔调节的数学模拟 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
建立了包括植物体内的水分传输,并有根源ABA参与的气孔调节模型,模拟了饱和水气压差(VPD)、气温、表层土壤含水量(θ_(s1))等环境因子对叶片水势、木质部汁液中ABA浓度([ABA]_x)及气孔导度的影响。结果显示,VPD和气温的变化能够改变叶片水势及气孔导度;[ABA]_x几乎不受VPD和气温变化的影响,却决定着叶片水势及气孔导度对VPD和气温变化的响应幅度;θ_(s1)影响[ABA]_x,并由此影响气孔导度,但相比之下对叶片水势的作用并不显著。 相似文献
9.
水分胁迫条件下气孔与非气孔因素对小麦光合的限制 总被引:31,自引:1,他引:30
较长时间、中度以上土壤干旱条件下,盆栽小麦叶片光合下降,气孔导度虽然降低,但叶内部CO_2浓度升高,叶肉CO_2导度下降,电子传递和羧化反应受到抑制,表明叶片光合的下降并非气孔部分关闭所致,叶肉细胞光合能力降低是干旱下小麦光合下降的原因。 相似文献
10.
采用生长箱控制的方法研究了羊草(Leymus chinensis)幼苗叶片光合参数对5个温度和5个水分梯度的响应和适应。结果表明:轻度、中度土壤干旱并没有限制羊草叶片的生长,对气体交换参数亦无显著影响,反映了羊草幼苗对土壤水分胁迫的较高耐性。叶片生物量以26 ℃时最大,其它依次为23 ℃、20 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃。温度升高使气孔导度和蒸腾速率增加, 却使光合速率和水分利用效率降低。水分和温度对叶片生物量、光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率存在显著的交互作用,表明高温加强了干旱对叶片生长和气体交换的影响, 降低了羊草对土壤干旱的适应能力。高温和干旱的交互作用将显著减少我国半干旱地区草原的羊草生产力。 相似文献
11.
The study on the changes of stomatal sensitivity in relation to xylem ABA during periodical soil drying and the effect of leaf water status on the stomatal sensitivity has confirmed that xylem ABA concentration is a good indicator of soil water status around roots and the relation between xylem ABA concentration and predawn leaf water potential remained constant during the three consecutive soil drying cycles based on the slopes of the fitted lines. The sensitivity of stomata to xylem ABA increased substantially as the soil drying cycles progressed, and the xylem ABA concentration needed to cause a 50% decrease of stomatal conductance was as low as 550 mnoL/L in the next two soil drying cycle, as compared with the 750 nmol/L ABA in the first cycle of soil drying. The results using the split-root system showed that leaf water deficit significantly enhanced the stomatal response to xylem ABA and the xylem ABA concentration needed to cause a 50% decrease in stomatal conductance was 2 to 4 times smaller in the whole-root-drying treatment than those in the semi-root- drying treatment. These results suggested that the sensitivity of stomata to xylem ABA concentration is not a fixed characteristic. 相似文献
12.
The relations of stomatal closure and reopening to xylem ABA concentration and leaf water potential during soil drying and rewatering 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Two tropical tree species, Acacia confusa and Leucaena leucocephala, were used to study the relationships among stomatal conductance, xylem ABA concentration and leaf water potential during a soil drying and rewatering cycle. Stomatal conductance of both A. confusa and L. leucocephala steadily decreased with the decreases in soil water content and pre-dawn leaf water potential. Upon rewatering, soil water content and pre-dawn leaf water potential rapidly returned to the control levels, whereas the reopening of stomata showed an obvious lag time. The length of this lag time was highly dependent not only upon the degree of water stress but also on plant species. The more severe the water stress, the longer the lag time. When A. confusa and L. leucocephala plants were exposed to the same degree of water stress (around –2.0 MPa in pre-dawn leaf water potential), the stomata of A. confusa reopened to the control level 6 days after rewatering. However, it took L. leucocephala about 14 days to reopen fully. A very similar response of leaf photosynthesis to soil water deficit was also observed for both species. Soil drying resulted in a significant increase in leaf and xylem ABA concentrations in both species. The more severe the water stress, the higher the leaf and xylem ABA concentrations. Both leaf ABA and xylem ABA returned to the control level following relief from water deficit and preceded the full recovery of stomata, suggesting that the lag phase of stomatal reopening was not controlled by leaf and/or xylem ABA. In contrast to drying the whole root system, drying half of the root system did not change the leaf water relations, but caused a significant increase in xylem ABA concentration, which could fully explain the decrease of stomatal conductance. After rewatering, the stomatal conductance of plants in which half of the roots were dried recovered more rapidly than those of whole-root dried plants, indicating that the leaf water deficit that occurred during the drying period was related to the post-stress stomatal inhibition. These results indicated that the decrease in stomatal conductance caused by water deficit was closely related to the increase in xylem ABA, but xylem ABA could not fully explain the reopening of stomata after relief of water stress, neither did the leaf ABA. Some unknown physiological and/or morphological processes in the guard cells may be related to the recovery process. 相似文献
13.
Fambrini Marco; Pugliesi Claudio; Vernieri Paolo; Pardossi Alberto; Baroncelli Sergio 《Journal of experimental botany》1994,45(12):1809-1815
The response of w-1, a wilty sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)mutant, to water stress is described in comparison with thecontrol line (W-1). Detached leaves of w-1 strongly dehydratedduring the first 30 min without significant changes in leafconductance, whereas W-1 responded rapidly to water loss byreducing stomatal aperture. After 2 h stress ABA increased slightlyin w-1, while W-1 leaves showed a 20-fold increase. When waterstress was imposed to potted plants by water withholding, w-1quickly dehydrated, and lost turgor, while W-1 maintained positiveturgor values for a longer period. Wild-type plants respondedto small changes in leaf water potential by accumulating ABAand by closing stomata, whereas in the mutant significant changesin ABA content and in stomatal conductance were found only atvery low water potentials. In another experiment in which waterwas withheld under high relative humidity, when soil water contentstarted to decrease W-1 rapidly closed stomata in the absenceof any change in leaf water status and the reduction in conductancewas paralleled by a rise in xylem sap ABA concentration. Bycontrast the mutant started to accumulate ABA in the xylem sapand to close stomata when soil water content and leaf waterpotential were dramatically reduced. The low endogenous ABAlevels and the inability to synthesize the hormone rapidly eitherin the leaves or in the roots seem to be responsible for thehigh sensitivity of w-1 to water stress. Key words: ABA, Helianthus annuus L, water relations, stomatal conductance, drought, wilty mutant 相似文献
14.
Does Xylem Sap ABA Control the Stomatal Behaviour of Water-Stressed Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) Seedlings? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sycamore seedlings were grown with their root systems dividedequally between two containers. Water was withheld from onecontainer while the other container was kept well-watered. Effectsof soil drying on stomatal behaviour, shoot water status, andabscisic acid (ABA) concentration in roots, xylem sap and leaveswere evaluated. At 3 d, root ABA in the drying container increased significantly,while the root ABA in the unstressed container of the same plantsdid not differ from that of the control. The increase in rootABA was associated with the increase in xylem sap ABA and withthe decrease in stomatal conductance without any significantperturbation in shoot water status. At 7 d, despite the continuous increase in root ABA concentration,xylem sap ABA showed a marked decline when soil water contentwas depleted below 013 g g1. This reduction in xylemsap ABA coincided with a partial recovery of stomatal conductance.The results indicate that xylem sap ABA is a function of rootABA as well as the flow rate of water from roots to shoots,and that this ABA can be a sensitive indicator to the shootof the effect of soil drying. Key words: Acer pseudoplatanus L., soil drying, stomatal behaviour, xylem sap ABA 相似文献
15.
Sunflower plants ( Helianihus animus cv. Tall Single Yellow} were grown in the greenhouse in drain pipes (100 mm inside diameter and 1 m long) rilled with John Innes No. 2 compost. When the fifth leaf had emerged, half of the plants were left unwatered for 6 days, rewatered for 2 days and then not watered for another 12 days. Measurements of water relations and abaxial stomatal conductance were made at each leaf position at regular intervals during the experimental period. Estimates were also made of soil water potentials along the soil profile and of ABA concentrations in xylem sap and leaves.
Soil drying led to some reduction in stomatal conductance alter only 3 days but leaf turgors were not reduced until day 13 (6 days after rewatering). When the water relations of leaves did change, older leases became substantially dehydrated while high turgors were recorded in younger leaves. Leaf ABA content measured on the third youngest leaf hardly changed over the first 13 days of the experiment, despite substantial soil drying, while xylem ABA concentrations changed very significantly and dynamically as soil water status varied, even when there was no effect of soil drying on leaf water relations. We argue that the highest ABA concentrations in the xylem, found as a result of substantial soil drying, arise from synthesis in both the roots and the older leaves, and act to delay the development of water deficit in younger leases.
In other experiments ABA solutions were watered on to the root systems of sunflower plants to increase ABA concentrations in xylem sap. The stomatal response to applied ABA was quantitatively very similar to that to ABA generated as a result of soil drying. There was a log-linear relationship between the reduction of leaf conductance and the increase of ABA concentration m xylem sap. 相似文献
Soil drying led to some reduction in stomatal conductance alter only 3 days but leaf turgors were not reduced until day 13 (6 days after rewatering). When the water relations of leaves did change, older leases became substantially dehydrated while high turgors were recorded in younger leaves. Leaf ABA content measured on the third youngest leaf hardly changed over the first 13 days of the experiment, despite substantial soil drying, while xylem ABA concentrations changed very significantly and dynamically as soil water status varied, even when there was no effect of soil drying on leaf water relations. We argue that the highest ABA concentrations in the xylem, found as a result of substantial soil drying, arise from synthesis in both the roots and the older leaves, and act to delay the development of water deficit in younger leases.
In other experiments ABA solutions were watered on to the root systems of sunflower plants to increase ABA concentrations in xylem sap. The stomatal response to applied ABA was quantitatively very similar to that to ABA generated as a result of soil drying. There was a log-linear relationship between the reduction of leaf conductance and the increase of ABA concentration m xylem sap. 相似文献
16.
Stomatal conductance in relation to xylem sap abscisic acid concentrations in two tropical trees, Acacia confusa and Litsea glutinosa 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two tropical trees, Acacia confusa and Litsea glutinosa, were grown under controlled conditions with their roots subjected to soil drying and soil compaction treatments. In both species, a decline in stomatal conductance resulting from soil drying took place much earlier than the decline of leaf water potential. Soil compaction treatment also resulted in a substantial decrease in stomatal conductance but had little effect on leaf water potential. A rapid and substantial increase in xylem abscisic acid (ABA) concenation ([ABA]), rather than hulk leaf ABA, was closely related to soil drying and soil compaction. A significant relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and xylem [ABA] was observed in both species. Artificially feeding ABA solutions to excised leaves of both species showed that the relationship bet ween gs and [ABA] was very similar to that obtained from the whole plant, i.e. the relationship between gs and xylem [ABA]. These results suggest that xylem ABA may act as a stress signal in the control of stomatal conductance. 相似文献
17.
Integration of hydraulic and chemical signalling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
We describe here an integration of hydraulic and chemical signals which control stomatal conductance of plants in drying soil, and suggest that such a system is more likely than control based on chemical signals or water relations alone. The determination of xylem [ABA] and the stomatal response to xylem [ABA] are likely to involve the water flux through the plant. (1) If, as seems likely, the production of a chemical message depends on the root water status (Ψr), it will not depend solely on the soil water potential (Ψs) but also on the flux of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, to which are linked the difference between Ψr and Ψs. (2) The water flux will also dilute the concentration of the message in the xylem sap. (3) The stomatal sensitivity to the message is increased as leaf water potential falls. Stomatal conductance, which controls the water flux, therefore would be controlled by a water-flux-dependent message, with a water-flux-dependent sensitivity. In such a system, we have to consider a common regulation for stomatal conductance, leaf and root water potentials, water flux and concentration of ABA in the xylem. In order to test this possibility, we have combined equations which describe the generation and effects of chemical signals and classical equations of water flux. When the simulation was run for a variety of conditions, the solution suggested that such common regulation can operate. Simulations suggest that, as well as providing control of stomatal conductance, integration of chemical and hydraulic signalling may also provide a control of leaf water potential and of xylem [ABA], features which are apparent from our experimental data. We conclude that the root message would provide the plant with a means to sense the conditions of water extraction (soil water status and resisance to water flux) on a daily timescale, while the short-term plant response to this message would depend on the evaporative demand. 相似文献
18.
Changes in the concentration of ABA in xylem sap as a function of changing soil water status can account for changes in leaf conductance and growth 总被引:13,自引:5,他引:8
Abstract. Maize seedlings ( Zea mays L. John Innes F1 hybrid) were grown in a greenhouse in l-m-long tubes of soil. When the plants were well established, water was withheld from half of the tubes. Control plants were watered every day during the 20-d experimental period. The soil drying treatment resulted in a substantial restriction of stomatal conductance and a limitation in shoot growth, even though there was no detectable difference in the water relations of watered and unwatered plants. From day 7 of the soil drying treatment, xylem ABA concentrations (measured using the sap exuded from detopped plants) were substantially increased in unwatered plants compared to values recorded with sap from plants watered every day. Measurements of water potential through the profile of unwatered soil suggest that xylem ABA concentrations reflects the extent of soil drying. Leaf ABA content was a much less sensitive indicator of the effect of soil drying and during the whole of experimental period there was no significant difference between ABA concentration in leaves of well watered and unwatered plants. In a second set of experiments, ABA was fed to part of the roots of potted maize plants to manipulate xylem ABA concentration. These manipulations suggested that the increases in ABA concentration in xylem sap, which resulted from soil drying, were adequate to explain the observed variation in stomatal conductance and might also explain the restriction in leaf growth rate. These results are discussed in the light of recent work which suggests that stomatal responses to soil drying are partly attributable to an as-yet unidentified inhibitor of stomatal opening. 相似文献
19.
We studied the effects of drought on leaf conductance (g) and on the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the apoplastic sap of Lupinus albus L. leaves. Withholding watering for 5d resulted in complete stomatal closure and in severe leaf water deficit. Leaf water potential fully recovered immediately after rewatering, but the aftereffect of drought on stomata persisted for 2d. ABA and sucrose were quantified in pressurized leaf xylem extrudates. We assumed that the xylem sucrose concentration is negligible and hence that the presence of sucrose in leaf extrudates indicated that they were contaminated by phloem. To eliminate this interference, the concentration of ABA in leaf apoplast was estimated by extrapolation to zero sucrose concentration, using the regression between ABA and sucrose concentrations. The estimated apoplastic ABA concentration increased by 100-fold with soil drying and did not return to pre-stress values immediately following rewatering. g was closely related to the concentration of ABA in leaf apoplast. Furthermore, the feeding of exogenous ABA to leaves detached from well-watered plants brought about the same degree of depression in g as resulted from the drought-induced increase in ABA concentration. We therefore conclude that the observed changes in the concentration of ABA in leaf apoplast were quantitatively adequate to explain drought-induced stomatal closure and the delay in stomatal reopening following rewatering. 相似文献
20.
Can stomatal closure caused by xylem ABA explain the inhibition of leaf photosynthesis under soil drying? 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Effects of leaf water deficit and increase in endogenous ABA on photosynthesis of two tropical trees, t Acacia confusa and t Leucaena leucocephala, were investigated with two soil-drying methods, i.e. half or whole root system was subjected to soil drying. Half-root drying was achieved by allowing upper layer of soil column to dry and lower layer of soil column to remain watered. Half-root drying had little effect on leaf water potential, but when compared to the well-watered control, both methods of soil drying substantially increased the ABA concentration in xylem and reduced leaf conductance in both species. There was a significant relationship between leaf conductance and xylem ABA concentrations in both species, which was comparable to the same relationship that was generated by feeding ABA to excised twigs. The rate of photosynthesis was inhibited substantially in both soil-drying treatments and in both species, but photochchemical efficiency, measured as a ratio of variable fluorescence to a peak fluorescence emission of a dark-adapted leaf (Fv/Fm), was not reduced except in the whole root-dried t L. leucocephala plants where leaf water potential was reduced to –2.5 MPa. In all the cases where photosynthesis was inhibited, there was a concomitant reduction in both leaf conductance and calculated internal CO2 concentration. After two days of rewatering, leaf water potential and xylem ABA concentration rapidly returned to pre-treatment levels, but leaf conductance and photosynthesis of both whole-root and half root dried t L. leucocephala remained inhibited substantially. Rewatering led to a full recovery of both stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in soil-dried t A. confusa, although its photosynthesis of whole-root dried plants did not recover fully but such difference was not significant statistically. These results suggest that drought-induced decline of photosynthesis was mainly a result of the stomatal factor caused by the increase of ABA concentration in the xylem sap. Non-stomatal factors, e.g. reduced photochemical activity and/or carbon metabolic activity, were species-specific and were brought about only at very low water potential. 相似文献