膜盘菌属研究概况

膜盘菌属Hymenoscyphus是无囊盖盘菌中一个种类较多、全球广布的属,世界范围内有160多个种,中国已报道41个分类单元。简要概述了该属真菌在分类学、系统发育、经济价值和个别种类对植物的致病性等方面的现状及进展,对后续研究提出了建议。     

广西植物区系的基本特征

在植物区系上,古热带植物区的北部湾地区和泛北极植物区的滇黔桂地区、华南地区的中心或重要部分在广西境内自然交汇,构成了相当复杂的植物区系.广西植物区系组成十分丰富,现已知有野生维管束植物8 565种(含种下分类群),隶属于1 819属、285科.本文对其中的种子植物科属进行了重点研究,从科和属的分布区类型分析可知其区系性质基本上是热带-亚热带的,并具有较明显的温带区系向热带区系过渡的特点以及具有热带北缘的区系性质,特有现象十分突出.     

中国二头孢盘菌属的分类研究（英文）

提供了中国二头孢盘菌属的分类研究概况和已知种类。对属的概念进行了修订;基于形态学特征和序列分析的结果,将兰斯盘菌属的3个种转入二头孢盘菌属,建立3个新组合(黄二头孢盘菌、黄山二头孢盘菌、暗丝二头孢盘菌);描述了一新种(缩孢二头孢盘菌)。该属目前已知的10个种中,在我国分布9个种。编制了该属世界已知种的分种检索表。     

新足螨属一新种及一新纪录(蜱螨目:巨螯螨科)

新足螨属是一个不大的属,主要分布于热带和亚热带地区。个别种类可在温带地区找到。至今全世界共报道22个种和变种。其中分布在亚洲的最多,约占总数的一半,计12个种;非洲次之,有6个种和1个变种;欧洲最少,仅有3个种。在我国记载过的有两个种,即N.emodioides Krantz(西藏)和N.vanderhammeni Krantz(福建)。本文根据1974年在云南采得的材料记述一个新种和一个新纪录。至此,新足螨属已知的种类共有23个种和变种,而在我国已记录的共4种。     

鄂东南幕阜山区种子植物区系研究

鄂东南幕阜山区共种子植物１８３科７４１属１６５３种。以属的分析为主,结合科的分析,认为本地区种子植物区系为温带性质。本地区温带分布型属占总属数（剔除世界分布属）的５３１３％,热带分布型属占总属数的４２４５％,缺乏典型的热带科属。从植物区系现状和历史分析中,论证了本区系白垩纪—第三纪古热带起源的历史背景。确认本地区主体上属于中国—日本森林植物区系的华东地区,但富含华中区系成分,具有浓厚的华中区系色彩。本地区南北和东西植物交汇,具有复杂区系成分。论证了鄂西南武陵山—幕阜山脉一线可能是西南成分向东迁移的通道之一。本地区特有现象不明显,共有中国特有属２４个,无地区特有属,只有少数地区特有种。     

中国热带膜盘菌属真菌初探

对采自中国热带的部分膜盘菌属标本进行了分类研究,鉴定出6个种,分别为尾膜盘菌(Hymenoscyphus caudatus)、(参照)喜马拉雅膜盘菌(H.cf.himalayensis)、难变膜盘菌(H.immutabilis)、井冈膜盘菌(H.jinggangensis)、毛柄膜盘菌(H.kiopodius)和叶产膜...     

武功山地区种子植物区系研究

通过多次野外调查及资料整理,对武功山地区种子植物科、属、种的组成及区系特征进行了调查分析,为该区植物资源的保护以及植物分区提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)武功山地区共有种子植物166科、814属、2 079种,分别占江西省种子植物科、属、种总数的72.81%、61.11%、50.46%,其中裸子植物有7科、15属、19种,分别占江西裸子植物总数的77.78%、65.21%、54.28%。(2)武功山地区科包含12个分布区类型,热带成分占优势(70科,占57.96%),温带成分丰富(46科,38.65%);属包含14个分布区类型,热带成分略占优势(368属,49.40%),温带成分增加(354属,47.53%);种包含14个分布类型,热带分布性626种(31.04%),温带分布性663种(32.87%),温带成分略占优势;武功山地区植物成分具有热带向温带过渡的特点,并且热带和温带成分相互交融、渗透。(3)武功山地区种子植物具有单种和少种的科属较多,具有起源古老的特点,其中单种属有414属,占总属数的50.86%。中国特有成分有4科、23属、728种。(4)与相邻的15个代表性区系比较表明,武功山地区种类较为丰富,聚类分析表明该区系与黄山、庐山、武夷山、井冈山等地区的关系很密切,与秦岭、西双版纳和高黎贡山的区系关系最疏远。     

委内瑞拉产绿散胞盘菌属一新种(英文)

从El Avila国家公园热带云雾森林中发现了绿散胞盘菌属的一个新种。它以其小型的子囊和子囊孢子、椭圆-S型-棒状的子囊孢子以及覆盖于外囊盘被菌丝表面的绿褐色胶化层为显著特征,并与该属已知种相区别。     

中国小双孢盘菌属分类研究——7个新种和4个新记录种（英文）

对中国科学院菌物标本馆保藏和近年来采集的我国小双孢盘菌属标本进行了分类研究,鉴定出14个种,包括7个新种(线孢小双孢盘菌、湖北小双孢盘菌、大孢小双孢盘菌、山地小双孢盘菌、蕨生小双孢盘菌、香地小双孢盘菌、中国小双孢盘菌)、4个中国新记录种(碘蓝小双孢盘菌、四孢小双孢盘菌、三隔小双孢盘菌、一个未定名种:Bisporella sp.3999)和3个已报道种。对新种与相似种的主要形态学区别进行了详尽的比较和讨论,更新了部分种在我国的分布状况。提供了该属我国已知种的分种检索表。     

高黎贡山五加科的植物地理学研究

本文从属、种及地史文献资料三方面对高黎贡山五加科植物进行了植物地理学研究。结果表明1.高黎贡山五加科植物包括15属56种及13变种。2.从起源来看,高黎贡山五加科植物以热带起源为主,热带属占66.7%(10属),温带属占33.3%(5属),而与地中海地区和中亚地区的联系十分微弱。3.从种的分布区式样来看高黎贡山五加科植物以温带分布型为主,温带分布型的物种占全科种数的88.4%(61种),这一统计结果与属的统计结果(66.7%的属系热带属)形成很大的反差,其原因在于掸邦-马来亚板块上的高黎贡山植物区系源于赤道热带,在板块位移过程中,随着高黎贡山的北移,喜马拉雅山脉的强烈隆升,五加科这一起源于热带的古老木本植物,因不适于比赤道带冷得多的气候环境而先后被淘汰,部分属种则在新的环境中经过适应、演化和重新分化,除个别热带属的北缘种在高黎贡山北端独龙江河谷中幸存下来(如树参属Dendropanax)以外,其余新分化出来的植物则是温带性的(如常春木属Merrilliopanax),因此,现在高黎贡山五加科植物区系中,热带起源的属多于温带属,但温带种大大多于热带种。所有这些成分中,中国-喜马拉雅分布的成分(15种)和中国特有的成分(43种)构成了高黎贡山五加科植物区系的基本骨架,这些成分标志着高黎贡山五加科植物区系的东亚温带性质。4.高黎贡山五加科植物特有现象突出。一方面表现在种类丰富,计有中国特有类群22种和变种,云南特有类群12种和变种,高黎贡山特有类群9种,另一方面表现在特有类群的丰富度与纬度成正比,就高黎贡山特有种来说,北段(贡山)的特有类群(8种和变种)远远多于南段的腾冲(仅1种)。5.由于掸邦-马来亚板块位移对高黎贡山生物区系的影响,部分高黎贡山五加科植物从滇东南或滇南至高黎贡山的一些连续分布区被间断为滇西北与滇东南的对角分布式样(如少毛云南     

大陆东南亚(中南半岛)的主要森林植被类型介绍

大陆东南亚(中南半岛)的植被研究情况鲜为人知,至今仍无系统研究资料。该文依据数次对该地区的野外考察和资料收集,介绍了东南亚植被的研究情况和文献资料以及对该地区主要森林植被的分类和各主要植被类型的特征。大陆东南亚地区在植被分类上包括七个主要的陆生及湿地的森林植被类型:针叶林、针阔混交林、热带山地常绿阔叶林、热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季风林(季雨林)、干旱刺灌丛/萨王纳植被。其中,针叶林植被型包括温性针叶林和热性针叶林二个植被亚型;针阔混交林包括温性针阔混交林和暖温性针阔混交林二个亚型;热带雨林植被型包括热带低地常绿雨林、热带季节性雨林(热带低地半常绿雨林)、热带山地雨林及泥炭沼泽森林四个植被亚型。该文还对大陆东南亚地区植被研究历史、植被分类系统、类型特征及植物区系组成进行了讨论。     

Notes on Japanese Lycoperdaceae. 1: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycoperdon umbrinoides</Emphasis>, a tropical fungus newly found in Japan

Lycoperdon umbrinoides, a tropical fungus previously known from tropical Africa and southern Europe, is reported here for the first time from Kanagawa Prefecture, central Japan. Macroscopic and microscopic features of the Japanese material and its chorological note are given.     

The role of shaded cocoa plantations in the maintenance of epiphytic orchids and their interactions with phorophytes

生境丧失和破碎化是热带森林生物多样性的主要威胁。遮荫的可可种植园(SCP)等农业生态系统为热带森林生物群提供了庇护。然而,在这些转化后的生境中是否还维持种间生态的相互作用,目前尚鲜为人知。我们评定附生兰花群落的多样性、繁殖状态和光合代谢(CAM或C₃),以及与热带雨林(TRF)相比,它们与SCP中寄主树种(附生植物)之间的相互作用。在墨西哥东南部,对TRF和SCP中各三个采样地点进行研究。每个采样地点建立了4个400平方米的样地,调查记录所有兰花及其附生植物。我们依据花/果实(或残体)是否存在来确定每个兰花个体的繁殖(成体)或非繁殖(幼体)状态,并根据文献确定每种兰花的光合作用途径。我们采用真正的分集和生态网络的方法分别分析兰花的多样性以及兰科与附生植物间的相互作用。我们一共记录了47个兰花种的607个个体。在TRF (19个有效物种)中的兰花多样性高于SCP (11个有效物种),两个生境之间仅共享7个物种。SCP (53%)中的CAM兰花物种比TRF (14%)更常见。在群落水平上,SCP维持了非生殖兰花和生殖兰花的比例以及TRF兰科附生植物网络的嵌套结构和特异化水平。然而,SCP中仅保留一部分的TRF附生兰花,突显出保护TRF的重要性。尽管存在这种差异,诸如SCP类型的遮荫农业生态系统仍然可以维持天然林的一些多样性和功能,因为SCP附生兰花群落主要由CAM物种组成,其附生植物构成了一个嵌套的相互作用网络,对干扰形成了更强的抗性。     

Growth of the tropical Pinus kesiya as influenced by climate and nutrient availability along an elevational gradient

与温带地区相比,人们对在热带山脉中,尤其是热带针叶林中,沿海拔梯度的个体树种生长减少的原因知之甚少。我们的研究目的是检验气候或土壤条件是否会导致在高海拔分布的卡西亚松(Pinus kesiya,一种在南亚和东南亚广泛分布的松树)的生长减少。我们对越南中南部山脉中沿海拔梯度约在900~2000米之间的卡西亚松的树干直径增量和其年轮中13C(△13C)的同位素判别进行分析。同时确定其生长与△13C、气候和土壤变量的关系。研究发现,树木的断面积生长量(BAI)与温度或降水之间没有一致的相关关系。相反,沿海拔梯度,我们发现BAI与△13C以及与上层矿质土壤的C/N比和δ15N特征呈显著负相关。BAI与土壤中有效磷(Pa)和“碱性”阳离子(钙、镁、钾)的浓度呈正相关。我们的结论是,较高海拔下的较低温度会对树木生长产生间接影响,主要通过产生较高的C/N比并降低氮(N)和P矿化率而产生作用,而这些影响因其他负面反馈而进一步受到阻碍。主要包括：降水增加的淋溶作用而导致较低浓度的“碱性”阳离子以及较高海拔土壤矿化的N和P的有效性降低。本研究结果可以进一步解释卡西亚松的最高生长极限以及该物种在其他山区出现的情况     

Tropical rain forest conservation and the twin challenges of diversity and rarity

Data from a global network of large, permanent plots in lowland tropical forests demonstrate (1) that the phenomenon of tropical tree rarity is real and (2) that almost all the species diversity in such forests is due to rare species. Theoretical and empirically based reasoning suggests that many of these rare species are not as geographically widespread as previously thought. These findings suggest that successful strategies for conserving global tree diversity in lowland tropical forests must pay much more attention to the biogeography of rarity, as well as to the impact of climate change on the distribution and abundance of rare species. Because the biogeography of many tropical tree species is poorly known, a high priority should be given to documenting the distribution and abundance of rare tropical tree species, particularly in Amazonia, the largest remaining tropical forested region in the world.     

Distinctive Bacterial Communities in the Rhizoplane of Four Tropical Tree Species

It is known that the microbial community of the rhizosphere is not only influenced by factors such as root exudates, phenology, and nutrient uptake but also by the plant species. However, studies of bacterial communities associated with tropical rainforest tree root surfaces, or rhizoplane, are lacking. Here, we analyzed the bacterial community of root surfaces of four species of native trees, Agathis borneensis, Dipterocarpus kerrii, Dyera costulata, and Gnetum gnemon, and nearby bulk soils, in a rainforest arboretum in Malaysia, using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The rhizoplane bacterial communities for each of the four tree species sampled clustered separately from one another on an ordination, suggesting that these assemblages are linked to chemical and biological characteristics of the host or possibly to the mycorrhizal fungi present. Bacterial communities of the rhizoplane had various similarities to surrounding bulk soils. Acidobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria were dominant in rhizoplane communities and in bulk soils from the same depth (0–10?cm). In contrast, the relative abundance of certain bacterial lineages on the rhizoplane was different from that in bulk soils: Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria, which are known as copiotrophs, were much more abundant in the rhizoplane in comparison to bulk soil. At the genus level, Burkholderia, Acidobacterium, Dyella, and Edaphobacter were more abundant in the rhizoplane. Burkholderia, which are known as both pathogens and mutualists of plants, were especially abundant on the rhizoplane of all tree species sampled. The Burkholderia species present included known mutualists of tropical crops and also known N fixers. The host-specific character of tropical tree rhizoplane bacterial communities may have implications for understanding nutrient cycling, recruitment, and structuring of tree species diversity in tropical forests. Such understanding may prove to be useful in both tropical forestry and conservation.     

Tetrapleuroxylon limagnense n. sp., bois fossile de l'allier (France)

Found in a Pliocene terrace near Vichy (department of Allier), the fossil wood studied here shows affinities with some recent tropical Leguminosae. In the Massif Central, tropical Leguminosae are known mainly from earlier times (Eocene to Miocene). This may suggest the redeposition of the warm-climate wood in a fluvial sediment of a more recent and colder period.     

Description of Tischeria gouaniae sp. n. from the tropical forest of Belize - an exotic new addition to the American fauna of Tischeria (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae)

We describe Tischeria gouaniae sp. n. from the tropical forests of Belize. The new species is a leaf-miner of Gouania polygama (Rhamnaceae). Together with the related T. bifurcata Braun, it is among the most striking representatives of Tischeria. Both species possess a pseudognathos and very broad aedeagus fused with extremely long lateral processes of the juxta. The new species differs from T. bifurcata in the broadly rounded vinculum, spiny juxta, and slender apical processes of the aedeagus, and in its host plant. The external features and male genitalia of Tischeria gouaniae sp. n. are figured and described. A checklist and distribution map for all nine currently known Tischeria species from North and South America are given. Most American species are known from USA, but others are now known from tropical forest habitats of Central America, the Caribbean, and Guyana. Host-plants are known for five of the nine species reviewed here, belonging to four genera and two plant families (Fagaceae and Rhamnaceae).     

Tropical China Plant Diversity,Ecology and Conservation – a Glimpse at the Current State

Tropical and subtropical ecosystems, especially those found on limestone substrates, are among the most diverse terrestrial habitats in China. However, little is known about patterns of plant diversity, ecology and conservation status within these ecosystems. In this special issue we present five reviews and/or in-depth studies of these tropical Chinese plants and ecosystems that capture current research efforts in tropical China plant ecology.     

Notes on Collybia V. Gymnopus section Levipedes in tropical South America,with comments on Collybia

Five species of Gymnopus section Levipedes are reported for tropical South America. Two of these, Gymnopus macropus and G. nubicola, are newly described. Collybia laccata is considered synonymous with G. mucubajiensis comb. nov. now known from Andean Ecuador; both were originally described from the Venezuelan páramo. Gymnopus alkalivirens and G. semihirtipes are compared to G. mucubajiensis. Gymnopus spongiosus, previously known from the eastern United States, is newly reported from Colombian Quercus forests and is proposed as a new combination. Gymnopus dryophilus is, at present, not known from tropical South America, but extralimital material from nearby Costa Rica is described for comparison. No known species of Collybia s.str. have been identified from tropical South America.