中国肉杯菌属的分类研究

本文对中国已知肉杯菌属的六个分类单位作了描述,其中脑孢肉杯菌(Sarcoscypha cerebri formis)由于独特的孢子表面纹饰被定为新种,每一个种的子囊孢子的表面形态都作了扫描电镜研究,并提供了已知种的检索.     

青藏高原东缘的锈菌资料Ⅲ.禾本科植物柄锈菌补记

本文报告采自云南及青海的四种禾本科植物柄锈菌。其中鹅冠草Roegneria kamojiOhwi上的鹅冠草柄锈菌Puccinia roegneriae J.-y. Zhuang & S.-x. Wei为新种。纤毛鹅冠草Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.) Nevski上的日本猬草柄锈菌Puccinia asperellae-japonicae Hara,弓果黍Cyrtococcum patens(L.) A. Camus上的东方柄锈菌Puccinia orientalis(H.Syd., P. Syd. & Butl.) Arth. & Cumm.以及乱子草Muhlenbergia hugelii Trin.上的乱子草柄锈菌Puccinia schedonnardi Kell. & Swing.为我国新记录种。对新种作了拉丁文描述。对其余的三个新记录种都作了讨论。本研究引用的中国标本(包括新种的模式)保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

河北小五台山叶生丝孢菌

小五台山自然保护区位于河北省西部,为河北省第一高峰。变化悬殊的地形,使其由低谷到亚高山草甸呈明显独特的垂直植被类型分布带,山势陡峻,谷路隘险,具有华北地区罕见的森林植被及丰富的植物资源。狭谷陡峰,葳蒐险奇的地形地貌,又形成了多变的气候特征,因此蕴藏着相当丰富的真菌资源。作者1990年8月在该地区考察期间,共采集涉及林木、农作物、花卉、蔬菜等植物病害标本240份。本文报道小五台山的丝孢菌(Hyphomycetes)14属40种,其中有二个新种:(木来)木菌绒孢(Mycovellosiella coni Y.L.Guo, sp. nov.),五味子色链隔孢(Phaeoramularia schisandrae Y.L. Guo, sp. nov.)和7个中国新记录种:沼泽尾孢(Cercospora paludicola Speg.),白面子菌绒孢[Mycovellosiella ariae(Fuckel) U. Braun],薯蓣菌绒孢[Mycovellosiella dioscorae(Vassiljevski) Pons & Sutton],当归柱隔孢(Ramularia angelicae v. Hohnel),白芷柱隔孢[Ramularia heraclei(Oud.)Sacc.),莴苣柱隔孢(Ramularia lactucosa Lamb. & Fautr.)和虎耳草柱隔孢(Ramularia saxifragae Syd.)。(木来)来木菌绒孢(Mycovellosiella coni Y.L. Guo, sp. nov.)生于山茱萸科(Cornaceae)华尔特氏掠子木(Cornus walteri Wanger.)叶上。子实体生于叶背面。次生菌丝体表生。无子座。分生孢子梗1-3根从气孔伸出或作为侧枝单生于表生菌丝上,近无色,分枝,曲膝状,1-2个隔膜,5.0-50.0 × 2.5-4.0 μm。分生孢子圆柱形,无色,链生并具枝链,0-4个隔膜,6.5-45.0 × 2.0-4.0 μm。在山茱萸科尚无菌绒孢属的报道,且该菌与已报道的尾孢属菌形态特征也不同,故定为新种。五味子色链隔孢(Phaeoramularia schisandrae Y.L. Guo, sp. nov.)生于五味子科(Schisandraceae)五味子[Schisandra chinensis (Tunz.) Baill.]叶上,子实体生于叶背面。菌丝体内生。具子座。分生孢子梗紧密簇生,浅青黄褐色,不分枝,曲膝状,1-5个隔膜,20.0-75.0 (-95.0) × 4.0-5.0 μm。分生孢子圆柱形,近无色,链生并具枝链,1-4个隔膜,15.0-40.0 × 3.0-4.0 μm。五味子科既无尾孢菌属也无色链隔孢属的报道。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述和图,新记录种进行了简要描述。研究的标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

菌寄生属3个新种和2个中国新记录种（英文）

对采自我国不同地区的菌寄生属标本进行分类研究,发现了该属的3个新种。鹅膏菌寄生Hypomyces amaniticola生长于鹅膏属真菌的子实体上,子囊壳埋生或半埋生于菌丝层中,橘黄色至黄褐色,卵圆形至梨形;子囊圆柱形,具8个孢子;子囊孢子长椭圆形至椭圆形,两端钝圆,无分隔,表面光滑。拟完整菌寄生H.completiopsis以牛肝菌为寄主,子囊壳橘黄色至黑褐色,梨形至近球形;子囊圆柱形,具8个孢子;子囊孢子纺锤形至披针形,两端具细尖,表面具疣。云南菌寄生H.yunnanensis子囊壳半埋生或近表生,黄褐色至褐色,梨形至近球形;子囊孢子近纺锤形,两端具细尖,1个分隔,表面具疣。提供了新种的详细宏观和微观特征描述及图示。此外,发现该属的2个中国新记录种,即小孢菌寄生H.microspermus和盘菌菌寄生H.stephanomatis,对我国材料的形态特征与原始描述进行了比较。     

细叶蒿草炭黑粉菌新种及中国黑粉菌补遗VII

本文报道炭黑粉菌一新种,即细叶蒿草炭黑粉菌(Anthracoidea filifoliae L. Guo sp.nov.)和4个我国新记录种:1)角孢炭黑粉菌(A. angulata(H. Sydow) Boidol & Poclt), 2)黍状苔炭黑粉菌(A. paniceae Kukkenen), 3)狼尾草团黑粉菌(Sorosporium penniseti Mundkur)和4)米勒粘孢黑粉菌(Tolyposporium muellerianum (Thuemen) McAlpine)。     

海南省粉褶蕈属的分类研究(I)

本文报道了海南省粉褶蕈属[Entoloma(Fr．)Kumm.]6个新种,它们是：锈褐粉褶蕈(Entoloma terruglneobrunneum W．M．Zhang sp nov．),紫褐粉褶蕈(Emoloma purpureo-brunncum W．M．Zhang sp．nov．),丛生粉褶蕈(Entoloma aespitosum W. M. Zhang sp. Nov)．肉褐粉褶蕈(Entoloma carneobrunneum W．M. Zhang sp. Nov.)近杯伞状粉褶蕈(Entolomasubclitocyboides W. M. Zhang sp．nov.),近偏生粉褶蕈(Entoloma subecceatricum W. M.Zhang sp．nov．),所有标本保藏于广东省微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

中国锈革菌属研究.5.采自云南的两个新记录种

报道了采自云南省的锈革菌属(Hymenochaete)2个中国新记录种,即长矛锈革菌(H. contiformis)和红边锈革菌(H. rufomarginata)。前者的主要特点是解剖结构中无皮层和菌丝层,刚毛长且孢子大; 后者的主要特点是子实层具大量的侧丝,刚毛和孢子较小。提供了这两个种的野外标本照片、显微结构绘图以及详细的形态学描述,并给出了云南省锈革菌属30个种的检索表。     

抑制铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的乳杆菌筛选及机制初探

筛选得到对慢性创面中铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)生物膜形成具有抑制作用的乳杆菌(Loctobacillus)。测定不同种乳杆菌对铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌双菌生物膜量、生长及群体感应信号分子AI-2的影响，并采用主成分分析和菌株特性综合分析确定效果最佳的菌株，最后通过荧光定量PCR的方式探究该菌株对生物膜和群体感应相关基因表达的影响。结果表明，植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、卷曲乳杆菌(Loctobacillus crispatus)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Loctobacillus acidophilus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Loctobacillus rhamnosus)、瑞士乳杆菌(Loctobacillus helveticus)、短乳杆菌(Loctobacilkus brevis)具有不同程度的抑菌、抑制生物膜形成的能力，且同种不同株的乳杆菌抑制生物膜形成的能力也有所差异。其中，植物乳杆菌CCFM233产生的AI-2信号分子较多，具有良好的抑菌能力，可使致病菌生物膜形成量降低，铜绿假单胞菌的LasR和rhlI基因表达水平和金黄色葡萄球菌的SarA基因表达水平显著下调。本研究旨在揭示植物乳杆菌CCFM233具有抗铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌感染的潜力，为其应用于慢性创面敷料提供参考。     

捕食真菌及其相关丝孢菌中国的新记录

本文报道了来自我国云南及长白山地区的捕食真菌及其相关丝孢菌的8个新记录种,即纺锤孢指隔孢(Dactylella atractoides),狭长孢指隔孢(D. stenomeces)、顶毛孢单顶孢(Monacrosporium acrochaeturn),泡环单顶孢(M. aphrobrochum),异孢单顶孢(M. heterobrochum),瘤捕单顶孢(M. phymatopagum),三叉霉(Tridentaria sp.)及龟头轮枝孢(Verticillium balanoides).     

晶杯菌科3个新种（英文）

对来自四川、甘肃和青海的晶杯菌科盘菌采集物进行分类研究,发现了3个新种,它们隶属于黄杯菌属和绒被盘菌属。竹黄杯菌的子囊盘直径0.2-0.5mm,子实层表面米色至米灰色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,58-68×4.5-5.5μm;子囊孢子梭形,具一个分隔,8-12×2.3-3μm。单胞黄杯菌的子囊盘盘状,直径1mm,子实层表面污黄色;子囊具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,82-92×6-8μm;子囊孢子梭形,14-21×2-3.5μm。隔孢绒被盘菌的子囊盘盘状,直径0.5-1mm,子实层表面白色至淡灰色,子层托表面具短棒状细胞延伸物;子囊棒状至近圆柱形,具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer’s试剂中呈蓝色,73-84×6.8-7.5μm;子囊孢子柱梭形,具3个分隔,18-20.5×2.5-3.3μm。     

中国盾盘菌属分类研究概况

本文对中国已记载的盾盘菌属成员名称做了分类和命名方面的评述,报道该属六个中国新记录种,须孢盘菌广西变型描述为新变型。     

Efficient one-step starch utilization by industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the glucoamylase and α-amylase genes from Debaryomyces occidentalis

Amylolytic industrial polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 4126, ATCC 9763 and ATCC 24858) expressing a glucoamylase gene (GAM1) or an α-amylase gene (AMY) from Debaryomyces occidentalis were developed. The glucoamylase activity of S. cerevisiae ATCC 9763 expressing the GAM1 gene was 3.7-times higher than that of D. occidentalis. On the other hand, α-amylase activity in the corresponding strain expressing the D. occidentalis AMY gene increased 10-times relative to D. occidentalis. These two recombinant yeast strains expressing the GAM1 gene and AMY gene, respectively were cultured simultaneously to produce both glucoamylase and α-amylase for efficient one-step utilization of starch. Growth, substrate utilization and enzyme activity of these strains are described.     

Thirteen new species and two new combinations of Stevia (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) from Mexico

Thirteen new species of the genusStevia are described and illustrated from Mexico:S. chilapensis, S. coahuilensis, S. crassifolia, S. ecatepecana, S. filodecaballoana, S. mascotensis, S. mexicana, S. oaxacana, S. oligophylla, S. potosina, S. rotundifolia, S. scabrelloides, andS. viejoana. In addition, two varieties,Stevia aschenborniana Sch. Bip. ex Klotzsch var.occidentalis Grashoff andS. palmeri A. Gray var.constricta Grashoff are herein redefined as being distinct species,S. occidentalis andS. constricta stat. nov.Stevia mexicana resemblesStevia trifida Lagasca but differs in the habit.     

Microbial diversity in the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Microorganisms associated with the predatory mite Metaseiulus (=Typhlodromus or Galendromus) occidentalis (Nesbitt) and its prey, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch), were assessed using a high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol and primers designed to identify Eubacteria, Archaeabacteria, iridoviruses, Helicosporidia, Cytophaga-like microorganisms, Wolbachia and its bacteriophage WO, fungi and yeast-like organisms. Sequences from four bacterial species related to Wolbachia (α-Proteobacteria), Cardinium, Bacteroidetes, and Enterobacter (γ-Proteobacteria) were obtained from M. occidentalis, and three sequences related to Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Caulobacter (α-Proteobacteria) were obtained from T. urticae. No nucleotide differences were detected between the 16S rRNA, wspA or wspB Wolbachia sequences obtained from M. occidentalis and T. urticae, which suggest that horizontal transfer of Wolbachia could have occurred. Southern blot analyses of genomic DNA from both M. occidentalis and T. urticae using wspA probes were negative, indicating that this Wolbachia sequence is not integrated into the nuclear genome of either species. Two of the T. urticae colonies tested contained the WO bacteriophage, but none of the six M. occidentalis populations were infected. New M. occidentalis-specific forward and reverse 16S rRNA primers based on the Wolbachia, Cardinium, Bacteroidetes, and Enterobacter sequences obtained were designed and used to amplify PCR products from each of two laboratory and four field-collected samples of M. occidentalis females and eggs, indicating that these infections are widespread. Likewise, species-specific primers for T. urticae were designed for the Wolbachia, Rickettsia, and Caulobacter sequences obtained and used to evaluate T. urticae from strawberries, wine grapes, hops, almonds, and cherries from California, Washington, and Florida; all were positive for Wolbachia and Caulobacter but two of the six were negative for Rickettsia. None of the M. occidentalis colonies tested were positive for the microsporidium Oligosporidium occidentalis, which previously had been associated with a pathogenic condition in some of our laboratory colonies. The Gainesville colonies of M. occidentalis and T. urticae were negative for iridovirus, Archaeabacteria, fungi, Helicosporidia, and yeast-like organisms. So far, Wolbachia is the only symbiont that is shared by this predator and its prey.     

Site selection by a social wasp in a nesting association (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

The tropical social waspMischocyttarus immarginatus is a nesting associate ofPolybia occidentalis in northwestern Costa Rica. We show that an activeP. occidentalis colony is a necessary component of aM. immarginatus nesting site in this part of the latter’s range.M. immarginatus foundresses actively seekP. occidentalis colonies to initiate nests at a modal distance of 8 cm from them. There is an 18-mm lower limit to how closeM. immarginatus can nest in relation toP. occidentalis. At distances of less than this,P. occidentalis workers can reach theM. immarginatus nest while standing on their own nest and robM. immarginatus of its brood when the adults are absent.     

Cloning of α-amylase gene from Schwanniomyces occidentalis and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The cloning of α-amylase gene ofS. occidentalis and the construction of starch digestible strain of yeast,S. cerevisiae AS. 2. 1364 with ethanol-tolerance and without auxotrophic markers used in fermentation industry were studied. The yeast/E.coli shuttle plasmid YCEp1 partial library ofS. occidentalis DNA was constructed and α-amylase gene was screened in S.cerevisiae by amylolytic activity. Several transformants with amylolysis were obtained and one of the fusion plasmids had an about 5.0 kb inserted DNA fragment, containing the upstream and downstream sequences of α-amylase gene fromS. occidentalis. It was further confirmed by PCR and sequence determination that this 5.0 kb DNA fragment contains the whole coding sequence of α-amylase. The amylolytic test showed that when this transformant was incubated on plate of YPDS medium containing 1 % glum and 1 % starch at 30°C for 48 h starch degradation zones could be visualized by staining with iodine vapour. α-amylase activity of the culture filtratate is 740–780 mU/mL and PAGE shows that the yeast harboring fusion plasmids efficiently secreted α-amylase into the medium, and the amount of the recombinant α-amylase is more than 12% of the total proteins in the culture filtrate. These results showed that α-amylase gene can be highly expressed and efficiently secreted inS. cerevisiae AS. 2.1364, and the promotor and the terminator of α-amylase gene fromS. occidentalis work well inS. cercvisiac AS. 2.1364.     

西花蓟马高毒力虫生真菌筛选及其生防应用潜力的研究进展

西花蓟马是一种外来入侵的世界性害虫,对农林业危害巨大。查阅国内外相关文献,综述了当前防治西花蓟马的虫生真菌的种类、高毒力菌株的筛选及防治现状。现已知西花蓟马的寄生病原真菌有5种,包括蜡蚧轮枝菌(半知菌:丝孢目)、球孢白僵菌(半知菌:丝孢目)、金龟子绿僵菌(半知菌:丝孢目)、玫烟色棒束孢(半知菌:束梗孢目)和小孢新接霉。其中,球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌在西花蓟马的生物防治中应用最广,具有良好的开发应用潜力,部分防效好的虫生真菌已申请专利及实现工厂化生产。     

Protein enrichment of grain sorghum by submerged culture of the amylolytic yeastsSchwanniomyces occidentalis andLipomyces kononenkoae

Cultivation of aSchwanniomyces occidentalis derepressed mutant in a 10% (w/v) gelatinized grain sorghum slurry increased the crude protein content of the biomass from an initial value of 12% to 41% (dry) within 20 h, with no detectable residual starch. Co-cultivation ofCandida utilis with theS. occidentalis mutant improved the final crude protein content to 47% within 18 h, whereas a co-culture ofC. utilis with aLipomyces kononenkoae mutant resulted in a cultivation time of 50 h with a significantly lower protein content and a low final -amylase activity. In a 15% (w/v) grain sorghum slurry aC. utilis/S. occidentalis co-culture increased the protein content to about 44% within 30 h. Yeast cultivation increased the lysine and threonine content of the final biomass considerably.     

Prospects for biological control of the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis,with the entomopathogenic fungus,Metarhizium anisopliae,on chrysanthemum

The potential of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on chrysanthemum cuttings was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The fungus significantly reduced both the adult and larval populations of F. occidentalis, although the level of control of larval populations was much lower than for adults. Combined application of M. anisopliae and Methomyl (Lannate^®), however, resulted in a significant reduction of both the larval and adult stages. The use of both control agents might be helpful in reducing the selection pressure for resistance to chemical insecticides, thereby delaying or preventing the build-up of resistant populations in greenhouses.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest

Forest succession following fire in a forest mosaic of northwestern Quebec has been studied in order to: (1) describe the successional pathways using communities of different ages and (2) evaluate convergence of successional pathways and possible effect of fire suppression on the establishment of steady-state communities. As a first step, ordination and classification techniques were used in order to remove changes in forest composition which are related to abiotic conditions. Then, ordinations based on tree diameter distributions were used to study shifts in species composition in relation to time since the last fire.Even under similar abiotic conditions, successional pathways are numerous. However, regardless of forest composition after fire, most stands show convergence toward dominance of Thuja occidentalis and Picea mariana on xeric sites and dominance of Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis on more mesic sites. Stable communities of >300 yr occur on xeric sites while on mesic sites directional succession still occurs after 224 yr. Nearly all species involved in succession are present in the first 50 yr following fire. Only Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis increase significantly in frequency during succession. Following initial establishment, successional processes can generally be explained by species longevity and shade tolerance. Early successional species may be abundant in the canopy for more than 200 yr while the rapid decrease of Picea glauca, a late successional species could be related to spruce budworm outbreaks. Considering the short fire rotation observed (about 150 yr), a steady-state forest is unlikely to occur under natural conditions, though it may be possible if fire is controlled.