干旱区植物叶片大小对叶表面蒸腾及叶温的影响

利用热及物质交换原理, 并结合前人研究成果, 在单叶尺度上建立了简单的叶温和水气蒸腾模型。模型通过预设值驱动, 预设值参照干旱区环境及植物叶片特征设置。模拟结果显示: 随气孔阻力的增加, 叶片蒸腾速率降低, 叶温升高; 同一环境下, 具有低辐射吸收率的叶片蒸腾速率和叶温更低, 并且气孔阻力越大, 这种差异越明显。另外, 叶片宽度及风速是影响叶片蒸腾及叶温的重要因子。干旱地区植物生长季节, 风速小于0.1 m·s ^-1、气孔阻力接近1000 s·m ^-1时, 降低叶片宽度不仅有利于降低叶片温度, 而且能够降低叶片蒸腾速率, 从而实现保持水分, 增强植物适应高温、干旱的能力。     

RNA Synthesis in Spring and Winter Wheat during Cold Acclimation

The factors responsible for the low transpiration rates of citrus were investigated. Leaf resistance to water vapor exchange by orange seedlings (Citrus sinensis L. cv. Koethen) including a substantial boundary layer resistance, was as low as 1 s cm⁻¹ in humid air. Leaf resistance of well watered plants increased to values as large as 5 s cm⁻¹ when the difference in absolute humidity between leaf and air was increased. Leaf resistance was only slightly influenced by temperature between 20 and 30°C providing the humidity difference between leaf and air was kept constant. Leaf resistance increased when leaf temperature was increased between 20 and 30°C when the absolute humidity external to the leaf was kept constant. Increased humidity differences resulted in greater increases in leaf resistance during initial experiments than when the experiments were repeated with the same leaves indicating acclimation by the plant. It was concluded that the effects of humidity differences on leaf resistance are partially responsible for the low transpiration rates of citrus.     

Boundary Layer Resistance and Temperature Distribution on Still and Flapping Leaves: II. Field Experiments

The forced convection of heat from reed (Phragmites communis) leaves was observed in their natural environment. The leaves were painted with liquid crystals, which displayed or indicated their temperature without any interference with natural air flow. Temperature differences as large as 15 C were observed between the leading and trailing edges of the nontranspiring, painted leaves. The turbulence of the natural wind decreased the boundary layer resistance around the leaf to about 40% of the resistance in a laminar steady wind.     

Aftereffects of low and high temperature pretreatment on leaf resistance, transpiration, and leaf temperature in xanthium

Leaf resistance for water vapor (total diffusion resistance minus boundary layer resistance), transpiration, and leaf temperature were measured in attached leaves of greenhouse-grown Xanthium strumarium L. plants that had been pretreated for 72 hours with high (40 C day, 35 C night), or low (10 C day, 5 C night) air temperatures. Measurements were made in a wind tunnel at light intensity of 1.15 cal cm⁻² min⁻¹, air temperatures between 5 and 45 C, and wind speed of 65 cm sec⁻¹. Leaf resistances in low temperature pretreated plants were higher (8 to 27 sec cm⁻¹) than in controls or high temperature pretreated plants (0.5 to 3 sec cm⁻¹) at leaf temperatures between 5 and 25 C. Thus, the pretreatment influenced stomatal aperture.     

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L

Leaf resistance of Sesamum indicum L. increased when the humidity gradient between leaf and air was increased, at moderate temperatures, even though calculated carbon dioxide concentrations within the leaf decreased slightly. Mesophyll resistance remained relatively constant when humidity gradients were changed, indicating that the increases in leaf resistance were mainly caused by reductions in stomatal aperture and that nonstomatal aspects of photosynthesis and respiration were not affected. Low carbon dioxide concentrations inside the leaf decreased but did not eliminate resistance response to the humidity gradient. Internal carbon dioxide concentrations had little effect on resistance in humid air but had moderate effects on resistance with large humidity gradients between leaf and air. Stomatal response to humidity was not present at high leaf temperatures. Effects of humidity gradients on photosynthetic and stomatal responses to temperature suggested that large humidity gradients may contribute to mid-day closure of stomata and depressions in photosynthesis.     

Estimation of whole-plant resistance to gaseous exchange independent of leaf temperature measurement

For studies into the uptake of mercury vapor by wheat (Triticum aestivum), a simple theory and plant chamber were employed to estimate total leaf resistance of whole plants to water vapor exchange. The estimates were independent of leaf temperature, for which mean values were indirectly determined. The approach involved the measurement, at steady-state conditions, of the net change in water vapor flux per unit of leaf surface (Δq_v) in response to a small induced change in absolute humidity (ΔC_a). Assuming that total leaf resistance (r_l) was constant and that change in leaf temperature (T_l) was negligible, total leaf resistance was calculated from the equation, [Formula: see text]     

霸王和木本猪毛菜在遮风和不遮风环境下的表型特征差异

植物的表型特征是对环境适应的结果。霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)和木本猪毛菜(Salsola arbuscula)是新疆达坂城大风区的主要植物,也是该区植被恢复潜在的先锋植物。在达坂城柴窝堡,通过野外盆栽实验,对霸王和木本猪毛菜持续吹风和遮风处理90 d,定量分析这两种植物在遮风和不遮风环境下其地上部分的生长和空间构型差异。结果表明:(1)与遮风下的相比,自然大风中的霸王和木本猪毛菜其株高、叶长度、单叶面积、单株叶面积均减小,顺风向基径均增大,尤其是霸王,其株高减小了一半多。木本猪毛菜的叶片数量增多,叶宽增大,霸王的叶片数量减少、叶宽度、叶柄长度、叶柄直径均减小;(2)遮风下的木本猪毛菜其植冠在四个方向均匀生长,而自然大风中的植冠空间构型在迎风面和背风面出现明显的不对称,一级分枝数增多,主茎弯曲角度、枝倾角、叶倾角均减小。霸王没有出现一级分枝,主茎弯曲角度减小,叶倾角增大。可见,霸王主要通过减小地上部分各器官来响应大风环境,而木本猪毛菜除减小各器官之外,还减小各器官之间的角度,形成更紧凑的构型,以此适应大风环境。     

模拟长期大风对木本猪毛菜表观特征的影响

风是一个重要的生态因子,对植物地上部分的生长和构型有重要影响。植物表观特征对植物获取光能、抵抗外界机械压力有着重要作用。木本猪毛菜(Salsola arbuscula Pall.)是新疆达坂城大风区植被的共建种,也是该区植被恢复潜在的先锋植物。为了研究木本猪毛菜在长期大风环境中形成的独特适应机制,以盆栽实验为手段,设置3个风速(小风:3 m/s,中风:7 m/s,大风:12 m/s),持续吹风105d,定量分析长期大风作用下木本猪毛菜地上部分的生长和空间构型的变化。结果表明:(1)风胁迫减小了木本猪毛菜的株高,增大了其顺风向的基径;大风减小了木本猪毛菜的叶片长度,中风和小风对其叶片长度没有影响;大风和中风增加了木本猪毛菜的叶片数,小风对叶片数没有影响。(2)木本猪毛菜植冠的空间构型在迎风面和背风面出现明显的不对称性;风胁迫减小了木本猪毛菜的主茎弯曲角度、叶倾角;大风和小风减小了木本猪毛菜的冠幅,中风没有影响;大风和中风减小了木本猪毛菜的枝倾角,小风没有影响;木本猪毛菜在大风和中风作用下出现了二级分枝,在小风作用下没有出现二级分枝。木本猪毛菜主要通过减小自身的扩大生长,增加空间构型的不对称性,减小枝与叶的受力面积等方式来降低风的阻力,以适应长期大风。     

Computer-based analysis of steady-state and transient heat transfer of small-sized leaves by free and mixed convection

In order to study convective heat transfer of small leaves, the steady‐state and transient heat flux of small leaf‐shaped model structures (area of one side = 1730 mm²) were studied under zero and low (= 100 mm s^?1) wind velocities by using a computer simulation method. The results show that: (1) distinct temperature gradients of several degrees develop over the surface of the model objects during free and mixed convection; and (2) the shape of the objects and onset of low wind velocities has a considerable effect on the resulting temperature pattern and on the time constant τ. Small leaves can thus show a temperature distribution which is far from uniform under zero and low wind conditions. The approach leads, however, to higher leaf temperatures than would be attained by ‘real’ leaves under identical conditions, because heat transfer by transpiration is neglected. The results demonstrate the fundamental importance of a completely controlled environment when measuring heat dissipation by free convection. As slight air breezes alter the temperature of leaves significantly, the existence of purely free convection appears to be questionable in the case of outdoor conditions. Contrary to the prognoses yielded by standard approximations, no quantitative effect of buoyancy on heat transfer under the considered conditions could be detected for small‐sized leaf shapes.     

Leaf growth in the seagrass Syringodium filiforme Kütz

Field measurements made during the summer of 1982 in the Indian River lagoon, Florida, showed that Syringodium filiforme Kütz. displays a consistent pattern of growth. The cylindrical leaves lengthen at initial constant rates from a basal region, slow when approaching maturity, and finally cease growing. Elongation rates of individual blades varied by a factor of 3.6, from 0.86 to 3.11 cm day^?1, but were usually similar within a factor of 1.5 for leaves growing on the same shoot. Leaf diameter was primarily determined by growth in the basal meristem region and varied from 0.80 to 1.47 mm during growth of an average 40 cm blade. Syringodium also partitions growth among leaves in a consistent manner. On an upright shoot that bears 1–3 leaves, growth is almost totally confined to the youngest leaf with a new leaf starting as the previous leaf stops. For productivity studies of Syringodium, monitoring growth of the youngest leaves on several leaf shoots will give accurate estimates of mean growth rates.     

An Examination of the Leaf Quaking Adaptation and Stomatal Distribution in Populus tremuloides Michx

The leaves of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) have a flattened petiole that allows them to quake (oscillate and roll) under low wind velocities. It was hypothesized that this adaptation might enable the plant to respond to windy conditions that would increase transpirational losses. No effects of wind with or without leaf quaking on stomatal resistance were observed under controlled conditions in the field. If wind and leaf quaking affect stomatal resistance, such effects must be small in comparison to those caused by other factors such as leaf water potential and ambient humidity.     

Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Water Stress in Two Cotton Cultivars

A series of controlled-environment experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of Meloidogyne incognita on host physiology and plant-water relations of two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to nematode infection. Inoculation of M. incognita-resistant cultivar Auburn 634 did not affect growth, stomatal resistance, or components of plant-water potential relative to uninoculated controls. However, nematode infection of the susceptible cultivar Stoneville 506 greatly suppressed water flow through intact roots. This inhibition exceeded 28% on a root-length basis and was similar to that observed as a consequence of severe water stress in a high evaporative demand environment. Nematodes did not affect the components of leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, transpiration, or leaf temperature. However, these factors were affected by the interaction of M. incognita and water stress. Our results indicate that M. incognita infection may alter host-plant water balance and may be a significant factor in early-season stress on cotton seedlings.     

Do Stomata Respond to CO(2) Concentrations Other than Intercellular?

Most studies on stomatal responses to CO₂ assume that guard cells respond only to intercellular CO₂ concentration and are insensitive to the CO₂ concentrations in the pore and outside the leaf. If stomata are sensitive to the CO₂ concentration at the surface of the leaf or in the stomatal pore, the stomatal response to intercellular CO₂ concentration will be incorrect for a `normally' operating leaf (where ambient CO₂ concentration is a constant). In this study asymmetric CO₂ concentrations for the two surfaces of amphistomatous leaves were used to vary intercellular and leaf surface CO₂ concentrations independently in Xanthium strumarium L. and Helianthus annuus L. The response of stomata to intercellular CO₂ concentration when the concentration at the leaf surface was held constant was found to be the same as the response when the surface concentration was varied. In addition, stomata did not respond to changes in leaf surface CO₂ concentration when the intercellular concentration for that surface was held constant. It is concluded that stomata respond to intercellular CO₂ concentration and are insensitive to the CO₂ concentration at the surface of the leaf and in the stomatal pore.     

Quaking and Gas Exchange in Leaves of Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.)

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) leaves are amphistomatous and have an adaptation in their petiole which allows them to oscillate in wind. A possible function of these oscillations in enhancing gas exchange was studied.

Cottonwood leaves were found to oscillate in the presence of wind velocities frequently encountered in nature. A pressure differential across the leaf was shown to result in bulk flow of air through that leaf. Oscillating a cottonwood leaf at frequencies found to occur in nature was found to increase the rate of O₂ flux through the leaf. The measured changes in boundary layer resistances during oscillations were found to be insufficient to account for the increased O₂ flux. Thus, the bulk flow of air through an oscillating cottonwood leaf results in a decreased total resistance which is typically 25% less than that of a still leaf.

     

The effect of temperature on photosynthetic induction under fluctuating light in Chrysanthemum morifolium

The photosynthetic response was investigated on Chrysanthemum morifolium under dynamic light conditions in the 20–35 °C temperature range to evaluate the effect of climatic variables on photosynthetic induction. The plant material was grown under uniform, controlled conditions and its gas exchange was analyzed. The gas exchange measurements were used to investigate the rate of induction, momentary induction state, and the opening of stomata. At the varying temperature ranges and under dynamic light conditions, C. morifolium reached a quasi-steady-state induction equilibrium (IS_eq(PAR,T)) within 14–45 min. For the same level of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the equilibrated level of steady-state induction increased as the temperature increased. It was highest approximately at 30 °C. The induction state was equilibrated at a lower level as the temperature increased to 35 °C. The interaction effect of PAR and temperature on induction state was not significant. The rate of photosynthetic induction and the time required at which the induction reached its 90 % value (t ₉₀) was influenced by PAR significantly. The light history of a leaf had a significant effect on t ₉₀, indicating that the time to reach a steady-state induction is different depending on the light environment and the period at which the leaf was exposed to light. The velocity of the photosynthetic induction was not affected by the temperature. It was associated with stomatal conductance of the leaf prior to the onset of light (g _Sini).     

Efficiency and regulation of water transport in some woody and herbaceous species

The efficiency with which plants transport water is related to the water potential differences required to drive water fluxes from the soil to the leaf. A comparative study of two woody and three herbaceous species (Citrus sinensis L. cv. Koethen, Pyrus kawakami L., Helianthus annuus L. cv. Mammoth Russian, Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Yolo Wonder, and Sesamum indicum L. cv. Glauca) indicated contrasts in water transport efficiency. Depression of leaf water potential in response to transpiration increases was found in the woody species; the herbaceous species, however, had more efficient water transport systems and presented no measurable response of leaf water potential to transpiration changes. Different maximum transpiration rates under the same climatic conditions were observed with different species and may be accounted for by stomatal response to humidity gradients between leaf and air. Leaf diffusion resistance in sesame increased markedly as the humidity gradient was increased, while leaf resistance of sunflower responded less to humidity. Stomata appeared to respond directly to the humidity gradient because changes in leaf water potential were not detected when leaf resistance increased or decreased.     

An evaluation of the wind chill factor: its development and applicability.

The wind chill factor has become a standard meteorologic term in cold climates. Meteorologic charts provide wind chill temperatures meant to represent the hypothetical air temperature that would, under conditions of no wind, effect the same heat loss from unclothed human skin as does the actual combination of air temperature and wind velocity. As this wind chill factor has social and economic significance, an investigation was conducted on the development of this factor and its applicability based on modern heat transfer principles. The currently used wind chill factor was found to be based on a primitive study conducted by the U.S. Antarctic Service over 50 years ago. The resultant equation for the wind chill temperature assumes an unrealistic constant skin temperature and utilizes heat transfer coefficients that differ markedly from those obtained from equations of modern convective heat transfer methods. The combined effect of these two factors is to overestimate the effect of a given wind velocity and to predict a wind chill temperature that is too low.