Study on two unrecorded genera,Barycnemis Förster and Phradis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), from South Korea

Six genera of the subfamily Tersilochinae (Barycnemis, Diaparsis, Gelanes, Phradis, Probles and Tersilochus) are recognized in South Korea. Two genera, Diaparsis and Tersilochus, were previously recognized from South Korea, whereas the other four genera are recorded from this country for the first time. All genera found in South Korea, except the almost cosmopolitan Diaparsis, are entirely or predominantly Holarctic. A key to the six genera of Tersilochine occurring in South Korea is provided. Two genera of Korean Tersilochinae (Barycnemis and Phradis) are reviewed here, and a key to the other four species (B. bellator, B. dissimilis, P. kyushuensis and P. nikishenae) is provided in this paper.     

Colonization,Species Composition,and Conidial Production of Aquatic Hyphomycetes on Chirpine Needle Litter in a Freshwater Kumaun Himalayan Stream

Aquatic hyphomycetes colonizing the submerged chirpine (pinus roxburghii SARG .) needle litter in a high altitude, Kumaun Himalayan stream were studied. 15 species belonging to different genera of aquatic Hyphomycetes have been recognized as the colonizers of chirpine needle litter. Clavariopsis aquatica, Heliscus lugdunensis, Lunulospora cymbiformis, Triscelophorus acuminatus and T. monosporus were found with a high frequency of occurrence. The conidial production was highest in Flagellospora penicillioides, however, Campylospora chaetocladia, L. cymbiformis and T. acuminatus had less number of conidia per unit area of pine needles. The chirpine needle litter decomposition in the freshwater habitat is also discussed.     

Recovery and Phylogenetic Diversity of Culturable Fungi Associated with Marine Sponges <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clathrina luteoculcitella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holoxea</Emphasis> sp. in the South China Sea

Sponge-associated fungi represent an important source of marine natural products, but little is known about the fungal diversity and the relationship of sponge–fungal association, especially no research on the fungal diversity in the South China Sea sponge has been reported. In this study, a total of 111 cultivable fungi strains were isolated from two South China Sea sponges Clathrina luteoculcitella and Holoxea sp. using eight different media. Thirty-two independent representatives were selected for analysis of phylogenetic diversity according to ARDRA and morphological characteristics. The culturable fungal communities consisted of at least 17 genera within ten taxonomic orders of two phyla (nine orders of the phylum Ascomycota and one order of the phylum Basidiomycota) including some potential novel marine fungi. Particularly, eight genera of Apiospora, Botryosphaeria, Davidiella, Didymocrea, Lentomitella, Marasmius, Pestalotiopsis, and Rhizomucor were isolated from sponge for the first time. Sponge C. luteoculcitella has greater culturable fungal diversity than sponge Holoxea sp. Five genera of Aspergillus, Davidiella, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium were isolated from both sponges, while 12 genera of Apiospora, Botryosphaeria, Candida, Marasmius, Cladosporium, Didymocrea, Hypocrea, Lentomitella, Nigrospora, Pestalotiopsis, Rhizomucor, and Scopulariopsis were isolated from sponge C. luteoculcitella only. Order Eurotiales especially genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and order Hypocreales represented the dominant culturable fungi in these two South China Sea sponges. Nigrospora oryzae strain PF18 isolated from sponge C. luteoculcitella showed a strong and broad spectrum antimicrobial activities suggesting the potential for antimicrobial compounds production.     

Genera and species of Baetidae in Japan: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nigrobaetis,Alainites, Labiobaetis</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tenuibaetis</Emphasis> n. stat. (Ephemeroptera)

We describe morphological characters of the genera Nigrobaetis, Alainites, Labiobaetis, and Tenuibaetis n. stat. and provide generic situations of six Japanese species: Nigrobaetis chocoratus n. comb., N. sacishimensis n. comb., Alainites atagonis, A. florens, A. yoshinensis, and Tenuibaetis pseudofrequentus. To evaluate the polarities of the morphological characters and the monophyly of Nigrobaetis, Alainites, Labiobaetis, and Tenuibaetis, character states of these four genera were compared with the genus Cloeon as an outgroup. Labiobaetis is considered to be a monophyletic group supported by a wide paraglossa. Tenuibaetis is a monophyletic group that is distinguishable from the related genera by robust setae with a medial ridge on the dorsomedian surface of the nymphal femur. We did not find any synapomorphic characters of Nigrobaetis or Alainites. Although we tentatively treat Nigrobaetis and Alainites as distinct genera, they are considered to be paraphyletic taxa.     

球类原核微生物

球类或类球(果菌、球菌、璆菌、卵菌、橄菌等)微生物是原核微生物最早发现、最重要和最常见的细胞生命形态之一,迄今已有果菌140余属800多种60多亚种,球菌30余属60多种,璆菌10余属20多种,八球菌7属40多种,橄菌9属10多种,卵菌10余属30多种,合计约210属1 000余种和亚种。国内外对这些微生物的总结分析较少,本文试图对此进行系统的总结和规范,明确其形态特征、生境、生化、多样性和域归属,以推动对此类微生物分类和功能的进一步研发,推动国际间的交流与合作。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sativumoides</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporiopsis</Emphasis>, two new genera of hyphomycetes from China

Sativumoides punicae gen. et sp. nov. and Cladosporiopsis ovata gen. et sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Sativumoides is characterized by macronematous, individual, percurrently extending conidiophores, integrated, monoblastic, apical, lageniform conidiogenous cells, and single, apical, pale brown to brown, garlic-bulb-shaped dictyosporous conidia with predominantly longitudinal septa. Cladosporiopsis is unique in possessing pigmented, apiosporous conidia seceding schizolytically from integrated, monoblastic, determinate conidiogenous cells; the conidia, arising from the sides or ends of ramoconidia, form short, acropetal chains. Sativumoides is compared with similar anamorphic genera including Triposporium, Iyengarina, Acrodictys, Actinocladium, Piricaudiopsis, Cheiroidea, Stephanoma, Domingoella, Acrogenospora and Shrungabeeja. The distinctions between Cladosporiopsis and similar genera including Cladosporium, Ochrocladosporium, Rachicladosporium, Rhizacladosporium, Toxicocladosporium, Ramularia, Bispora, Lylea and Devriesia are also discussed. Keys to these two novel genera and their morphologically similar genera are provided.     

Exploration of cultivable fungal communities in deep coal‐bearing sediments from ∼1.3 to 2.5 km below the ocean floor

Although subseafloor sediments are known to harbour a vast number of microbial cells, the distribution, diversity, and origins of fungal populations remain largely unexplored. In this study, we cultivated fungi from 34 of 47 deep coal‐associated sediment samples collected at depths ranging from 1289 to 2457 m below the seafloor (mbsf) off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan (1118 m water depth). We obtained a total of 69 fungal isolates under strict contamination controls, representing 61 Ascomycota (14 genera, 23 species) and 8 Basidiomycota (4 genera, 4 species). Penicillium and Aspergillus relatives were the most dominant genera within the Ascomycetes, followed by the members of genera Cladosporium, Hamigera, Chaetomium, Eutypella, Acremonium, Aureobasidium, Candida, Eurotium, Exophiala, Nigrospora, Bionectria and Pseudocercosporella. Four Basidiomycota species were identified as genera Schizophyllum, Irpex, Bjerkandera and Termitomyces. Among these isolates, Cladosporium sphaerospermum and Aspergillus sydowii relatives were isolated from a thin lignite coal‐sandstone formation at 2457 mbsf. Our results indicate that these cultivable fungal populations are indigenous, originating from past terrigenous environments, which have persisted, possibly as spores, through ～20 million years of depositional history.     

Comparative seed morphology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leandra</Emphasis> (Miconieae,Melastomataceae)

The seed morphology of 79 species of neotropical Miconieae (Melastomataceae) is presented. These species have been chosen, in majority, from the polyphyletic genus Leandra. A few other species from the polyphyletic genera Miconia, Ossaea, and Clidemia were also sampled, because of potential similarities. Sixteen morphological seed types are defined after analysis through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The seed morphology appears to possess a great deal of variability on the level of the overall shape as well as the structure and the surface of the testa. The different types defined here do not match with genera or sections, but rather are composed of species coming from different genera. In comparison with a preliminary molecular phylogeny study done on Leandra, some types of seeds are related to well supported clades. In some cases seed morphology corresponds with natural groups of species, thus being of high phylogenetic importance.     

Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis>

This study investigated the endophytic fungi diversity of Taxus chinensis and screened the taxol-producing fungi in the host. A total of 115 endophytic fungi isolates obtained from bark segments of T. chinensis were grouped into 23 genera based on the morphological traits and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), indicating endophytic fungi in T. chinensis are diverse and abundant. Diaporthe, Phomopsis (anamorph of Diaporthe), Acremonium, and Pezicula were the dominant genera, whereas the remaining genera were infrequent groups. The 13 representative species of the distinct genera were capable of producing taxol verified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the taxol-producing fungi, the yield of taxol produced by the Metarhizium anisopliae, H-27 was 846.1 μg l⁻¹ in reformative potato dextrose liquid medium, and the fungal taxol was further validated by mass spectrometry (MS). The taxol-producing fungi (92.3%) were infrequent communities, suggesting that infrequent fungi associated with T. chinensis might be a fascinating reservoir of taxol-generating fungi.     

Position of the genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycenchelys</Emphasis> Gill and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycodapus</Emphasis> Gilbert in the family zoarcidae (Perciformes: Zoarcoidei) inferred from molecular genetic analysis

Sequence variation of the mitochondrial COI, cytochrome b, and 16S RNA genes, as well as nuclear RNF213 gene was examined in the genera Lycenchelys and Lycodapus with the purpose of determination of their positions in the system of the family Zoarcidae. It was demonstrated that the genus Lycodapus was considerably closer to the generic group of Lycogramminae (Lycogrammoides, Bothrocara, Allolepis, Bothrocarhichthys) than the genus Lycenchelys. However, on the phylogenetic trees both of these genera were located in the clade of the subfamily Lycodinae. Genetic heterogeneity of the genus Lycenchelys, represented by two species groups differing in distribution patterns (northeastern Pacific and Antarctic) and showing more profound differences than the genera of subfamily Lycodinae, was demonstrated.     

Isolation,identification, and algicidal activity of marine bacteria against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochlodinium polykrikoides</Emphasis>

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify algicidal bacteria against the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and to determine the algicidal activity and algicidal range. During the declining period of C. polykrikoides blooms, seven algicidal bacteria were isolated. The algicidal bacteria against C. polykrikoides were enumerated using the most probable number (MPN) method. The number of algicidal bacteria was high (3.7 × 10³ mL⁻¹). Algicidal bacteria were identified on the basis of biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. Seven algicidal bacteria isolated in this study belonged to the genera Bacillus, Dietzia, Janibacter, and Micrococcus. The most algicidal bacterium, designated Micrococcus luteus SY-13, is assumed to produce secondary metabolites. When 5% culture filtrate of this strain was applied to C. polykrikoides cultures, over 90% of C. polykrikoides cells were destroyed within 6 h. M. luteus SY-13 showed significant algicidal activities against C. polykrikoides and a wide algicidal range against various harmful algal bloom (HAB) species. Taken together, our results suggest that M. luteus SY-13 could be a candidate for controlling HABs.     

An Internet‐based platform for the estimation of outcrossing potential between cultivated and Chilean vascular plants

A national‐scale study of outcrossing potential within Chilean vascular flora was conducted using an upgraded algorithm, which adds parameters such as pollinator agents, climate, and geographic conditions. Datasets were organized and linked in a Web platform ( www.flujogenico.cl ), in which the development of a total outcrossing potential (TOP) predictor was formulated. The TOP predictor is the engine in the Web platform, which models the effect of a type of agricultural practice on others (coexistence calculation mode) and on the environment (biodiversity calculation mode). The scale for TOP results uses quintiles in order to define outcrossing potential between species as “very low,” “low,” “medium,” “high,” or “very high.” In a coexistence analysis considering 256 species (207 genera), the 10 highest TOP values were for genera Citrus, Prunus, Trifolium, Brassica, Allium, Eucalyptus, Cucurbita, Solanum, Lollium, and Lotus. The highest TOP for species in this analysis fell at “high” potential, 4.9% of the determined values. In biodiversity mode, seven out of 256 cultivated species (2.7%) were native, and 249 (97.3%) corresponded to introduced species. The highest TOP was obtained in the genera Senecio, Calceolaria, Viola, Solanum, Poa, Alstroemeria, Valeriana, Vicia, Atriplex, and Campanula, showing “high” potential in 4.9% of the values. On the other hand, 137 genetically modified species, including the commercial and pre‐commercial developments, were included and represented 100 genera. Among these, 22 genera had relatives (i.e., members of the same genus) in the native/introduced group. The genera with the highest number of native/introduced relatives ranged from one (Ipomea, Limonium, Carica, Potentilla, Lotus, Castanea, and Daucus) to 66 species (Solanum). The highest TOP was obtained when the same species were coincident in both groups, such as for Carica chilensis, Prosopis tamarugo, and Solanum tuberosum. Results are discussed from the perspective of assessing the possible impact of cultivated species on Chilean flora biodiversity. The TOP predictor ( http://epc.agroinformatica.cl/ ) is useful in the context of environmental risk assessment.     

The coelomycetous genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chaetomella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pilidium</Emphasis> represent a newly discovered lineage of inoperculate discomycetes

The coelomycetous genera Chaetomella and Pilidium were determined to be closely related to each other, yet are recognized as distinct genera based on both morphological observations and rDNA sequence analyses. Analyses of the SSU and LSU of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes suggest that Chaetomella and Pilidium along with Sphaerographium tenuirostrum and Synchaetomella lunatospora constitute a distinct lineage within the ascomycetes that is allied with the Leotiomycetes. Chaetomella and Pilidium both produce black pycnidia generally opening by a raphe, acropleurogenous conidiogenous cells, and non-septate, hyaline, usually fusiform to falcate, rarely ellipsoid, conidia. Pycnidia of Pilidium are smooth while those of Chaetomella have setae of various types. A Hainesia sporodochial synanamorph was observed in cultures of C. oblonga and C. raphigera similar to H. lythri, the synanamorph of P. concavum. Specimens of C. oblonga, type species of Chaetomella, C. acutiseta, C. circinoseta, C. raphigera, Pilidium acerinum, type species of Pilidium, and P. concavum were examined. Diagnoses and illustrations are provided for these species along with a key to the accepted species in both genera. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Screening of mycelial fungi for 7α- and 7β-hydroxylase activity towards dehydroepiandrosterone

In total, 481 fungal strains were screened for the ability to carry out 7(α/β)-hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 3β-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one). Representatives of 31 genera of 15 families and nine orders of ascomycetes, 17 genera of nine families and two orders of zygomycetes, two genera of two families and two orders of basidiomycetes, and 14 genera of mitosporic fungi expressed 7(α/β)-hydroxylase activity. The majority of strains were able to introduce a hydroxyl group to position 7α. Active strains selectively producing 3β,7α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one were found among Actinomucor, Backusella, Benjaminiella, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Phycomyces and Trichothecium, with the highest yield of 1.25 and 1.9 g L^?1 from 2 and 5 g L^?1 DHEA, respectively, reached with F. oxysporum. Representatives of Acremonium, Bipolaris, Conidiobolus and Curvularia formed 3β,7β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one as a major product from DHEA. The structures of the major steroid products were confirmed by TLC, gas chromatography (GC), mass spectra (MS), and ¹H-NMR analyses.     

Theraphosidae phylogeny: relationships of the ‘Ischnocolinae’ genera (Araneae,Mygalomorphae)

The mygalomorph spider subfamily ‘Ischnocolinae’ was originally established as a group based on the presence of divided tarsal scopula. Later, the divided condition of the scopula was considered the plesiomorphic state, which could not support the monophyly of ‘Ischnocolinae’. In Raven 1985, the subfamily was considered paraphyletic, pending a phylogenetic analysis to reinvestigate monophyletic groups. This study comprises such a phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological data, that includes representatives of all genera currently included in ‘Ischnocolinae’ as well as representatives of all other nine Theraphosidae subfamilies (Thrigmopoeinae, Ornithoctoninae, Eumenophorinae, Stromatopelminae, Harpactirinae, Selenogyrinae, Theraphosinae, Aviculariinae and Selenocosmiinae). The family Theraphosidae is considered monophyletic and expanded to include three additional genera previously considered as possible Barychelidae, namely Brachionopus (as Harpactirinae), Trichopelma and Reichlingia (as Ischnocolinae sensu stricto) while ‘Ischnocolinae’ as previously defined does not appear as monophyletic. However, two monophyletic groups were defined as subfamilies to include some former ‘Ischnocolinae’ representatives. The first group includes Acanthopelma rufescens, Trichopelma nitidum, Reichlingia annae, Ischnocolus spp., Holothele rondoni, Holothele culebrae and Holothele aff culebrae and is hereby named as Ischnocolinae (sensu stricto). The other subgroup comprises Sickius longibulbi, Holothele incei, Holothele aff incei, Guyruita spp., Schismatothele lineata, Hemiercus modestus, Holothele colonica and Holothele sp., together established as Schismatothelinae subfam. nov. Several genera included in former ‘Ischnocolinae’ appear as monophyletic (Catumiri, Oligoxystre, Heterothele, Nesiergus, Chaetopelma, Ischnocolus, Guyruita and Plesiophrictus). However, the genera Holothele, Schismatothele and Hemiercus deserve more attention in order to evaluate their intrarelationships and inclusion of species.     

Culture-dependent and culture-independent diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinobacteria</Emphasis> associated with the marine sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymeniacidon perleve</Emphasis> from the South China Sea

In this report, the diversity of Actinobacteria associated with the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perleve collected from a remote island of the South China Sea was investigated employing classical cultivation and characterization, 16S rDNA library construction, 16S rDNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rDNA-RFLP) and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 184 strains were isolated using seven different media and 24 isolates were selected according to their morphological characteristics for phylogenetic analysis on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results showed that the 24 isolates were assigned to six genera including Salinispora, Gordonia, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces. This is the first report that Salinispora is present in a marine sponge from the South China Sea. Subsequently, 26 rDNA clones were selected from 191 clones in an Actinobacteria-specific 16S rDNA library of the H. perleve sample, using the RFLP technique for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In total, 26 phylotypes were clustered in eight known genera of Actinobacteria including Mycobacterium, Amycolatopsis, Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Microlunatus, Nocardioides, Pseudonocardia and Streptomyces. This study contributes to our understanding of actinobacterial diversity in the marine sponge H. perleve from the South China Sea.     

Evolutionary relationships in the Asteraceae tribe Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae) evidenced by DNA sequences of ndhF; with notes on the systematic positions of some aberrant genera

The phylogenetic relationships between the tribes Inuleae sensu stricto and Plucheeae are investigated by analysis of sequence data from the cpDNA gene ndhF. The delimitation between the two tribes is elucidated, and the systematic positions of a number of genera associated with these groups, i.e. genera with either aberrant morphological characters or a debated systematic position, are clarified. Together, the Inuleae and Plucheeae form a monophyletic group in which the majority of genera of Inuleae s.str. form one clade, and all the taxa from the Plucheeae together with the genera Antiphiona, Calostephane, Geigeria, Ondetia, Pechuel-loeschea, Pegolettia, and Iphionopsis from Inuleae s.str. form another. Members of the Plucheeae are nested with genera of the Inuleae s.str., and support for the Plucheeae clade is weak. Consequently, the latter cannot be maintained and the two groups are treated as one tribe, Inuleae, with the two subtribes Inulinae and Plucheinae. The genera Asteriscus, Chrysophthalmum, Inula, Laggera, Pentanema, Pluchea, and Pulicaria are demonstrated to be non-monophyletic. Cratystylis and Iphionopsis are found to belong to the same clade as the taxa of the former Plucheeae. Caesulia is shown to be a close relative of Duhaldea and Blumea of the Inuleae-Inulinae. The genera Callilepis and Zoutpansbergia belong to the major clade of the family that includes the tribes Heliantheae sensu lato and Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae), but their exact position remains unresolved. The genus Gymnarrhena is not part of the Inuleae, but is either part of the unresolved basal complex of the paraphyletic Cichorioideae, or sister to the entire Asteroideae.     

Comparative Genomics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bifidobacterium</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus</Emphasis> and Related Probiotic Genera

Six bacterial genera containing species commonly used as probiotics for human consumption or starter cultures for food fermentation were compared and contrasted, based on publicly available complete genome sequences. The analysis included 19 Bifidobacterium genomes, 21 Lactobacillus genomes, 4 Lactococcus and 3 Leuconostoc genomes, as well as a selection of Enterococcus (11) and Streptococcus (23) genomes. The latter two genera included genomes from probiotic or commensal as well as pathogenic organisms to investigate if their non-pathogenic members shared more genes with the other probiotic genomes than their pathogenic members. The pan- and core genome of each genus was defined. Pairwise BLASTP genome comparison was performed within and between genera. It turned out that pathogenic Streptococcus and Enterococcus shared more gene families than did the non-pathogenic genomes. In silico multilocus sequence typing was carried out for all genomes per genus, and the variable gene content of genomes was compared within the genera. Informative BLAST Atlases were constructed to visualize genomic variation within genera. The clusters of orthologous groups (COG) classes of all genes in the pan- and core genome of each genus were compared. In addition, it was investigated whether pathogenic genomes contain different COG classes compared to the probiotic or fermentative organisms, again comparing their pan- and core genomes. The obtained results were compared with published data from the literature. This study illustrates how over 80 genomes can be broadly compared using simple bioinformatic tools, leading to both confirmation of known information as well as novel observations.     

Phylogenetic evaluation of anamorphic species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cirrenalia</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cumulospora</Emphasis> with the description of eight new genera and four new species

Four new helicoid anamorphic fungi collected from marine habitats in Egypt and Japan are described. Three marine and one terrestrial Cirrenalia species along with two Cumulospora species and the four new fungi were sequenced for LSU and SSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of the generated sequences, along with those from GenBank, confirmed the polyphyly of the genera Cirrenalia and Cumulospora, and new genera are erected to accommodate the displaced species. Eight new genera, four new species and six new combinations are made: 1. Halazoon anam.-gen. nov. (Halazoon melhae sp. nov., H. fuscus for Cirrenalia fusca), 2. Moheitospora anam.-gen. nov. (Moheitospora fruticosae sp. nov., M. adarca for Cirrenalia adarca), 3. Moleospora anam.-gen nov. (Moleospora maritima sp. nov.), and 4. Glomerulispora anam.-gen. nov. (Glomerulispora mangrovis sp. nov); Cirrenalia pygmea, Cirrenalia tropicale and Cumulospora varius are transferred to the new genera, 5. Hydea anam.-gen. nov, 6. Matsusporium anam.-gen. nov., and 7. Moromyces anam.-gen. nov., respectively. These genera can be assigned to the order Lulworthiales, TBM (Torpedospora/Bertia/Melanospora) clade, while Cirrenalia macrocephala is nested within the order Halosphaeriales. Few morphological characters delineate the genera and species assigned to the Lulworthiales and this aspect is discussed in relation to the molecular data. The phylogenetic position of the terrestrial species, Cirrenalia japonica, shows that it is a member of the order Pleosporales, and a new genus, 8. Hiogispora anam.-gen. nov. is proposed for the fungus.