"细胞大小与物质运输的关系"模拟实验的改进

人教版普通高中课程标准实验教材“分子与细胞”模块部分设计了一个模拟实验,该实验是用琼脂块（内含酚酞试液）模拟细胞,用NaOH模拟被细胞吸收的物质。因NaOH溶液遇酚酞试液变粉红色,就可以通过观察琼脂块“细胞”变成粉红色的过程,了解到NaOH扩散进入了“细胞”。再通过测量Na0H扩散进入了“细胞”的深度,比较不同体积的琼脂块“细胞”吸收物质的速度．来探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系。笔者在试做该实验时,感觉到由于NaOH属于强碱．有一定的腐蚀性．再加上用量较大,给实验带来一定的危险性,在分组实验时学生可能会有较大的心理压力。不利于完成实验。所以设想以淀粉代替酚酞,碘液替换NaOH来改进该实验．通过再次试做取得了较好效果．制备方法如下。     

“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”实验的改进研究

在“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”的实验中,教材选用琼脂块（含酚酞）模拟细胞,NaOH模拟被细胞吸收的物质。通过对实验的改进研究．提出以下改进方法：以“琼脂块－碘液”替代“酚酞-NaOH”;设计专门模具制作琼脂块;蒸发含碘的琼脂块以使琼脂块重复利用。通过改进,实验操作性强,效果明显。     

“模拟探究细胞表面积与细胞体积的关系”实验的改进

在"模拟探究细胞表面积与细胞体积的关系"实验中,教材选用琼脂块(内含酚酞)模拟细胞,Na OH模拟细胞吸收的物质。对原实验提出以下改进:以内含碱性酚酞的琼脂块替代内含酚酞的琼脂块;白醋替代Na OH;将未完全褪色的琼脂块继续浸泡于白醋中以使琼脂块重复利用。改进后的实验可观察到琼脂块颜色变化的整个动态过程,效果明显。     

再谈“细胞大小与物质运输关系”模拟实验的改进

为进一步提高教材中模拟"细胞大小与物质运输关系"实验的安全性及可操作性,通过引导学生对该实验进行改进探究,利用淀粉遇碘变蓝的特性,可用凉粉、米豆腐或马铃薯块代替教材中的琼脂块,以碘-碘化钾溶液代替NaOH溶液改进该实验,可达到降低实验风险、减少实验成本、提高实验效果的目的,同时也为培养及提高学生的科技创新意识和实验探究能力提供参考。     

“细胞大小与物质运输关系”的实验改进

对"细胞大小与物质运输关系"实验进行改进。根据细胞体积增大而相对表面积减小,物质运输效率也随之降低的原理,针对教材模拟实验细胞无膜、无物质进入细胞的动态过程,氢氧化钠腐蚀皮肤、琼脂块制作不熟等缺点,设计了用针打上均匀小孔的大塑料瓶和小塑料瓶,模拟细胞大小和细胞表面积,以滴加红墨水作为细胞的进出物质,同时,增加辅助装置设计模拟细胞大小与物质运输关系的模型。实验效果显著,操作简单安全,有物质出入的动态过程。     

用模型建构的方法探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系

“分子与细胞”模块教材（人教版）安排了模拟探究性实验“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”，该实验操作过程比较简单，但是需要学生用联想的方法将模拟实验的结果迁移至真实的细胞，明确细胞大小与物质运输效率之间的关系。为了使学生进一步理解物质进出细胞的效率与相对表面积成反比的关系，笔者在模拟实验探究的基础上尝试运用构建数学模型和物理模型的方法来帮助学生理解细胞相对表面积（细胞表面积与体积比）大小与物质运输效率之间的关系。[第一段]     

用模型建构的方法探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系

"分子与细胞"模块教材(人教版)安排了模拟探究性实验"细胞大小与物质运输的关系",该实验操作过程比较简单,但是需要学生用联想的方法将模拟实验的结果迁移至真实的细胞,明确细胞大小与物质运输效率之间的关系.为了使学生进一步理解物质进出细胞的效率与相对表面积成反比的关系,笔者在模拟实验探究的基础上尝试运用构建数学模型和物理模型的方法来帮助学生理解细胞相对表面积(细胞表面积与体积比)大小与物质运输效率之间的关系.     

葡萄糖等物质进入细胞的方式是协助扩散还是主动运输?

答:高中生物(甲种本)第22页,讲到物质出入细胞的第二种方式,协助扩散时说:“例如,在红细胞的细胞膜上有一种蛋白质分子,它是葡萄糖的载体,能够携带葡萄糖通过细胞膜而进入细胞的内部。”肯定了葡萄糖进入细胞的方式是协助扩散。同一书的第67页,讲到小肠绒毛的上皮细胞吸收营养物质时又     

一种简易测定植物细胞液浓度的方法

全日制普通高级中学教科书（必修）第3章第4节“植物对水分的吸收和利用”讲到细胞吸水和失水情况,并通过“观察植物细胞的质壁分离与复原”实验来判断细胞液与外界溶液浓度的关系。实验操作简单易行、效果明显。但是该实验只能定性地判断细胞液浓度与外界溶液浓度的关系,不能具体测定细胞液浓度的大小。为更好地培养学生分析综合能力,笔者在指导学生做该实验时,变验证性实验为探究性实验,测定细胞的细胞液浓度。     

模拟探究“细胞体积与表面积的关系”教学组织

以模拟探究"细胞体积与表面积的关系"实验为例,讲述在探究实验教学中,教师以教材实验为基础,灵活运用教材,对实验进行再加工,优化教学设计,促进学生发展。     

Evolution of the "autophagamiR"

MicroRNAs (miRs) are increasingly important diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer but have not been defined in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). MiR microarray profiling was performed on 19 primary MTC tumors, validated with qPCR in 45 cases and correlated with clinical outcomes. MiRs-183 and 375 were overexpressed and miR-9* underexpressed in sporadic vs. hereditary MTC (SMTC; HMTC). MiR-183 and 375 overexpression predicted lateral nodal metastases, residual disease, distant metastases and mortality. MiR-183 knockdown in an MTC cell line (TT cells) reduced cellular proliferation in association with elevated LC3B expression. This is suggestive of increased autophagic flux and potential cell death via autophagy induction. MiRs may subsequently be shown to serve as efficacious therapeutic strategies in MTC with a mechanism based upon autophagy.     

"Chromatomics" the analysis of the chromatome

Chromatin is a highly complex mixture of proteins and DNA that is involved in the regulation and coordination of gene expression within the eukaryotic nucleus. Changes in chromatin structure can convey heritable changes of gene activity in response to external stimuli without altering the primary DNA sequence. This epigenetic inheritance of particular traits very likely plays a major role during evolutionary processes. It is however, still ill-defined how this non DNA-mediated inheritance is accomplished at a molecular level. The advent of new methods to systematically study genome-wide changes in chromatin condensation, DNA methylation levels, RNA synthesis and the association of specific proteins or protein modifications now allows a thorough investigation of changes in chromatin structure and function in response to environmental alterations. We would like to review some of these global approaches and to introduce the term "chromatomics" for the systematic analysis of the DNA, RNA and protein content of the genetic material in the eukaryotic nucleus.     

The distributions of "new" and "old" Alu sequences in the human genome: the solution of a "mystery"

The distribution in the human genome of the largest family of mobile elements, the Alu sequences, has been investigated for the past 30 years, and the vast majority of Alu sequences were shown to have the highest density in GC-rich isochores. Ten years ago, it was discovered, however, that the small "youngest" (most recently transposed) Alu families had a strikingly different distribution compared with the "old" families. This raised the question as to how this change took place in evolution. We solved what was considered to be a "mystery" by 1) revisiting our previous results on the integration and stability of retroviral sequences, and 2) assessing the densities of acceptor sites TTTT/AA in isochore families. We could conclude 1) that the open state of chromatin structure plays a crucial role in allowing not only the initial integration of retroviral sequences but also that of the youngest Alu sequences, and 2) that the distribution of old Alus can be explained as due to Alu sequences being unstable in the GC-poor isochores but stable in the compositionally matching GC-rich isochores, again in line with what happens in the case of retroviral sequences.     

"Light" and "dark" pinealocytes of the porcine pineal gland

Both qualitative and quantitative comparative studies of "dark" and "light" pinealocytes of the porcine pineal gland have been carried out. These cells differ from each other in their electronic density of cytoplasm, shape of nucleus, the structure of membrane bound dense bodies and the number of microtubules and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane bound dense bodies--characteristic structures of pig pinealocytes as well dense core vesicles occur in both types of cells. The relative volume of the majority of the cells' organellae apart from the Golgi apparatus, also do not show any significant difference. The results obtained support a functional basis for pinealocyte differentiation in the porcine pineal gland.     

Taking the "I" out of IRB--and putting "community" in

If one looks back on the history of American research ethics, a bold pattern emerges. Since World War II, about every twenty years or so a breach of the social contract between investigators and human research subjects galvanizes public and professional interest in the ethical foundations and oversight mechanisms governing research with humans.     

"Dark" and "pale" cells of the amygdala complex in dynamics of the estrous cycle

Data on cytological peculiarities of dorsomedial nucleus neurones of the amygdala complex, one of the main zones of sexual dimorphism, in dynamics of estrous cycle are reported. We show that structural and functional characteristics of "dark" and "pale" cells may change depending on the concentrations of gonadal steroids in estrous and metaestrous stages. This specifies the previous hypothesis about mutual reorganization of these cells.