"细胞大小与物质运输的关系"模拟实验的改进

人教版普通高中课程标准实验教材“分子与细胞”模块部分设计了一个模拟实验,该实验是用琼脂块（内含酚酞试液）模拟细胞,用NaOH模拟被细胞吸收的物质。因NaOH溶液遇酚酞试液变粉红色,就可以通过观察琼脂块“细胞”变成粉红色的过程,了解到NaOH扩散进入了“细胞”。再通过测量Na0H扩散进入了“细胞”的深度,比较不同体积的琼脂块“细胞”吸收物质的速度．来探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系。笔者在试做该实验时,感觉到由于NaOH属于强碱．有一定的腐蚀性．再加上用量较大,给实验带来一定的危险性,在分组实验时学生可能会有较大的心理压力。不利于完成实验。所以设想以淀粉代替酚酞,碘液替换NaOH来改进该实验．通过再次试做取得了较好效果．制备方法如下。     

用模型建构的方法探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系

“分子与细胞”模块教材（人教版）安排了模拟探究性实验“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”，该实验操作过程比较简单，但是需要学生用联想的方法将模拟实验的结果迁移至真实的细胞，明确细胞大小与物质运输效率之间的关系。为了使学生进一步理解物质进出细胞的效率与相对表面积成反比的关系，笔者在模拟实验探究的基础上尝试运用构建数学模型和物理模型的方法来帮助学生理解细胞相对表面积（细胞表面积与体积比）大小与物质运输效率之间的关系。[第一段]     

再谈“细胞大小与物质运输关系”模拟实验的改进

为进一步提高教材中模拟"细胞大小与物质运输关系"实验的安全性及可操作性,通过引导学生对该实验进行改进探究,利用淀粉遇碘变蓝的特性,可用凉粉、米豆腐或马铃薯块代替教材中的琼脂块,以碘-碘化钾溶液代替NaOH溶液改进该实验,可达到降低实验风险、减少实验成本、提高实验效果的目的,同时也为培养及提高学生的科技创新意识和实验探究能力提供参考。     

“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”实验的改进研究

在“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”的实验中,教材选用琼脂块（含酚酞）模拟细胞,NaOH模拟被细胞吸收的物质。通过对实验的改进研究．提出以下改进方法：以“琼脂块－碘液”替代“酚酞-NaOH”;设计专门模具制作琼脂块;蒸发含碘的琼脂块以使琼脂块重复利用。通过改进,实验操作性强,效果明显。     

“细胞大小与物质运输关系”的实验改进

对"细胞大小与物质运输关系"实验进行改进。根据细胞体积增大而相对表面积减小,物质运输效率也随之降低的原理,针对教材模拟实验细胞无膜、无物质进入细胞的动态过程,氢氧化钠腐蚀皮肤、琼脂块制作不熟等缺点,设计了用针打上均匀小孔的大塑料瓶和小塑料瓶,模拟细胞大小和细胞表面积,以滴加红墨水作为细胞的进出物质,同时,增加辅助装置设计模拟细胞大小与物质运输关系的模型。实验效果显著,操作简单安全,有物质出入的动态过程。     

用模型建构的方法探究细胞大小与物质运输的关系

"分子与细胞"模块教材(人教版)安排了模拟探究性实验"细胞大小与物质运输的关系",该实验操作过程比较简单,但是需要学生用联想的方法将模拟实验的结果迁移至真实的细胞,明确细胞大小与物质运输效率之间的关系.为了使学生进一步理解物质进出细胞的效率与相对表面积成反比的关系,笔者在模拟实验探究的基础上尝试运用构建数学模型和物理模型的方法来帮助学生理解细胞相对表面积(细胞表面积与体积比)大小与物质运输效率之间的关系.     

“细胞大小与物质运输的关系”实验中数据处理能力的培养

通过"细胞大小与物质运输的关系"的实验教学,从正确获取实验数据、合理表达实验数据,以及利用数学公式处理数据等方面,阐述对学生数据处理能力的培养,体现实验教学的多重价值和在培养学生生物科学核心素养方面的功能,并提供可操作性的实验设计案例。     

由“性状分离比模拟实验”引起的探究

<正>1发现问题在复习"基因的分离定律"时,提及曾用"性状分离比"模拟实验来体验孟德尔的假说。一学生举手示意:学习基因的分离定律,用了"性状分离比"模拟实验来体验孟德尔的假说,为什么再学习     

关于“‘探究酵母菌细胞呼吸的方式’实验的几点探讨及改进”的商榷与改进

就酵母菌细胞呼吸的方式的实验无氧呼吸装置中无排气管问题,从理论分析和实验证明其不妥之处,又结合实践提出了该实验的4点改进意见.     

植物细胞中的抗寒物质及其与植物抗冷性的关系

论述存在于植物细胞中的抗寒物质,着重介绍植物细胞内的信使物质,并对胞内信使Ｃａ＾２＋与植物抗冷性的关系进行了讨论,指出Ｃａ＾２＋在抗冷力形成中的作用,以及研究胞内信使在调节植物抗冷性机理中尚存在的困难及必须解决的问题。     

The relationship between carbon and water transport in single cells ofChara corallina

Summary The hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane was measured on single internodal cells ofChara corallina using the method of transcellular osmosis. The hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane of high CO₂-grown cells was significantly higher than the hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane in low CO₂-grown cells. Therefore we tested the possibility that the bicarbonate transport system, postulated to be present in low CO₂-grown cells, serves as a water channel that lowers the hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane. We were unable to find any correlation between agents that inhibited the bicarbonate transport system and agents that increased the hydraulic resistance of low CO₂-grown cells. We did, however, find a correlation between the permeability of the cell to water and CO₂. We propose that the reduced hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane of the low CO₂-grown cells is a function of a change in either the structural properties of the lipid bilayer or the activity of a CO₂ transport protein so that under conditions of reduced inorganic carbon, the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to CO₂, and consequently to other small molecules, including H₂O, methanol and ethanol.Dedicated to our teacher, Professor Masashi Tazawa, on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

The size relationship between insects and their hosts

Abstract.

• 1 Regressions of adult insect size on host size were tested. The analysis was restricted to highly host-specific insects that had thus been exposed to a narrow range of host size.
• 2 The phylogenetic regression method was used to analyse the data, so as to allow for the possible phylogenetic effects in cross-species data.
• 3 Significant positive regressions were found in all the groups tested: female flower thrips, Meligethes species of pollen beetle, tephritid flies, and male and female fleas. They were also found by standard regressions within. and between Actornithophilus species of bird louse.
• 4 The regression of thrips size on pollen size was not significant, providing evidence against a hypothesis involving food size.
• 5 The regression of flea body size on host hair/feather length was significant, which is consistent with a hypothesis involving the size of spaces on the host.
• 6 The relationships may have implications for the understanding of evolutionary host shifts.

     

The relationship between female body size and egg size in pipefishes

Comparing five species of pipefish, egg size was significantly larger in species with brood pouches (Syngnathus typhle, Syngnathus acus and Syngnathus rostellatus) than in species without brood pouches (Entelurus aequoreus and Nerophis ophidion). Egg size correlated positively with female body size in species with brood pouches, but was similar across female sizes in the species lacking pouches. These results may reflect differences in offspring competition as a consequence of variable offspring relatedness within a brood, due to the mating systems adopted by the different species and the presence or absence of a brood pouch.     

The relationship between nuclear-cytoplasmic transport and chromosome segregation

Chromosomes/chromatids transport to cell division poles (chromosome segregation) and nuclear-cytoplasmic transport give way to each other during cell cycle. Disassembly and reassembly of the nuclear envelope during input or output mitosis are the critical time periods for changing one kind of transport system for the other one. The interest in the problem of relationships between nuclear-cytoplasmic transport and chromosome segregation came into view after revealing some factors involved in both transport systems. Among these factors are GTPase Ran, nuclear transport receptors and associated molecules, kinetochore proteins and proteins of nuclear pore complexes (nucleoprin, for example), spindle microtubules, microtubule motor proteins, and signal molecules. The role of all of these factors in the transport systems is not known. A decision of this problem will make it possible to determine mechanisms of both transport systems and to understand the character of evolutionary relationships between these systems.     

The relationship between offspring size and performance in the sea

The historical focus on offspring size has been to explain variation among populations, but there have been few attempts to determine whether variation is greatest at population scale. Offspring size variation is typically viewed as an adaptive response to changes in the relationship between offspring size and performance, yet direct tests remain elusive. We partitioned natural variation in offspring size for a marine invertebrate, Watersipora subtorquata, at a range of spatial and temporal scales across southeastern Australia, and we estimated the relationship between offspring size and performance at each population and time. There was significant variation in offspring size among populations, but regional differences explained only approximately 25% of the observed variation, suggesting that there should be a greater focus on small-scale variation in offspring size. We used our data to parameterize an optimality model to generate predictions of offspring size among different populations and times. Differences in the relationship between offspring size and postmetamorphic performance (and therefore changes in size of offspring that were predicted to maximize maternal fitness) among populations and times were associated with differences in offspring sizes among those populations and times. We suggest that interpopulation variation in offspring size can be an adaptive response to local conditions, but the optimal offspring size is surprisingly dynamic.     

The relationship between active transport and the exchange diffusion effect

Dependences of unidirectional ionic fluxes across biological membranes on the trans concentrations of the same ion, commonly described as exchange diffusion, and the association of this phenomenon with active transport, are noted. It is suggested that this effect could arise as a result of energetic coupling between the movement of ions conveyed in each direction by the pump if the latter operates near thermodynamic equilibrium and if the rate of the energizing reactions are restricted. This hypothesis is supported by an analysis in which the transport step and the energizing reactions are separated and described according to the laws of chemical kinetics. A likely cause for such restriction of the maximum rate of energy supply is shown to lie in evolutionary optimization of the efficiency of active transport if the energizing reaction is not perfectly coupled. Similar optimization will produce gross ionic fluxes large compared with the net flux, especially if the transport step approaches perfect coupling, when restriction of the rate of energy supply will cause a large exchange diffusion effect. The range of validity of the analysis is examined with particular reference to the ionic exchanges between osmoregulating animals and their surroundings.     

The relationship between body size and population size in bromeliad tank faunas

Relationships between body size and abundance in collections of animals from the tanks of 73 bromeliads belonging to five species were analysed. Unlike data in previously published studies on this relationship, these collections of species are not taxonomically restricted and represent complete communities over the macroscopic range of organisms. There is no overall tendency for there to be a positive or negative relationship between population abundance and body size of morphospecies. We can find no evidence that body size-abundance patterns are triangular in complete communities. However, there is weak evidence that the relationship in the aquatic subsets of those communities may have some underlying triangularity, with medium-sized species having the largest populations.     

The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size

There are a variety of proposed evolutionary and ecological explanations for why some species have more extensive geographical ranges than others. One of the most common explanations is variation in species' dispersal ability. However, the purported relationship between dispersal distance and range size has been subjected to few theoretical investigations, and empirical tests reach conflicting conclusions. We attempt to reconcile the equivocal results of previous studies by reviewing and synthesizing quantitative dispersal data, examining the relationship between average dispersal ability and range size for different spatial scales, regions and taxonomic groups. We use extensive data from marine taxa whose average dispersal varies by seven orders of magnitude. Our results suggest dispersal is not a general determinant of range size, but can play an important role in some circumstances. We also review the mechanistic theories proposed to explain a positive relationship between range size and dispersal and explore their underlying rationales and supporting or refuting evidence. Despite numerous studies assuming a priori that dispersal influences range size, this is the first comprehensive conceptual evaluation of these ideas. Overall, our results indicate that although dispersal can be an important process moderating species' distributions, increased attention should be paid to other processes responsible for range size variation.     

The relationship between ostracod distribution and sediment grain size

Sediment samples from an area seaward of the River Crouch in the Thames estuary have been analysed for their particle size distribution and later picked over for ostracods. The sediments were classified into sediment types and three depositional sub-environments were recognised, viz. Intertidal Flat, Sandbank and Tidal Channel. Study of the ostracods showed that three distinct faunas characterise the same three environments. Log grain size/probability plots have been used to show a relationship between ostracod distribution and sediment grain size.