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1.
Reproductive systems of the North Indian langur (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The gross anatomy and histology of the gonads and accessory sex organs are described for male and female Presbytis e. entellus. The langur differs from other catarrhine monkeys in certain specialised characters. The “sexual skin” is not comparable to the true sexual skin of the Cercopithecinae which exhibits cyclical change during the various phases of reproduction; it is nevertheless fully developed in the adult male and serves as one of the secondary sexual characters. Certain aspects of the reproductive system strikingly resemble those of man. The combined testicular weight (0.07% body weight) is similar to the human (0.08%), and the male has ampullary glands. The cervical canal is straight like that of a baboon or man. The corpus luteum (except in the lactating female) is a hollow glandular structure. Extensive hemorrhage which always accompanies ovulation in the langur, does not appear to be a common phenomenon in any other catarrhine for which ovulation and the development of corpus luteum have been studied. The hemorrhagic remains are retained for a long time in the ovulated follicle. The ovary is characteristically large and averages 0.74 gm without corpus luteum and 1.57 gm with corpus luteum, a feature never reported in any other catarrhine monkeys. The pre-ovulatory follicle may attain a size of 14 × 14 mm. 相似文献
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Two pairs of twins were observed in free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Jodhpur, India. Each twin had a preferred nipple for suckling, the preference of which developed during the first 5 weeks
of life. The behaviour of the twins was mostly synchronized. In more than 60% of all activity bouts both showed the same behaviour,
with “nipple contact” and “playing” prevailing. Differences in physical strength and development were apparent within each
pair. While the total amount of allomothering was almost the same, individual weekly scores differed considerably. 相似文献
5.
Diahan Harley 《International journal of primatology》1985,6(3):227-242
This paper presents 10 years of reproductive data on birth interval length and 5 years of data on reproductive behavior postpartum
from a captive colony of gray langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus)housed in Berkeley, California. Birth intervals of females following different pregnancy and nursing schedules are compared.
Females whose infants survive to the age of 9 months have a median birth interval of 15.4 months. The experimental separation
of mothers from infants for a period of 2 weeks, 6 to 9 months postpartum, had no significant effect on the median birth interval
length. Females experiencing a pregnancy failure or the loss of a neonate had median birth intervals of 9.6 and 10.7 months,
respectively. These intervals were significantly shorter than the birth intervals of females whose infants survived to 9 months,
showing that the presence of a nursing infant delays the female’s time to next conception by approximately 5 to 6 months.
Females experienced a median of three estrous periods (two estrous cycles) before conceiving postpartum, regardless of pregnancy
outcome or length of infant survival, and females rarely conceived during their first estrous period postpartum. Weaning did
not occur until after the mother’s next conception. These data indicate that, in populations of langurs characterized by average
birth intervals of 15 to 16 months, the loss of an infant after the age of 5 to 6 months will not accelerate a female’s ability
to conceive or shorten the birth interval length. The available data on birth spacing from populations of free-ranging langurs
are reviewed. It could not be demonstrated that non-Himalayan populations are characterized by birth intervals which are as
long as 20 to 24 months. Rather, it is suggested that female langurs inhabiting seasonally arid sites, such as Jodhpur, Abu,
and
Dharwar, may be capable of producing infants on the average of every 15 to 16 months. Flexibility in the timing of births
and the lack of well-defined birth seasons at these sites may be explained by this species’ dietary and digestive adaptations.
Additionally, data on birth spacing and the age of missing infants from the above field sites, where it has been suggested
that infanticide following changes in male leadership occurs habitually, do not lend support to the sexual selection hypothesis
of infanticide as proposed by S. Hrdy (1974, 1977). 相似文献
6.
N.K. Lohiya R.S. Sharma B. Manivannan T.C. Anand Kumar 《Journal of medical primatology》1998,27(1):15-20
The reproductive exocrine and endocrine profiles in male langurs are reported with an emphasis on seasonality. The animals showed positive response to electroejaculation throughout the year. The sperm concentration varied between 10–383 × 106/ejaculation with wide fluctuations all through the year. No appreciable changes in the motility and percent live sperm were observed throughout the year. The levels of seminal fructose and magnesium remained unchanged throughout the year, while acid phosphatase showed wide fluctuations. Citric acid showed elevation during February and March and LDH showed elevated levels during April and May. The annual range of serum testosterone was 6–34 nMol/l with a peak during July. Cortisol ranged between 575–1587 nMol/l and prolactin ranged between 107–900 mU/l. Wide fluctuations were observed in hormonal levels. No seasonality was exhibited in the seminiferous tubule diameter, nuclear diameter of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, and the cholesterol, glycogen, and sialic acid contents of testis. None of the parameters studied have shown any correlation with season. The results suggest that the male langurs lack seasonality in their reproductive exocrine and endocrine profiles and thus could be used as model for research in human reproduction. 相似文献
7.
D B Hrdy 《Journal of medical primatology》1982,11(1):35-38
Serum samples from wild Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) from Mysore State, India, were compared to samples from a laboratory colony from Davis, Calif., for antibodies to rotavirus, which is an important cause of gastroenteritis in mammals. Animals from the laboratory colony had a higher frequency and higher levels of antibody than wild animals. It is likely that wild populations of langurs have a much lower incidence of rotaviral infection than laboratory populations, which are exposed to both crowded conditions and rotaviruses from other species. 相似文献
8.
Carola Borries 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(1):19-32
Factors influencing grooming site preferences in adult female Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) were investigated. The females belonged to a free-ranging harem troop (Jodhpur, India) and were observed for 569 hr by focal-female
sampling. Decisive factors for grooming site preferences were the following: autogrooming was determined mostly by site accessiblity.
Allogrooming was significantly concentrated on parts that are inaccessible to the groomee. Close female kin groomed significantly
longer, more frequently, and more precisely at inaccessible body parts. Lower-ranking females were groomed significantly less
often and more briefly but also more precisely at inaccessible parts. However, the latter might be due to a lower-ranking
subjects desire to face away from the higher-ranking groomer in order to avoid eye contact. The data suggest that the groomee
determines the sites being groomed. 相似文献
9.
D Harley 《American journal of physical anthropology》1990,83(2):253-261
Analysis of data on age and reproductive performance in 16 captive female Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) shows that adult females under the age of 6 years and over the age of 19 years had the lowest rates of reproductive success as measured by the production of viable young that survived beyond 30 days of age. With the possible exception of one female, females over the age of 19 years experienced a variety of idiosyncratic reproductive problems but did not experience a true menopause as defined by total cessation of menstrual cycles. There was no support for the hypothesis that langur monkey females have evolved a lengthy postreproductive period. 相似文献
10.
Paul N. Newton 《International journal of primatology》1987,8(3):199-232
The social organization of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus;Colobinae) was studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Highlands, for 2300 hr (1980–1985), in a mosaic of moist deciduous
forest and anthropogenic meadow. The langur population density was 46.15/km
2 and the mean troop and band sizes were 21.7 and 14.0, respectively. Of 14 troops, 13 were one-male and 1 was trimale. The
population adult sex ratio was 1:2.5. The majority of female sexual solicitations was directed toward the harem male. The
birth season was December to May, with an estimated gestation of 171–224 days. A review of langur reproductive seasonality
suggests that breeding throughout the year is confined to those populations able to exploit human food sources. Mortality
during the first year of life was 40%, including infanticide. A significant positive correlation was found between the age
of an infant at death or disappearance and the mother’s subsequent interbirth interval. Five cases of social change are described,
including female transfer, one-male to multimale change, troop formation, and gradual and rapid replacement of troop males.
Takeover-associated infant killing by band males, in an undisturbed moderate-density population, supported the sexual-selection/infanticide
hypothesis but not the social-pathology hypothesis. However, it could not be directly confirmed that an invading infanticidal
male gains a reproductive advantage. The male tenure of harems was estimated to be 45 months. 相似文献
11.
V P Dixit 《Endokrinologie》1978,72(3):291-298
1. Daily administration of metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) (10 mg/kg body wt. for 30 days) produced a massive atrophy of the spermatogenic elements. The pachytene primary spermatocytes have been implicated as the main site of damage. Seminiferous and Leydig cell shrinkage was conspicuous. Epididymal and vesicula seminalis structure and functions were severely affected. 2. RNA, protein and sialic acid contents of the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were reduced, whereas testicular cholesterol and enzyme phosphatase were elevated. 3. Marked reduction in the testicular glycogen was noticed. 4. Normal functioning of liver, kidney and general metabolic activities was revealed by clinical parameters (serum, transaminases, phosphatases, lipids, serum bilirubin, blood sugar and blood urea). Serum protein levels were low, whereas the serum cholesterol was elevated. 5. In conclusion: Metopiron (SU-4885, Ciba) at 10 mg/kg body wt. dose level did not cause severe damage to the vital organs but it produced an effective inhibition of spermatogenesis in male Presbytis in 30 days and thus induces an antifertility state. 相似文献
12.
Twelve langur infants (seven males and five females) of three focal bisexual unimale troops of Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus entellus living near Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) were observed for their weaning behaviour. Weaning starts between 7.0 to
10.0 months of age, average 8.6 months. The process of weaning lasts between 3.2 to 5.6 months, average 4.2 months. A 13-month-old
infant is fully weaned. Infants are independent at this age. Male infants are weaned earlier compared to females. Males react
to their mothers' rejections more fearlessly and are more vocal compared to females. By and large, infants were found in stress
during this period as their mothers are often very harsh, hostile, punitive, and indifferent to their infants. By severing
ties with their infants, mothers serve dual purpose of allowing their infants to become independent and may be to become ready
to bear offspring. 相似文献
13.
Phyllis Dolhinow 《Primates; journal of primatology》1978,19(3):449-472
This behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) is based on observations of free-ranging langurs in north and central India and on an ongoing study of social behavior in
colony-living langur monkeys. The purposes of this repertoire are: (1) to allow the investigator to record all social behavior
observed, (2) to allow comparison with the results of other observations, and (3) to draw a baseline picture of behavior against
which the effects of experimental manipulations may be measured. The behavior units of this repertoire are organized into
the categories of general behaviors, infant caretaking, sexual, play, vocalization, agonistic, and grooming. Each unit is
defined and examples are given of the contexts in which behaviors are most often used. The repertoire, as designed, is appropriate
for use with a focal animal sampling method. 相似文献
14.
Although there is a vast literature on laterality of hand-use in nonhuman primates, the Colobinae have been notably overlooked. Ten manual activities of differing complexity were studied in five male and five female adult Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) from a well habituated, wild population at Ramnagar, in southern Nepal. The activities recorded were carry, eat, hit, hold, idle, manipulate, reach, retrieve, self-groom and social groom. This study aimed to examine handedness across tasks and across subjects in a natural population. The overall result was a lack of preference for subjects and patterns. Only in the eating activity did four individuals show significant hand preference, though they were not unidirectional. Eat seemed to be loosely associated with hold due to the requirements of the strata which the monkeys utilize. These results suggest that hand use is unlateralized in P. entellus. Those individuals exhibiting some hand preferences can be viewed as statistical exceptions or perhaps subject to experiential differences. The results are discussed in terms of their evolutionary significance and methodological implications. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:455–461, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
15.
Caroline Ross 《American journal of primatology》1993,30(1):75-82
A take-over and infanticide were observed in a South Indian population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). A one-male, bisexual troop of langurs (Troop B1) was attacked by a band of two adult males and one subadult male. During the take-over, the resident male and one elderly female were driven from the troop. The youngest infant, about two months old, was fatally wounded by an attack from the dominant incoming male (S1). However, other young infants in Troop B1 were left unharmed. All three incoming males remained in Troop B1 but the troop appeared to remain functionally one-male, as S1 did not allow the other adult male to copulate. There was no sign that S1 attempted to eject the other two males from troop B1. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
16.
C. Borries 《Human Evolution》1988,3(4):239-259
The behaviour of two Hanuman langur grandmothers towards their grandchildren is examined with emphasis on the spatial relationship,
the contact behaviour, and vigilance. Interaction patterns with infants and juveniles are analysed separately to disclose
the influence of a social partner's reproductive value and the variance of this value on grandmaternal behaviour. The shape
of grandmaternal behaviour seems to differ for male and female grandchildren, and it seems to depend on the reproductive value
of both, the grandmother and the grandchild. These results are in accordance with sociobiological hypotheses. Evaluation of
costs and benefits suggests that grandmaternal behaviour in langurs can be called investment. 相似文献
17.
Paul Newton 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):489-498
The social organization of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) was studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Highlands between 1980 and 1983, followed by six brief return
visits over ten years. Censuses of the 7 km2 Kanha meadows demonstrated little change in population density and structure between 1982 and 1990; the population was consistently
composed of one-male troops and all-male bands. During the return visits the focal C troop extended its known 74.5 ha range
by only 5.6%. By 1993 two identified, habituated, adult females remained within the troop. The adult male was resident in
C troop for ≥nine years and eight months. 相似文献
18.
Paul Newton 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(3):245-285
The feeding and ranging patterns of a troop of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) were studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, central Indian Highlands for 1850 hr (1981–1982), in a mosaic of moist deciduous
forest and anthropogenic meadow. The location, size, and species of each tree within the 74.5-ha troop annual range was known
and the phenology of all tree species was sampled. According to scan sampling, the troop spent 25.7% of the daytime feeding,
with range use concentrated on an island of dry deciduous forest. Whereas adjacent troops occupied only the periphery of the
focal troop's range, all-male bands occupied its center, especially during takeover and infanticidal attacks. The troop consumed
items from 60 of the 67 species of trees and woody climbers available; mature leaves (34.9% of feeding time), fruits (24.4%),
leaf buds (10.6%), flowers and flower buds (9.5%), young leaves (3.6%), insects (3.0%), and gum (1%). The monthly utilization
of fruit, open leaf buds, and flower buds is correlated significantly with their abundance, and the troop spent significantly
more time feeding and less time moving when consuming mature leaves. Comparison of tree dispersion and langur ranging patterns
suggests that the distribution of the most important food trees is a major influence on their range use. 相似文献
19.
Based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data collected in 1967–1988 by various observers, male reproductive success was
studied in the Hanuman langurs of Jodhpur, India. The harem-structured social organization ensures a high degree of paternity
certainty. Births occur throughout the year, with significant peaks and minima in March and November, respectively (n =398).The interbirth interval averages 16.7 months (n = 114).The duration of harem residencies varies between 3 days and ≥ 74.0 months, with a mean of 26.5 (n = 64). Harem holder replacements
occur during all months of the year. No male achieves residency in more than one troop, suggesting that residency is associated
with a distinct peak in the resource holding potential of a given male. Reproductive success among males varies considerably.
Male mortality is high due to migration and intrasexual competition, leading to an adult sex ratio of 1:4.9. It is estimated
that one-quarter of all adult males will never gain harem residency. Conceptions achieved outside harem residencies are so
rare (4.7%) that a viable low-risk strategy, opting for longevity instead of harem residency, is unlikely. Tenure length has
a stronger influence on male reproductive success than harem size because interbirth intervals are significantly shorter in
small harems than in larger ones. It is assumed that females in one-male breeding structures compete for sperm and that such
competition is more intense in larger harems. 相似文献