非洲狼尾草珠心细胞核穿壁运动超微结构研究

用透射电子显微镜观察了非洲狼尾草珠心组织中细胞核穿壁运动。一个细胞核向相邻细胞转移时,可以进入一个或多个孔道：孔道直径0．33～0．68μm。处于穿壁状态的细胞核染色质不正常地浓缩,电子密度大。     

油松鳞叶中细胞核穿壁现象的初步研究

利用薄切片和超薄切片技术对油松衰老鳞叶中细胞核穿壁运动进行了观察研究。首次,细胞核内的染色质逐渐收缩集中,形成染色深的球状体,以后,细胞核逐渐与细胞壁接近。接着紧贴细胞壁的细胞核通过细胞壁上的通道或胞间连丝转移到相邻的细胞内,此外,还发现有多种其它的转移方式存在。研究结果表明细胞核的穿壁运动现象同时存在于连子植物和裸植物中,电镜观察进一步证明细胞壁道在细胞核穿壁之前已形成。     

快速寻找核穿壁细胞的一种方法

细胞核穿壁现象过去一直认为是一种在显微镜下观察时的假象,现已确定了这是一种细胞特有的过程。核物质穿过细胞壁转移到邻近细胞核中去,在薄壁组织中完成有机物在细胞间短距离运输。在教学中我们观察核穿壁采用卡宝品红染色、取葱或洋葱外层表皮进行镜检。然而效果不是很好,往往长时间都找不到一个发生了核穿壁的细胞。对此,作者反复实验,找到了采用30%蔗糖溶液或5%氯化钠溶液先让细胞发生质壁分离再寻找核穿壁细胞的方法,而且该方法简单有效地证明了在光镜下核穿壁不是假象。现介绍如下:     

葱的无丝分裂和核物质穿壁运动的细胞胚胎学研究

1.核穿壁运动一般系经胞间联丝的孔道,但是,有时核仁突破细胞壁,核物质经由该破裂的小孔转移,间或细胞壁先行溶解或破裂,于是核物质胞间转移自无障碍。所以胞间联丝的孔道是核穿壁一般的,而非唯一的,必然的通道。2.乾置的葱叶及成熟花粉,核物质穿壁频繁,而花粉发芽时,花粉管内的核物质穿出侧壁例甚罕见。由此,吸水,有氧呼吸,并非核物质穿壁的先决条件。细胞质川流对温度很敏感,而核物质(包括核液与染色质)穿壁,对 温度不敏感。细胞质川流有一定方向,而核物质穿壁无一定方向。细胞质川流只限于胞间内,而核物质穿壁有穿出有机体外。所以细胞质川流或核液川流作为核物质穿壁运动的推动力,难于成立。     

花粉母细胞间染色质穿壁运动机理的探讨

花粉母细胞间染色质穿壁运动发生在减数分裂第一次分裂同源染色体的联会时期,从细胞遗传学的角度来说,它是一个非常重要的现象。为了进一步分析染色质穿壁转移现象问题的实质,我们曾从形态学的和细胞生理学的角度,在染色质穿壁时期的前后,进行了细胞和细胞核的状态和特点的研究。还进行了全氧和全氮无氧呼吸,以及应用呼吸抑制剂和改变外界条件等试验,来观察和分析呼吸作用和染色质穿壁运动之间的关系。根据我们以前和现在的一些试验的结果来看,对于染色质穿壁运动的机理,可提出如下的假说:即核液的川流运动对花粉母细胞间染色质穿壁运动起着直接的推动作用,而原生质中收缩蛋白的主动伸缩运动却是染色质穿壁运动主要动力。原生质川流运动和染色质穿壁运动所需要的能源是有氧呼吸所生成的能,通过 ATP 释放高能磷酸键(～P)的形式供给的。     

细胞核的穿壁现象和观察方法

细胞核的穿壁现象最近在生物学界中引起了极大的兴趣,尤其是北京植物研究所吴素萱教授在这方面作了很多系统的研究,并且得出了一些初步结论.这是一件非常有趣而且极有生物学意义的工作.因为在过去有些学者一直认为细胞核仅是细胞中的遗传器官,对植物的生长发育是毫无关系的.但在核的穿壁现象中,我们却看到了相反的情况.     

快速寻找核穿壁细胞的一种方法

植物生理学实验中安排了观察植物细胞核穿壁现象的实验,常规是采用卡宝品红染色、剥取葱或洋葱外层表皮进行镜检,然而在实际观察中效果不理想,费长时间都难以找到已发生了核穿壁的细胞。基于此,笔者经多次实验,采用30%蔗糖溶液先让细胞发生质壁分离然后镜检的手段,效果很好,现介绍如下:     

植物化石中之细胞核穿壁

运用沉积岩石学、煤岩学和古生物学等方法,来分析煤田的沉积环境、特征及其沉积模式,近年来已取得可喜成果。令人欣喜的是,我们在山西太原西山煤田晚古生代生矿物岩样的一个植物化石的组织切片上,见到了表皮细胞的核,穿越细胞壁进入另一个细胞腔中的现象,这在植物学上被称作“细胞核穿壁现象”,然而它在古植物学上却是一个可喜的发现(如图)。切片正切过植物的表皮细胞组织,呈现明显的细胞壁和细胞核,部分细胞核(呈黑色的核体)穿越表皮细胞的细胞壁抵达另一个细胞腔中。表皮细胞是否可能在原生物体活着时即已破碎,或后来的死亡埋藏时期就已破碎,而造成了所调机械性损伤或挤压、滑动,而使     

高等植物中原生质细胞间运动研究的进展

20世纪初已在植物营养组织和生殖体中观察到细胞核或染色质在细胞间的穿透迁移。但多年来涉及这一研究的学大多倾向于将它看做是人为赝象而未予深究。50年代中期,自吴素萱在葱（Allium L.）,蒜（Allium sativum L.）等植物中重新发现了核穿壁运动现象以来,我国植物细胞与生理学家随之进行了系统与广泛的探讨,穿壁运动的研究及进展主要包括两个方面,一方面是营养组织中原生质的细胞间运动,由吴素萱、娄成后合作主持的有关研究项目着重与营养组织中有机物的运输,分配与再利用生理过程相联系。多年来积累的成果表明：1）核物质的穿壁运动是广泛存在于植物营养组织中的固有正常现象。是一定生理状态下有机物在细胞间运输与细胞内含物再分配的一种方式;2）通过对蒜穿鞘、小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）珠心、胚乳等组织的显微活体观察与亚显微结构分析,揭示与记录了原生质在细胞间运动的全过程与动态细节,发现参与穿壁过程的不限于核,核和胞质各级分可同时,亦可分别借自身的主动伸缩穿壁迁移;呈现穿壁运动的组织中,壁上部分胞间连丝结构剧烈变更,胞间通道明显扩大,可达100～300nm,核或胞质可经此开放通道迁移而不致有损通道外沿质膜的完整;3）原生质穿壁运动的动力来自细胞的能量代谢,与微丝活动密切有关,穿壁的原生质组分呈现活跃的ATP酶活性。近期的研究表明,小麦胚乳细胞中作活跃伸缩运动的胞质纤索是由F肌动蛋白集束组成,肌动蛋白纤丝可跨胞分布而存在于态胞间连丝中,从而使相邻细胞的胞质骨架得以实现胞间连续,另一方面是生殖体中染色质的穿壁运动研究,主要在郑国昌主持下开展,着重探讨花粉母细胞间染色质穿壁现象的普遍性及其与遗传、变异和进化的关系,对多种植物的系统观察证明,染色质穿壁出现在减数分裂前期I的凝线期,染色质通过胞质通道在一系列细胞间依次迁移;由电镜观察可见,参与穿壁运动的还包括胞质的多种成员;穿壁运动的动力被认为由原生质的收缩蛋白提供。郑国昌等的研究成果表明,染色质穿壁运动可导致染色体数目、结构的改变,由此产生的部分有活力的配子体经受精后有可能导致新一代个体出现多倍体或非整倍体,引进遗传性状的变异。     

根癌农杆菌致病基因及其生物学功能分析

用转座子标签技术克隆了位于农杆菌（A-208株）染色体上的致病基因acvB、abvA、chvA简单介绍克隆技术的研究思路和策略。染色体基因是农杆菌吸附到植物细胞表面所必需的基因,当某一基因发生突变时,就不能完成贴壁反应而失去毒性。由于转座子Tn5的插入,导致染色体毒性基因失活,最终使农杆菌感染后的受体细胞不能致瘤。用实验证据阐述各基因在T-DNA形成、转移、整合、表达等过程中担负的重要作用。对延宕至今的T-DNA穿壁问题作了推测：植物细胞壁表面可能存有T-DNA的天然穿壁孔道。     

江豚脊髓的研究

本文研究了江豚脊髓的形态和内部构造,首次报道鲸类脊髓灰质分层和神经核的对应关系,并发现在胸段8—13节 、腰尾段1一6节等白质的侧索中有特殊细胞群,以多极或小三角形细胞为多,也有少数棱形细胞,呈串珠状排列或散在分布,分别与背角I- Ⅴ层相联系,它们显示出与感觉传导系有关,作者认为应分别称之为胸外侧核和腰尾外倒核。     

The Development of Male and Female Gametophyte in an Endangered Plant—Ranalisma rostratum Stapf (Alismataceae)

Ranalisma rostratum Stapf is a rare and endangered species． This paper deals with the development of its male and female gametophytes and probes the relationship between the process of reproduction and the cause which made this species endangered． The meiosis of microspore mother cells is successive cytokinesis and the microspore tetrads are isobilateral． Pollen grains are 3-celled when shed． The ovule is anatropous,bitegmic and tenuinucellate． The micropylar dyad cell usually desenerates soon after its formation, and the chalazal dyad cell develops into a Allium type embryo sac． During the development of embryo sac both polar nuclei are respectively located at the two ends of central cell,and they maintain this situation until the micropylar polar nucleus takes part in fertilization． Features of the embryo sac of Ranalisma rostratum Stapf are discussed．     

Electron microscopy of ascus formation in the yeast debaryomyces hansenii.

Ascus formation in Debaryomyces hansenii includes fusion of two cells, usually mother and daughter while still attached to each other, through short protuberances developed from the cross wall between them. Nuclear fusion takes place in the channel connecting the two cells; meiosis apparently occurs in the mother cell. Generally, only one lobe of the meiotic nucleus is surrounded by a prospore wall and it becomes the nucleus of a spore with a warty wall. The rest of the nucleus disappears. The spores germinate by swelling in the ascus and forming one or more buds.     

Division,growth, and branch formation in protonema of the mossPhyscomitrium turbinatum: Studies of sequential cytological changes in living cells

Summary Elongating caulonemal tip cells ofPhyscomitrium turbinatum were cultivated on mediumcoated cover slips and periodically observed with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. Tip cells exhibit apical growth and an average growth rate of 27.5 m/h. During cell elongation the nucleus migrates forward in the tip cell, but this movement slowly decreases so that there is a gradual increase in the distance between the nucleus and cell tip. Minimum length cells contain small vacuoles adjacent to the basal wall which coalesce during subsequent cell elongation to form a solitary large basal vacuole.An increase in chloroplasts during cell elongation is due to the presence of a population of proliferating chloroplasts located between the cell tip and the nucleus resulting in a gradient in chloroplast number and shape. The zone of chloroplast proliferation shifts progressively forward during cell elongation from a peri-nuclear position to a region closer to the cell tip. During division of the apical cell a perpendicular metaphase plate is formed. Reorientation movements of the phragmoplast-cell plate during telophase, and early stages of the following interphase produce a 35–40° cross wall. This rotation of the spindle axis positions the daughter nuclei temporarily adjacent to the lateral walls on opposite sides of the cell with the sub-apical nucleus on the side nearest the light source. It subsequently migrates across the cell to become situated on the wall farthest from the light source. Sub-apical cells form branches at the distal (= apical) end of the cell on the lateral wall closest to the light source. Branch development is accompanied by changes in chloroplast shape, number, and position.     

Shear stress gradient over endothelial cells in a curved microchannel system.

Our purpose was to test a scale model of the microcirculation by measuring the shear forces to which endothelial cells were exposed, and comparing this to computer simulations. In vitro experiments were performed to measure the 2-dimensional projected velocity profile along endothelial cell lined microchannels (D-shaped, 10-30 microns radius, n = 15), or in microchannels without endothelial cells (n = 18). Microchannels were perfused with fluorescently labeled microspheres (0.5 micron dia., < 1%) suspended in cell culture media. The velocity of individual microspheres was obtained off-line (videorecording), using an interactive software program; velocity was determined as the distance traveled in one video field (1/60 s). Mass balance was verified in the microchannels by comparing the microsphere velocities to the perfusion pump rate. In confluent endothelial cell lined microchannels, a velocity profile was obtained as microspheres passed an endothelial cell nucleus (identified by fluorescent dye), and again, for a paired region 100 microns away without nuclei (cytoplasm region). The velocity profile was significantly shifted and sharpened by the endothelial cell nucleus, as anticipated. Over the nucleus, data are consistent with a normal sized nucleus extending into the lumen, further confirming that this scale model can be used to determine the wall shear stress to which endothelial cells are exposed. Using the experimental bulk phase fluid parameters as boundary conditions, we used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to predict the expected wall shear stress gradient along an endothelial cell lined D-shaped tube. The wall shear stress gradient over the nucleus was 2-fold greater in the radial versus axial directions, and was sensitive to lateral versus midline positioned nuclei.     

The Fertilization and the Development of Embryo and Endosperm in an Endangered Plant—Ranalisma rostratum Stapf (Alismataceae)

Ranalisma rostratum Stapf is a rare and endangered species． This paper deals with the fertilization and the development of embryo and endosperm in this plant．The embryogenesis is of Caryophyllad type and the development of endosperm belongs to Heobial type．Before fertilization,the two polar nuclei are located respectively at both ends of embryo sac. In most angiosperms with two polar nuclei,the polar nuclei may fuse eiher before fertilization to form a secondary nucleus or during fertilization called triple fusion． In Ranalisma rostratum Stapf, however, it is found that only in case when the micropylar polar nucleus is fertilized,it can move to the chalazal end and fuse with the chalazal polar nucleus．This phenomenon is very rare and the process must take more time to fulfil fertilization both polar nuclei． This feature of fusion of polar nuclei is therefore thought as a primitive character from the view of phylogeny．     

黄芪的胚胎学研究Ⅰ、雌雄配子体发育

通过光学显微镜对黄芪雌雄配子体的发育过程进行观察, 同时对花粉发育进行细胞化学实验, 其主要结果如下;1.花粉第一次有丝分裂形成一个较小的半球形生殖细胞和一个较大的营养细胞。2.生殖细胞发育过程中存在暂短的细胞壁, 经PAS反应和苯胺兰荧光显微反应鉴定均为负反应。即:生殖细胞壁并未显示出纤维素或胼胝质性质的壁。3.营养细胞与生殖细胞之间壁的解体及生殖细胞进入营养细胞的过程。4.成熟花粉中的生殖核为孚尔根反应强阳性, 营养核为弱的正反应。5.雌配子体发育起源于珠心组织亚表皮下的孢原细胞其中只有一个孢原直接发育成为蓼型胚囊。 文中对黄芪花蕾外部形态及其内部雌雄配子体的发育作了相关性比较。     

樟子松受精作用和原胚的选择

樟子松发育成熟的雄配子体中的精子6月15日左右在颈卵器中上部与卵细胞结合,进行受精作用,其后,受精卵进行游离核分裂,形成8个子核时,开始形成细胞壁。它们再分裂1次,形成16个细胞的原胚。接着胚柄细胞层迅速生长、伸长,把下面的原胚送出颈卵器基部的细胞壁,进入胚乳中的溶蚀腔。原胚吸收溶蚀腔中的营养,生长发育。初期,胚的数目往往很多,但常常只有1个发育成熟。     

大葱卵器及受精后助细胞的超微结构

章丘大葱（Ａllium fistulosum L.cv.Zhangqiu)的卵器由１个卵细胞及２个助细胞组成,观察到不少卵器没有卵细胞,只有２个助细胞。卵细胞的核及大部分细胞质位于细胞的合点端,１个大液泡占据了细胞其他部位。卵细胞含有很多的核糖体及多聚核糖体、嵴明显的线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基体具小泡,卵细胞似是一个活跃的细胞。细胞外被细胞壁,其合点端及侧方与助细胞共同壁不连续,助细胞有一较大的核,位于细胞膨大的部位,众多的小液泡遍布细胞中。核糖体及聚合核糖体、线粒体,粗面内质网及风心圆环状粗面内质丰富,高尔基体及小泡常见,反映了其活跃的代谢作用。助细胞合点端及侧方与卵细胞、中央细胞的共同壁不连续,与卵细胞共同壁含胞间连丝,壁不连续处,有不状多层膜结构伸入卵细胞质,显示助细胞可能对卵细胞提供营养,伟粉后,一个助细胞退化,宿存助细胞至随胚胚期尚存在,它经历了一个缓慢的退化过程,出现质壁分离,细胞质变稀,液泡扩大,细胞器逐渐减少,在椭形胚期,宿存助细胞核内的染色质及核仁消失,有细胞质侵入核内,因宿存助细胞壁变厚,细胞质出现现脂滴,宿存助细胞可能仍有合成功能,宿存助细胞壁出现若干无壁部位,细胞内的营养物质可能通过无壁部位向胚乳转运,供游离核胚乳及胚乳细胞化初期的发育。