全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动发生情况及影响因素分析

目的:统计全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动(EA)的发生率,并分析其影响因素。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,分析2021年5月~2021年6月期间我院收治的204例全麻手术患者的临床资料,采用躁动-镇静程度量表(RASS)评分评价患者术后是否发生EA,观察全麻术后患者EA发生率,并根据患者术后是否发生EA进行分组,采用logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果:204例患者中有47例发生EA,发生率为23.04%,纳为EA组,剩余的157例未发生EA,纳为非EA组。EA组、非EA组在性别、全麻方式、术前用药、苏醒时间方面对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EA组、非EA组在年龄、手术类型、手术时间、留置胃管/导尿管、麻醉时间、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、术后镇痛、术后疼痛方面对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥50岁、手术类型为妇科手术或泌尿外科手术、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级为Ⅱ级、术后疼痛是EA发生的危险因素,而术后镇痛是EA发生的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:年龄、手术类型、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级、术后疼痛、术后镇痛是全麻术后患者EA发生的影响因素,临床需重点关注并给予相应防控措施。     

老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素分析及防范措施

目的:分析老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素,并探讨相关防范措施。方法:选取2018年7月-2020年6月期间我院收治的200例老年骨科全麻患者,收集患者的临床资料。根据其术后麻醉恢复室是否出现谵妄分为观察组(术后发生谵妄)和对照组(术后未发生谵妄),分析术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的影响因素。结果:200例老年骨科全麻患者中,发生术后谵妄的患者83例,发生率为41.50%(83/200)。单因素分析结果显示,老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄与年龄、合并其它基础疾病、吸烟史、术前血糖、术前血红蛋白、术前红细胞压积、手术类型、术中失血量、电解质紊乱有关(P<0.05),而与性别、体质量指数(BMI)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、术前总蛋白、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分、血钾、手术时间无关(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄>75岁、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白<12g/dl、术中失血量≥200 mL、电解质紊乱均为老年骨科全麻患者术后发生谵妄的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:引起老年骨科全麻患者术后麻醉恢复室谵妄的危险因素较多,包括年龄、合并其它基础疾病、术前血红蛋白、术中失血量、电解质紊乱等,临床应采取必要的防范措施,合理制定手术方案,以降低患者术后谵妄的发生率。     

MANDIBULAR AND MAXILLARY ANESTHESIA—Uses of the Conduction Technique

A series of techniques for obtaining specific nerve-block anesthesia of the oral cavity and jaws is examined in relationship to the anatomical site to be anesthetized, whether for operation or diagnosis.This method of anesthesia is considered superior to the field-block approach—that is, the general diffusion of anesthetic agent through or about the proposed operative site.The final goal of a surgeon using local anesthesia is the gaining of specific nerve-block anesthesia as a prelude to operation.     

Mandibular and maxillary anesthesia; uses of the conduction technique

A series of techniques for obtaining specific nerve-block anesthesia of the oral cavity and jaws is examined in relationship to the anatomical site to be anesthetized, whether for operation or diagnosis. This method of anesthesia is considered superior to the field-block approach-that is, the general diffusion of anesthetic agent through or about the proposed operative site. The final goal of a surgeon using local anesthesia is the gaining of specific nerve-block anesthesia as a prelude to operation.     

硬膜外分娩镇痛转行硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的相关因素分析

目的：探讨采用硬膜外分娩镇痛中途转行硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的相关因素并对其进行分析。方法：选择来我院进行硬膜外分娩镇痛转而形硬膜外剖宫产麻醉的产妇218例,根据硬膜外麻醉失败的定义将其划分为成功组和失败组,对两组的一般资料、产程中的平均动脉压、硬膜外分娩镇痛情况分别进行比较分析。结果：成功组192例,失败组26例,两组产妇在一般资料上无差异（P〉0．05）。在转行剖宫产前成功组平均动脉压显著低于失败组（P〈O．05）,补救给药的次数上成功组显著低于失败组（P〈0．05）,在镇痛持续时间上成功组显著少于失败组（P〈0．05）。结论：影响硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的危险因素是分娩镇痛时需要补救给药的次数增加以及镇痛所持续的时间延长,对于出现此类危险因素的产妇,应改变剖宫产麻醉方式,以最大限度地降低剖宫产麻醉的失败率,这对于母婴并发症的减少起着积极的作用。     

硬膜外分娩镇痛转行硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的相关因素分析*

摘要目的：探讨采用硬膜外分娩镇痛中途转行硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的相关因素并对其进行分析。方法：选择来我院进行硬膜 外分娩镇痛转而形硬膜外剖宫产麻醉的产妇218 例,根据硬膜外麻醉失败的定义将其划分为成功组和失败组,对两组的一般资 料、产程中的平均动脉压、硬膜外分娩镇痛情况分别进行比较分析。结果：成功组192 例,失败组26例,两组产妇在一般资料上无 差异（P>0.05）,在转行剖宫产前成功组平均动脉压显著低于失败组（P<0.05）,补救给药的次数上成功组显著低于失败组（P<0. 05）,在镇痛持续时间上成功组显著少于失败组（P<0.05）。结论：影响硬膜外剖宫产麻醉失败的危险因素是分娩镇痛时需要补救给 药的次数增加以及镇痛所持续的时间延长,对于出现此类危险因素的产妇,应改变剖宫产麻醉方式,以最大限度地降低剖宫产麻 醉的失败率,这对于母婴并发症的减少起着积极的作用。     

Anesthesia for outpatient female sterilization

This issue of the Bulletin deals with the principles of anesthesia for outpatient female sterilization with emphasis on techniques for laparoscopy and minilaparotomy. General anesthesia techniques provide analgesia, amnesia, and muscle relaxation and are particularly useful for managing the anxious patient. Disadvantages include increased expense, need for specialized equipment, and highly trained personnel, and delayed recovery. Complications, though relatively rare, can be life-threatening and include aspiration of stomach contents, hypoxia, hypercarbia, hypotension, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiorespiratory arrest, and death. There is no single preferred technique of general anesthesia, athough most anesthetists employ methods that allow rapid recovery of faculties, enabling the patient to be discharged soon after surgery. To accomplish this end, light anesthesia with sodium thiopental induction and nitrous oxide maintenance is often used. Short duration muscle relaxation with an agent such as succinylcholine supplements this technique. Other techniques include light anesthesia with inhalational anesthetic agents and the use of intravenous ketamine. Local anesthesia augmented by systemic and/or inhalational analgesia is supplanting general anesthesia techniques for laparoscopy in many locales. This approach is also particularly well-suited for minilaparotomy in developing countries, where it has achieved its greatest popularity. The local technique carries with it reduced morbidity and mortality but may not entirely relieve discomfort. The primary danger of local anesthesia is respiratory depression due to excessive narcosis and sedation. The operator must be alert to the action of the drugs and should always use the minimal effective dose. Although toxicity due to overdosage with local anesthetic drugs is occasionally experienced, allergic reactions to the amide-linkage drugs such as lidocaine or bupivacaine are exceedingly rare. For outpatient laparoscopy or minilaparotomy, local anesthesia with proper preoperative counselling and premedication should provide adequate relief of pain and is the method of choice, unless the patient cannot be examined awake or is totally uncooperative. The decision to utilize either general or local anesthesia should be made by the patient after thorough counselling by the surgical team. In many cases, the circumstances of the surgical environment will dictate the choice, but patient comfort and safety should always be the goal.     

麻醉方式对老年髋关节置换术患者的影响

目的:观察和比较腰硬联合麻醉与全麻对行择期髋关节置换术老年患者的生命体征、简易智力状况检查量表(Mini-mental State Examinatlon,MMSE)评分、认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)发生率的影响。方法:选取2015年1月-2017年6月于我院行择期髋关节置换术的80例老年患者为研究对象,随机分为腰硬联合麻醉组和全麻组,每组各40例。全麻组患者术前应用全身麻醉,腰硬联合麻醉组患者术前应用腰硬联合麻醉。观察两组患者麻醉前后的生命体征、MMSE评分变化及POCD的发生情况。结果:腰硬联合麻醉组患者麻醉后收缩压(Systolic pressure,SP)、舒张压(diastolic pressure,DP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、呼吸频率(Respiratory rate,RR)均低于全麻组(P0.05),两组患者血氧饱和度(Pulse Oxygen Saturation,Sp O2)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。腰硬联合麻醉组患者麻醉起效时间、运动阻滞恢复时间以及麻醉药用量均低于全麻组(P0.05)。术后6 h、24 h、72 h,腰硬联合麻醉组的MMSE评分均高于全麻组患者(P0.05)。术后1 d,全麻组的患者出现19例POCD,腰硬联合麻醉组出现4例,发生率显著低于全麻组(P0.05);两组在术后3 d的POCD发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腰硬联合麻醉用于择期行髋关节置换术的老年患者具有良好的临床效果,麻醉起效快,缩短了完全阻滞时间,明显改善了患者的生命体征,降低术后认知功能障碍的发生,麻醉药物用量少。     

SPINAL ANESTHESIA—A Survey of Neurologic Complications

The incidence of severe neurologic complications from spinal anesthesia in San Diego County in a series of 32,882 cases in a five-year period was 0.012 per cent. Morbidity of 1 in 10,000 cases compares favorably with morbidity associated with general anesthesia.Meticulous technique and abandonment of continuous spinal anesthesia can further reduce the incidence of complications.More emphasis should be placed on the elimination of preexisting neurologic disease as a contraindication to spinal anesthesia.     

老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染的相关因素分析及对策

目的:探讨老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素,并采取相对应的处理措施,以期提高临床治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年1月103例老年全身麻醉气管插管患者,对其中出现下呼吸道感染的13例患者进行回顾性麻醉影响因素分析。结果:老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素有插管过深、插管不熟练、拔管指征不完全、拔管延迟(3 h)、麻醉时间长(3 h)等(P0.05)。而与患者插管途径、插管方式、拔管延迟(3 h)无关(P0.05)。结论:老年患者全身麻醉气管插管后致下呼吸道感染麻醉相关影响因素较大,临床上要加以规范。     

Spinal anesthesia; a survey of neurologic complications

The incidence of severe neurologic complications from spinal anesthesia in San Diego County in a series of 32,882 cases in a five-year period was 0.012 per cent. Morbidity of 1 in 10,000 cases compares favorably with morbidity associated with general anesthesia. Meticulous technique and abandonment of continuous spinal anesthesia can further reduce the incidence of complications. More emphasis should be placed on the elimination of preexisting neurologic disease as a contraindication to spinal anesthesia.     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的临床研究与探讨

目的:研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法:糖尿病外科手术患者262例。其中急性胆囊炎64例,胃穿孔52例,化脓性阑尾炎71例,阑尾穿孔弥漫性腹膜炎各63例,外伤性脾破裂12例。采用硬膜外麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果:所有患者均手术顺利,麻醉平稳,麻醉手术过程中血糖水平较术前均有不同程度升高,按升高的血糖量适当增加胰岛素用量,血糖控制在10-12mmol/L,尿酮体(-),无糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗性非酮症性高血糖昏迷及低糖症发生。术毕均及时清醒,拔管,血糖水平较平稳。结论:急诊糖尿病患者手术时采用硬膜外麻醉对血糖影响小于全麻。     

COMMON EYE PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN

Most penetrating or lacerating injuries of the eye in children justify examination under anesthesia to avoid further harm to an uncooperative patient. The pediatrician in doubt should merely apply a sterile dressing and have an ophthalmologist examine the injury in hospital. Nonperforating injuries may result in severe bleeding 48 to 72 hours later; this may be averted by bandaging the eyes and maintaining rest for four or five days. Removal of foreign bodies should be followed by application of antibiotic ointment and patching to prevent contamination.Congenital stenosis of the lacrimal duct may clear spontaneously or through application of decongestants and sympathomimetic drops. More severe effects, especially infection, justify probing at six months or earlier. The operation should be done under general anesthesia, preferably in hospital.Acute conjunctivitis is best treated by local application of antibiotics or sulfonamides only. Chronic infections may be better managed with the addition of corticosteroids, which reduce local inflammation and control bacterial reaction. Bacterial study should be done only if empirical antibiotic therapy fails. Bacterial desensitization may be helpful. The same methods are effective in blepharitis, aided by hygienic measures. Corticosteroids are most useful in allergic inflammations.Refractive difference is difficult to test before a child can read, and apparent defects may be due to lack of cooperation. Marked inequality of the eyes may signify organic disorder. Strabismus, on the other hand, can be detected as early as 12 or 15 months and should be treated as early as possible by proper lenses, surgery, or both. Pediatricians and parents should be aware that many children appear to have strabismus because of wide epicanthi and deep-set eyes.     

不同麻醉方式对子宫切除患者血液动力学的影响*

目的:探索全麻复合硬膜外麻醉和全身麻醉用于子宫切除术对血液动力学的影响。方法:36例行子宫切除术患者,随机分成全麻组(A组,18例)和硬膜外+全麻组(B组,18例),采用Swan-Ganz导管技术,监测手术时血液动力学变化。结果:A组HR、MAP、CVP、SVR及CI均明显增加,SV无明显变化;B组除CVP明显上升外,其余各指标均无明显变化。结论:全麻复合硬膜外麻醉下施行子宫切除术,能减轻术中应激反应,稳定血液动力学。     

丙泊酚静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪实验中的比较

目的比较丙泊酚静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪实验中的麻醉效果。方法巴马小型猪10头,平均分成2组,分别进行丙泊酚静脉麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉,并于术前、术中及术后对其进行麻醉监测。结果两组实验猪的数量、体重、手术时间和麻醉时间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;异氟醚组恢复自主呼吸的时间短于丙泊酚组（P〈0.05）;与基础值相比,各组实验猪在麻醉后HR值均明显升高（P〉0.01）,MAP值降低明显（P〉0.01）;但各组间及组内SPO2和PH值差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论丙泊酚静脉麻醉应根据手术过程中实验动物的反应情况适当调整丙泊酚泵入量;而异氟醚吸入麻醉的麻醉过程平稳,麻醉效果好,术后苏醒快,适合情况复杂且时间较长的手术。     

超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年髋关节置换术患者认知功能、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响

摘要 目的：探讨超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年髋关节置换术患者认知功能、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响。方法：选取2018年1月~2020年1月期间我院收治的80例行髋关节置换术的老年患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组（全身麻醉）和研究组（全身麻醉基础上联合超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞）各40例。比较两组患者认知功能、氧化应激、血流动力学、疼痛情况及不良反应。结果：两组麻醉前~术毕清醒时心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度 （SpO₂）均呈先下降后升高趋势（P<0.05）;研究组麻醉10 min后SpO₂、MAP、HR高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前1 d~术后3 d超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）呈降低后升高趋势,丙二醛（MDA）呈升高后降低趋势（P<0.05）;研究组术后1 d、术后3 d的SOD高于对照组,MDA低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前1 d~术后3 d简易智能状态量表（MMSE）评分呈先降低后升高趋势,但研究组术后1 d、术后3 d评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。研究组术后1 h、术后12 h、术后24 h视觉疼痛模拟评分法（VAS）评分低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后48 h VAS评分比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：老年髋关节置换术中应用超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉,可有效减轻机体血流波动、氧化应激以及对认知功能的损害,同时还可减轻患者术后早期疼痛,且安全性较好。     

老年骨科手术患者麻醉后认知功能障碍的多因素分析及模型预测初步研究

摘要 目的：探讨分析影响老年骨科手术患者麻醉后的认知功能障碍的因素并建立预测模型。方法：将2016年1月至2019年1月于我院骨科行手术的227例老年患者根据术后认知功能障碍评分分为认知障碍组及无障碍组,比较两组一般资料及手术方式、麻醉方式等手术相关因素,使用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响术后认知功能障碍发生的因素,使用R软件建立出现认知功能障碍的列线图预测模型,并验证其效能。结果：术后共有65例患者出现认知功能障碍,认知障碍组患者的年龄、行全麻的患者比例、术中失血量、手术时间及出现术后并发症患者比例均明显高于无障碍组,而术中血压及应用超前镇痛患者比例均明显低于无障碍组（均P＜0.05）;而两组患者性别、BMI及手术部位等指标则无明显差异（均P＞0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析示高龄、全麻、术中失血量过多、过长手术时间及术后出现并发症均是老年骨科手术患者术后出现认知障碍的独立危险因素（OR=1.077,3.796,3.826,1.712,6.937;均P＜0.05）;而术中高收缩压、舒张压及术前给予超前镇痛是术后出现认知功能障碍的保护因素（OR=0.953,0.913,0.333;均P＜0.05）;列线图预测认知功能障碍发生的一致性指数（C-index）为0.904（95%Cl 0.862~0.961）。结论：高龄、全麻、无超前镇痛、手术时间过长、术中失血量过多、术中低血压及术后出现并发症是出现术后认知功能障碍的危险因素,基于此构建的列线图可有效对术后认知功能障碍进行预测,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

右美托咪定联合去甲肾上腺素在全麻下腰椎手术中对患者围术期循环及术后恢复质量的影响

摘要 目的：探究右美托咪定联合去甲肾上腺素在全麻下腰椎手术中对患者围术期循环指标及术后恢复指标的影响。方法：选择2019年1月至2020年12月于我院接受治疗的68例行全麻下腰椎手术患者为研究对象,按照随机、双盲、对照的方式区分为研究组与对照组（每组各34例患者）,对照组患者术中应用右美托咪定,研究组患者在对照组基础上加用去甲肾上腺素,对比两组患者围术期血流动力学（血压、心率）变化、术中出血量、手术时间、麻醉时间、术后疼痛度、苏醒指标的影响。结果：比较显示术前（T0）、插管时（T1）两组患者的平均动脉压（Mean arterial pressure,MAP）与心率（heart rate,HR）组间差异不大（P>0.05）,但手术30 min（T2）、手术60 min（T3）、手术结束拔管（T4）时研究组MAP和HR均高于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组患者术中出血量与对照组比较无明显差异（P>0.05）,研究组患者麻醉时间低于对照组患者（P<0.05）;研究组患者苏醒躁动评分以及术后6 h疼痛度评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：全麻下腰椎手术患者联用右美托咪定与去甲肾上腺素能够显著稳定患者围术期血流动力学,缩短麻醉苏醒时间,且不增加术中出血量,不增加患者术后苏醒躁动及应激性疼痛现象,值得临床推广应用。     

围术期手术麻醉安全体系的构建

麻醉安全性在增加,但围术期仍存有诸多挑战。“外科手术的围术期医疗模式 新策略的提出,期望有助于提高医疗质量、降低医疗成本。麻醉医师应该主动迎接时代挑战,承担起学科发展的历史使命,通过调整专业定位、规范医疗行为、加强病人安全管理建设,来构建起围术期手术麻醉的安全体系。     

硬膜外复合全身麻醉对开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期苏醒质量和应激状态的影响

目的:探讨硬膜外复合全身麻醉对开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期苏醒质量和应激状态的影响。方法:选择2013年6月~2015年3月在我院行开胸手术患者80例作为研究对象,按照数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组,分别给予静吸复合全身麻醉和硬膜外复合全身麻醉,比较两组患者术后苏醒的时间和拔管的时间,采用运动活动评分(MAAS)评估镇静程度,电化学法测定去肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)及多巴胺(DA)水平。结果:观察组的苏醒时间为(7.12±1.23)min,拔管时间为(11.38±1.86)min,均短于对照组的(15.34±2.82)min和(25.71±4.22)min,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后0.5 h及术后6 h两组患者的MAAS均高于术前,且观察组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后NE、E及DA水平均高于术前,且对照组高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:开胸手术患者采用硬膜外复合全身麻醉可缩短苏醒时间和拔管时间,提高患者的苏醒质量,降低应激反应,值得临床推广应用。