番鸭源H6N6亚型禽流感病毒全基因组的分子特征

【目的】为了丰富水禽源禽流感病毒的分子流行病学资料,明确我国国内首次分离的番鸭源H6N6亚型禽流感(Avian influenza virus,AIV)病毒A/Muscovy Duck/Fujian/FZ01/2008(H6N6)(以下简称MD/FJ/F1/08)全基因组的分子特征,弄清该病毒的遗传进化特点。【方法】对其8个基因片段分别进行扩增和序列测定,并利用分子生物学软件对测序结果进行序列分析。【结果】MD/FJ/F1/08的HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为PSMKVIV↓GL,为非连续的碱性氨基酸,其静脉接种指数(the intravenoys pathogenicity index,IVPI)为0.15,推测其为一株低致病力AIV。其HA基因、NP基因、M基因和PB2基因均与我国台湾分离株A/duck/Kingmen/E322/04(H6N2)该基因的核苷酸同源性最高,分别高达94.2%、95.7%、97.2%和95.6%,均处于同一遗传进化分支。其NA基因和我国远东分离株A/duck/Eastern China/01/2007(H4N6)同源性最高,达97.1%;其颈部有11个氨基酸的缺失(TNSTTTIINNN),为N6亚型神经氨酸酶基因中首次报道,在遗传进化上和H4N6亚型AIV的NA基因处于相同的分支。NS基因和香港地区分离株A/duck/HongKong/3600/99(H6N2)同源性最高,达96.1%;PB1和PA均与高致病性禽流感病毒株A/duck/HongKong/140/1998(H5N1)同源性最高,达95.6%和96.7%。且MD/FJ/F1/08的8基因与H6N6亚型流感病毒北美洲分离代表株均不处在同一遗传进化分支上,相互之间遗传关系较远。【结论】MD/FJ/F1/08可能是由H6N2、H4N6和H5N1等多亚型AIV基因重组而成。     

Spread of H5N1 avian influenza virus: an ecological conundrum

The role of wild birds in the spread of influenza H5N1 virus remains speculative and the ecology of influenza A viruses in nature is largely unstudied. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary studies to explore the ecology of avian influenza viruses in wild birds and the environment to support ecological interpretation of the source of disease outbreaks in poultry.     

H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的全球流行概况

H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感病毒(highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV)随候鸟的迁徙活动及商业贸易活动现已蔓延至亚洲、欧洲、非洲、美洲等国家和地区.2014-2015和2016-2019年H5N8亚型HPAIV已引发两波全球疫情,现正经历第三波疫情,导致家禽及野生鸟类...     

上海地区H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的遗传演化分析

为阐明上海地区 H9N2亚型禽流感病毒分离株的遗传变异、分子特征和重组模式,选取2002和2006～2014年分离自活禽市场、家禽养殖场和生猪屠宰场的14株 H9N2亚型禽流感病毒进行分析。这14株病毒分别来源于鸡、鸭、鸽、野鸡咽喉和泄殖腔样品及猪肺脏样品,用 H9亚型荧光反转录‐聚合酶链反应（RT‐PCR）试剂盒检测后,阳性样品经无特定病原体（SPF）级鸡胚尿囊腔接种并分离病毒,用血凝抑制（HI）实验进一步确定其血凝素（HA）亚型。RT‐PCR分别扩增这14株病毒全基因并进行序列测定,分析8个基因片段的遗传发生关系,发现这些分离株主要由 F／98亚系、Y280亚系、G1亚系及未知亚系重组而成。根据8个基因片段的组合情况,这14株病毒可分成5个基因型。2002、2006～2008年分离的5株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒代表了4个不同基因型,2009～2014年分离的9株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒属第5种基因型,推测可能与疫苗免疫选择压力有关。因此,在以后工作中加强H9N2亚型禽流感分子流行病学监测是非常必要的。     

一株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒广东分离株的基因组序列分析

从广东省疑似流感发病猪分离到1株H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(A/Swine/Guangdong/01/2005(H3N2)),对其各个基因进行克隆与测序,并与GenBank中收录的其它猪流感、禽流感和人流感的相关基因进行比较,结果表明,HA全基因与广东2003~2004年分离的H3N2猪流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上,与纽约90年代末分离的H3N2人流感毒株同源性在98.5%以上;NA基因与纽约1998~2000年分离的H3N2人流感毒株的核苷酸序列同源性在99%以上;NS基因、M基因的核苷酸序列与H1N1亚型猪流感毒株A/swine/HongKong/273/1994(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性较高,分别为97.9%、98.4%,与美洲A/swine/Iowa/17672/1988(H1N1)的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.7%、97.1%;其他基因的核苷酸序列与H3N2人流感毒株具有很高的同源性。因此,推测其M和NS基因来源于H1N1亚型猪流感病毒,HA、NA及其他基因均来源于H3N2亚型人流感病毒。表明此H3N2亚型猪流感病毒为H3N2亚型人流感病毒和H1N1亚型猪流感病毒经基因重排而得到的重组病毒。     

1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒分子遗传特性分析

本研究采用无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)鸡胚,从某活禽市场环境中分离出1株H6N6亚型禽流感病毒(A/environment/Zhenjiang/zj18/2013,en/zj18)。通过二代测序技术进行全基因组测序,通过BLASTn 进行同源性检索,并采用MEGA5.0软件构建系统发生树。基因进化树分析表明,分离株en/zj18的所有8个基因节段(PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M和NS)均与近年来中国华东地区流行的H6N6亚型禽流感病毒的相应基因位于同一进化分支,与参考株的核苷酸同源性达96.7%～99.6%。分离株en/zj18的HA蛋白裂解位点为PQIETR↓GL,是低致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。HA蛋白上关键受体结合位点190和228位(按H3亚型的HA蛋白序列排序)氨基酸分别是E和G,理论上更易与α2,3-半乳糖苷唾液酸受体结合。结果提示,需加强活禽市场禽流感病毒的持续监测,从而为有效应对禽流感病毒对公共卫生的持续威胁提供科学依据。     

Molecular genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza virus strains isolated from poultry in the Kurgan region in 2005

In the second half of 2005, a large-scale outbreak of influenza in poultry and wild birds was caused by a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Russia. The level of pathogenicity is a polygenic trait, and most individual genes contribute to the influenza A virus pathogenicity in birds, animals, and humans. The full-length nucleotide sequences were determined for H5N1 strains isolated in the Kurgan region (Western Siberia). The structure of viral proteins was analyzed using the deduced amino acid sequences. The receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin (HA) in strains A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 and A/duck/Kurgan/08/2005 was typical for avian influenza viruses and contained Glu and Gly at positions 226 and 228, respectively. The structure of the basic amino acid cluster located within the HA cleavage site was identical in all isolates: QGERRRKKR. According to the neuraminidase structure, all H5N1 isolates from the Kurgan region were assigned to the Z genotype. Amino acid residues typical for the avian influenza virus were revealed in 30 out of 32 positions of M1, M2, NP, PA, and PB2, determining the host range specificity. One of the strains contained Lys at position 627 of PB2. Isolates from the Kurgan region were shown to have a remantadine-sensitive genotype. Both strains contained Glu at position 92 of NS1, indicating that the virus is interferon-resistant. Phylogenetic analysis related the Kurgan isolates to subclade 2 of clade 2 of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses.     

A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒致病性评估及与2009 A/H1N1亚型流感病毒在哺乳动物体内的遗传兼容性

目的探讨人、禽流感病毒在哺乳动物体内的遗传兼容性,为下一步研究H6亚型禽流感病毒重配和致病性变异的分子机制奠定基础。方法野鸭源A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Mallard/SanJiang/275/2007以101EID50～106EID50的攻毒剂量经鼻内途径感染小鼠,通过临床症状观察、病毒滴定和病理切片观察进行病毒学和组织学两方面检测对小鼠的致病性;同时,将此病毒与2009年A/H1N1流感病毒A/Changchun/01/2009(H1N1)混合感染豚鼠,分析两株病毒在哺乳动物体内的遗传兼容性。每天采集豚鼠鼻洗液并用噬斑纯化技术获得重配病毒,对获得的重配病毒进行全基因组序列的测定。结果 H6N1亚型禽流感病毒能直接感染小鼠,但对小鼠不致死。106EID50的攻毒剂量可有效感染小鼠,攻毒后第5天,小鼠表现出被毛较粗乱、活动减少、体重下降、呼吸急促的临床症状,但至攻毒后第10天开始康复,而对照组(MOCK)小鼠在14 d的观察期内无明显临床症状。病毒滴定结果表明,该病毒主要在小鼠肺脏和鼻甲骨中复制,病毒滴度可达104.5EID50/mL。病理学观察发现感染小鼠肺泡壁增厚,有大量炎性细胞浸润,纤维蛋白渗出并伴有轻微出血;在A/H6N1和A/H1N1混合感染豚鼠的重配实验中,经过三轮噬斑纯化从豚鼠鼻洗液中分离到6株重配病毒,说明A/H6N1亚型禽流感病毒与A/H1N1亚型流感病毒具有很好的遗传兼容性,能在豚鼠体内能发生重配。结论野鸭源A/H6N1亚型流感病毒无需适应就能够感染哺乳动物;该病毒与A/H1N1流感病毒具有很好的遗传兼容性,在哺乳动物体内能够发生基因重配,产生新的重配病毒,其公共卫生意义应引起高度关注。     

Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

On 15 November 2016, a black swan that had died in a zoo in Akita prefecture, northern Japan, was strongly suspected to have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); an HPAI virus (HPAIV) belonging to the H5N6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. After the initial report, 230 cases of HPAI caused by H5N6 viruses from wild birds, captive birds, and domestic poultry farms were reported throughout the country during the winter season. In the present study, 66 H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from northern Japan were further characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene showed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in northern Japan clustered into Group C of Clade 2.3.4.4 together with other isolates collected in Japan, Korea and Taiwan during the winter season of 2016–2017. The antigenicity of the Japanese H5N6 isolate differed slightly from that of HPAIVs isolated previously in Japan and China. The virus exhibited high pathogenicity and a high replication capacity in chickens, whereas virus growth was slightly lower in ducks compared with that of an H5N8 HPAIV isolate collected in Japan in 2014. Comprehensive analyses of Japanese isolates, including those from central, western, and southern Japan, as well as rapid publication of this information are essential for facilitating greater control of HPAIVs.

     

Identification of a key amino acid in hemagglutinin that increases human-type receptor binding and transmission of an H6N2 avian influenza virus

Binding exclusively to human-type receptors is a prerequisite for avian influenza viruses to transmit from human to human. We previously reported that 34% of H6 avian influenza viruses recognize the human-type receptor, but their affinity for the avian-type receptor remains higher than that for the human-type receptor. Here, we found that a single amino acid change from glutamine to leucine at position 226 of hemagglutinin caused a switch in receptor-binding preference from avian-type to human-type receptors and rendered A/chicken/Guangdong/S1312/2010(H6N2) capable of respiratory droplet transmission in guinea pigs.     

Human avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in China

Highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) virus causes a widespread poultry deaths worldwide. The first human H5N1 infected case was reported in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China in 1997. Since then, the virus re-emerged in 2003 and continues to infect people worldwide. Currently, over 400 human infections have been reported in more than 15 countries and mortality rate is greater than 60%. H5N1 viruses still pose a potential pandemic threat in the future because of the continuing global spread and evolution. Here, we summarize the epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of human H5N1 infection in China monitored and identified by our national surveillance systems. Chinese Nature Science Foundation Key Project (Grant No. 30599433), Chinese Basic Science Research Program (973)Key Project (Grant No. 2005CB523006)     

Proposed lead molecules against Hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus (H5N1)

Human infection with avian influenza H5N1 is an emerging infectious disease characterized by respiratory symptoms and a high fatality rate. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are the two surface proteins responsible for infection by influenza virus. Till date, neuraminidase has been the major target for antiviral drugs. In the present study we chose hemagglutinin protein as it mediates the binding of the virus to target cells through sialic acid residues on the host cell-surface. Hemagglutinin of H5 avian influenza (PDB ID: 1JSN) was used as the receptor protein. Ligands were generated by structure-based de novo approach and virtual screening of ZINC database. A total of 11,104 conformers were generated and docked into the receptor binding site using 'High Throughput Virtual Screening'. We proposed potential lead molecules against the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin based on the results obtained from in silico docking and hydrogen bond interaction between the ligand and the 1JSN protein molecule. We found sialic acid derivative 1 to be the lead molecules amongst the ligands generated by structure based de novo approach. However the molecules obtained from ZINC database were showing better docking scores as well as conserved hydrogen bond interactions. Thus we proposed ZINC00487720 and ZINC00046810 as potential lead molecules that could be used as an inhibitor to the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin. They could now be studied in vivo to validate the in silico results.     

The variable codons of H5N1 avian influenza A virus haemagglutinin genes

We investigated the selection pressures on the haemagglutinin genes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses using fixed effects likelihood models. We found evidence of positive selection in the sequences from isolates from 1997 to 2007, except viruses from 2000. The haemagglutinin sequences of viruses from southeast Asia, Hong Kong and mainland China were the most polymorphic and had similar nonsyn-onymous profiles. Some sites were positively selected in viruses from most regions and a few of these sites displayed different amino acid patterns. Selection appeared to produce different outcomes in vi-ruses from Europe, Africa and Russia and from different host types. One position was found to be positively selected for human isolates only. Although the functions of some positively selected posi-tions are unknown, our analysis provided evidence of different temporal, spatial and host adaptations for H5N1 avian influenza viruses.     

2015年湖南部分地区H9N2亚型流感病毒HA和NA基因遗传进化

我国湖南地区因水禽家禽饲养较多且密集,是流感病毒高发省份。为了监测流感病毒的变异情况,采用RT-PCR技术扩增了10株H9N2亚型流感病毒的HA和NA基因,并进行了序列测定和分析。结果显示,10株分离株均属于欧亚分支中的Y280亚系;HA碱性裂解位点序列均为RSSR↓GLT,为低致病性流感病毒特征;HA受体结合位点234位均为L,具有与人唾液酸α-2,6受体结合的特性;NA蛋白均在颈部 (63–65位) 出现氨基酸缺失,这种缺失能增加流感病毒在哺乳动物中的复制能力。提示H9N2亚型毒株近年有毒力和致病力趋于转强的可能性,因此,要加强对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的监测,密切关注它的重组趋势。     

H7N9禽流感病毒小鼠感染动物模型的建立

目的建立H7N9禽流感病毒小鼠感染模型。方法 1×108,1×107或1×106TCID50H7N9禽流感病毒原液(A/Anhui/1/2013)滴鼻感染BALB/c小鼠。主要观测指标:临床症状、死亡率、病理变化、病毒载量和血清抗体检测。结果被感染的小鼠表现为竖毛、弓背、体重下降;病理表现为间质性肺炎,感染后第2天开始在呼吸道脱落细胞中检测到病毒;免疫组化或病毒分离方法在肺、肾、脑、肠、脾等组织检测到病毒;感染后14 d在小鼠血清中血凝抑制试验特异性抗体效价达到160;淋巴细胞减少,中性粒细胞增多。结论 H7N9感染BALB/c小鼠模型与人类禽流感感染疾病的基本特征相似,为研究该病的发病机制及药物疫苗的研发提供了工作基础。     

Control of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in the GB poultry flock

The identification of H5N1 in domestic poultry in Europe has increased the risk of infection reaching most industrialized poultry populations. Here, using detailed data on the poultry population in Great Britain (GB), we show that currently planned interventions based on movement restrictions can be expected to control the majority of outbreaks. The probability that controls fail to keep an outbreak small only rises to significant levels if most transmission occurs via mechanisms which are both untraceable and largely independent of the local density of premises. We show that a predictor of the need to intensify control efforts in GB is whether an outbreak exceeds 20 infected premises. In such a scenario neither localized reactive vaccination nor localized culling are likely to have a substantial impact. The most effective of these contingent interventions are large radius (10 km) localized culling and national vaccination. However, the modest impact of these approaches must be balanced against their substantial inconvenience and cost.     

一株针对H7N9亚型禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白茎部的单克隆抗体的表征

流感病毒血凝素蛋白(hemagglutinin,HA)的茎部区相对保守,是广谱疫苗、抗体与病毒检测制剂的重要靶点.前期研究获得了一株与H7N9亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白茎部多肽(aa 428-452)反应的单克隆抗体(5D3-1B5).为系统评价其生物学特性,本研究测定了5D3-1B5的抗体效价(IgG、血凝抑制与病毒中和...     

人感染新型H10N3禽流感病毒分子溯源

【背景】1997年香港发生人感染禽流感事件以来,禽流感病毒成为持续威胁人类健康和公共卫生的重要病原体。【目的】对一例人感染新型H10N3禽流感病毒病例开展分子溯源研究。【方法】流感病毒分型检测采用RT-qPCR法,在下一代测序平台上完成病毒基因组测序,序列和系统进化分析采用BLAST和MEGA 6.1等生物信息学软件。【结果】2021年4月从严重呼吸道疾病患者体内分离到一株病毒,经核酸检测和序列分析,结果表明其为H10N3亚型禽流感病毒。从患者居所附近的农贸市场分离到一株基因高度同源的H10N3亚型禽流感病毒。分离株是一种新的基因重配H10N3禽流感病毒,其血凝素hemagglutinin(HA)和神经氨酸酶neuraminidase(NA)组合最早在2019年华东地区的家禽中检测到,6个内部基因来源于近年来中国南方家禽中流行的H9N2病毒。病毒的HA蛋白的裂解位点含有1个碱性氨基酸R,未插入多个碱性氨基酸,理论上不属于高致病性禽流感病毒。HA蛋白受体结合位点228位氨基酸残基由G突变为S,理论上增强了对人SAα2,6受体的亲和力。另外,未发现PB2蛋白E627K突变,但591位氨基酸...