盐分和干旱对沙枣幼苗生理特性的影响

以沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)幼苗为实验材料,分别对其进行轻度干旱(土壤含水量7%—9%)、重度干旱(土壤含水量3%—5%)、100 mmol/L NaCl以及100 mmol/L NaCl处理下不同程度的盐旱共胁迫处理,处理2周后测其生理指标,包括生长指标、光合指标、渗透调节指标以及复水后生长指标,研究盐旱共胁迫对沙枣幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:和对照相比,轻度干旱对沙枣幼苗的生物量没有显著影响,重度干旱处理明显降低了沙枣的生物量,无论是轻度干旱还是重度干旱,都显著降低了沙枣幼苗的净光合速率、K~+含量,显著增加了Na~+含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、总酚和类黄酮含量;和对照相比,100 mmol/L NaCl处理显著降低了沙枣幼苗的生物量、净光合速率和K~+含量,显著增加了Na~+含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、总酚和类黄酮含量;和盐处理相比,轻度干旱和盐分共胁迫对沙枣幼苗的各项指标没有显著差异,而重度干旱和盐分共胁迫明显降低了沙枣幼苗的生物量、净光合速率;复水一周后,只有轻度干旱可以回复到对照水平。以上结果表明,盐分和干旱处理明显抑制了沙枣幼苗的生长,轻度干旱和盐分共胁迫条件下,沙枣幼苗表现出一定的交叉适应现象,而重度干旱却加重了盐害。     

Confirmation of natural hybrids between Gentiana straminea and G. siphonantha (Gentianaceae) based on molecular evidence

A few individuals with intermediate morphology always appeared in the sympatric distributions of Gentiana straminea and G. siphonantha. These intermediate individuals were hypothesized to be the hybrids of two species after a careful evaluation of their morphological characteristics. To test this hypothesis, sequence comparison of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal and trnS (GCU)-trnG (UCC) intergenic spacer region of the chloroplast DNA from Gentiana straminea, G. siphonantha and the putative hybrids was performed. The results suggest that most intermediate individuals were the natural hybrids between G. straminea and G. siphonantha. In addition, we examined the sequence variation among the individuals of both parent species and analyzed the possibility leading to the incongruent identification in some individuals based on morphologic and molecular evidences, respectively. The intraspecific diversification of DNA fragments within both parent species and their high variability in hybrid swarms probably resulted from chloroplast genome recombination and incomplete lineage sorting during the early stages of speciation origin of the parent species. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2007, 29 (1): 91–97 [译自:云南植物研究]     

中国茜草属sect.Oligoneura的形态计量学研究

茜草属为茜草科模式属,全球约80种,中国有近一半的物种,是茜草属的重要分布中心,大部分隶属于sect.Oligoneura。但是,该组内各种间的形态特征错综复杂,依靠单个性状不易划定种间界限。该研究在全面衡量sect.Oligoneura组内各种间形态特征的基础上,选取该组20种共171份标本,对其3个数量性状和28个定性性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:在主成分分析中,前3个主成分累积贡献率有46.88%,性状的累积贡献率增长并不明显,但该结果仍与聚类分析结果一致。对前3个主成分贡献较大的特征包括叶形(叶长宽比)、叶柄长度、叶脉、每轮叶片数和生活型等,这些形态性状也是该属传统分类学中重要的物种鉴定特征。该研究结果与分子系统发育结果基本一致,支持该组内ser.Chinenses、R.mandersii group、R.angustissima group和R.siamensis group类群的划分,但并不支持ser.Cordifoliae单独成系。sect.Oligoneura内除少数物种外,大部分物种界限均比较清晰。形态计量学研究为sect.Oligoneura甚至茜草属的物种鉴定与划分提供了重要的参考意义。     

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Silver Saxifrages (Saxifraga, Sect. Ligulatae Haworth): Implications for the Evolution of Substrate Specificity, Life Histories, and Biogeography

The silver saxifrages (Saxifraga sect. Ligulatae Haworth; Saxifragaceae) exhibit remarkable variation of substrate specialization, with strictly calcicole to calcifuge species, as well as life histories which range from semelparity to iteroparity. They occur almost exclusively in the European mountain ranges and display high levels of endemism. Sequences from chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA were obtained to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the silver saxifrages and related taxa and to gain insight into the evolution of substrate specificity, life history, and biogeography. The resulting phylogenies suggested that (1) Saxifraga sect. Ligulatae, as traditionally defined, does not constitute a monophyletic group; (2) lime-secreting hydathodes in calcifuge species apparently represent a secondary nonaptation; (3) semelparity evolved independently two or three times in the silver saxifrages and allied sections, possibly in response to climatic changes that occured during the Pleistocene; and (4) narrow endemics, for example S. cochlearis, likely evolved from the fragmentation of the widespread S. paniculata into refugial populations that became isolated during the glacial maxima of the Pleistocene.     

Taxonomic revision of Geranium sect. Gracilia (Geraniaceae)

Geranium sect.Gracilia (Geraniaceae) comprises nine species in the Andes of Venezuela and Colombia.Geranium lindenianum andG. gracilipes are synonymized withG. holosericeum. The identity ofG. multiceps is clarified. Its differences from the two Colombian species,G. santanderiense andG. lainzii, are discussed.Geranium lignosum, G. sebosum, G. stoloniferum, G. subnudicaule, andG., velutinum are now considered to be members of sect.Gracilia. The identity ofG. pilgerianum could not be clarified because the type was destroyed and other collections have not been found. Micromorphological leaf and seed characters are discussed. Six lectotypes and one neotype are designated.

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Resumen  Se revisaGeranium sect.Gracilia (Geraniaceae), un grupo formado por nueve especies distribuidas por los Andes de Venezuela y Colombia. Se sinonimizanG. lindenianum y G. gracilipes aG. holosericeum. Se aclara la identidad deG. multiceps y se establecen sus diferencias conG. santanderiense y conG. lainzii, ambas esencialmente colombianas. Se aceptan en esta secciónG. lignosum, G. stoloniferum yG. sebosum, propuestos tras la descripción de la sect.Gracilia, yG. subnudicaule yG. velutinum, ya tratados por otros autores en como pertenecientes a este grupo. Por el contrario, la identidad deG. pilgerianum no ha podido ser aclarada tras la destrucción del tipo y ante la falta de otros materiales de la especie. Se estudian diversos caractere micromorfológicos, especialmente algunos referibles a la anatomía foliar y la de la semilla. Se designan seis lectótipos y un neótipo.

     

应恢复赤车属头序赤车组和头序赤车

头序赤车的特征在于其具花序托和总苞的雌头状花序,根据此一特征即可将它与赤车属的其它所有种区别开。因此,在2002年被错误归并为异名的此赤车属进化种,以及根据其建立的单种进化组头序赤车组在该文中予以恢复。     

Pollen morphology of Stachys (Lamiaceae) in Iran and its systematic implication

Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Stachys (29 spp. and one subsp.), representing 9 of the currently recognized sections and 1 species of the closely related genus Sideritis (Si. montana) distributed in Iran were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-eight taxa are studied for the first time under aspects of pollen morphology. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa studied is prolate-spheroidal, but subprolate, spheroidal and oblate-spheroidal pollen grains can also be found in few species. The grains are usually tricolpate (the amb triangular), but also tetracolpate (the amb circular to more or less square) in some species (S. iberica, S. atherocalyx and Si. montana). The surface is microreticulate (the frequent type), reticulate, perforate, foveolate-psilate or foveolate. The lumina are separated by smooth or sinuate muri which make them polygonal, more or less rounded and elongate. Major pollen morphological features of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in delimitation of formerly introduced sections while they mostly provide further characters in separating related species from each other. For example, all members of S. sect. Aucheriana are characterized by elongated lumina. Based on the oblate-spheroidal shape of its pollen as well as tetracolpate aperture type, the results of the present study confirm sect. Pontostachys as including S. angustifolia, S. iberica, S. sparsipilosa as well as S. atherocalyx. Our results also suggest that although some species like S. fruticolosa and S. lavandulifolia are morphologically well characterized, they cannot be separated from other species of Stachys based on pollen morphology.     

nrDNA internal transcribed spacer data reveal that Rhodoplagiochila R.M. Schust. (Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniales) is a member of Plagiochila sect. Arrectae Carl

The monospecific genus Rhodoplagiochila, previously known only from the type collected in the Venezuelan Andes, has been collected at a second site close to the type locality. Up to now, generic status of Rhodoplagiochila has been accepted by most authors, but the taxon had been alternately assigned to Plagiochilaceae or Lophoziaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences from Rhodoplagiochila and other representatives of the Plagiochilaceae clearly reveal the former to be in a clade with members of the Neotropical–Atlantic European Plagiochila sect. Arrectae. Within the Arrectae, Rhodoplagiochila is positioned in a robust clade made up of several accessions of Plagiochila bifaria. Morphologically, Rhodoplagiochila differs from other phenotypes of P. bifaria by the papillose leaf surface and a leaf margin which is ciliately toothed all-around. As an outcome of the molecular and morphological investigations, Rhodoplagiochila rosea is treated as a variety of P. bifaria, and the new combination P. bifaria var. rosea comb. et stat. nov. is proposed. In tropical America the family Plagiochilaceae seems to be represented only by Plagiochila.     

Molecular characterization of strawberry pathogen Gnomonia fragariae and its genetic relatedness to other Gnomonia species and members of Diaporthales

Gnomonia fragariae is a poorly studied ascomycete belonging to Diaporthales. Originally G. fragariae was considered a saprophyte occurring on dead tissues of strawberry plants. Recently this fungus was found in Latvia and Sweden, and it was proven to be the cause of severe root rot and petiole blight of strawberry. Thirteen isolates of this pathogen and several other Gnomonia species occurring on rosaceous hosts were characterized by molecular analysis using nucleotide sequences of partial LSU rRNA gene and the total ITS region. The homologous regions from relevant diaporthalean taxa available in the GenBank were also included and compared with the taxa sequenced in this study. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that G. fragariae, G. rubi, and Gnomonia sp. (CBS 850.79) were genetically different from G. gnomon, the type species of the genus, and other members of Gnomoniaceae. The analyses showed that G. fragariae and Hapalocystis were genetically very closely related, forming a phylogenetic clade, which is possibly presenting a new family in the Diaporthales. Morphological comparisons of the Gnomonia species on the basis of commonly used criteria for the taxonomy of Diaporthales, so far did not reveal any evident features for the polyphyletic status of Gnomonia.     

基于ITS序列的中国外来苋属植物系统关系分析

通过ITS序列对21种中国外来苋属植物进行系统进化关系研究。通过ITS序列种间、种内遗传距离分析,发现苋属种间变异为0~0.055 1,种内变异为0~0.009 2。使用TAXON DNA软件分析ITS序列种间、种内变异的分布图看出规律,结果表明苋属ITS序列的种间变异适中,种间变异明显大于种内变异。采用最大似然法(ML)构建的系统树将中国苋属分为5或6个进化支(根据自展支持率取值不同)。异株苋亚属长芒苋和苋亚属刺苋聚类在一起,西部苋和糙果苋单独成为一个进化支。苋亚属中苋组苋亚组反枝苋和绿穗苋亚组鲍氏苋有着更近的亲缘关系,苋组苋亚组尾穗苋和绿穗苋亚组绿穗苋、繁穗苋等亲缘关系更近。白苋亚属分为2或3个类群,根据自展支持率取值不同,合被苋可以和白苋、北美苋并为一支,也可以单独成为一支。综上所述,该文认为苋属经典分类体系中3亚属或2~3组的分类地位不成立,建议中国苋属采取5组2亚组或6组2亚组的分类体系。5组2亚组分别由长芒苋组、糙果苋组、苋组(苋亚组和绿穗苋亚组)、白苋组和凹头苋组组成。其中,合被苋也可从白苋组分出,单独构成1组,形成6组2亚组的分类体系。表明该序列对苋属大部分种类分类效果较好,对西部苋和糙果苋复合群,绿穗苋复合群以及白苋亚属的分类价值不高。     

秦岭芍药属植物及其地理分布修订

在野外调查的基础上,结合查阅标本和文献比对,对秦岭地区芍药属(Paeonia)植物及其地理分布进行修订。结果表明,秦岭地区分布有芍药属8个野生种及1个栽培种,可分为牡丹组(Section Mouton DC.)和芍药组(Sect. Paeonia)。地理分布格局研究表明：芍药组内4个种：草芍药(P. obovata)、美丽芍药(P. mairei)、芍药(P. lactiflora)、川赤芍(P. anomala subsp. veitchii)和牡丹组中的牡丹(P. suffruticosa Andrews)、紫斑牡丹(P. rockii)为秦岭广布种,卵叶牡丹(P. qiui)和杨山牡丹(P. ostii)为秦岭中东部分布种,矮牡丹(P.jishanensis)为秦岭东部分布种。根据修订,给出了秦岭地区芍药属植物分种检索表。     

禾本科燕麦属植物的地理分布

为探讨燕麦属(Avena L.)植物的地理分布,通过野外调查及查阅标本和文献资料,对燕麦属植物的地理分布进行整理和研究。结果表明,燕麦属植物约有29种,主要分布在欧洲、地中海地区、北非、西亚、东亚和美洲。中国有4种,分布于华北、西北、西南各省(区)的高海拔地区。燕麦属下分7个组,分别是多年生燕麦组[sect.Avenotrichon(Holub)Baum]、偏凸燕麦组(sect.Ventricosa Baum)、耕地燕麦组(sect.Agraria Baum)、软果燕麦组(sect.Tenuicarpa Baum)、埃塞俄比亚燕麦组(sect.Ethiopica Baum)、厚果燕麦组(sect.Pachycarpa Baum)和真燕麦组(sect.Avena)。其中,埃塞俄比亚燕麦组分布在埃塞俄比亚、沙特阿拉伯、也门,其他6个组分布在欧洲、地中海、西北非洲、西亚、东亚和美洲地区。地中海、西北非洲、西亚地区分布有除埃塞俄比亚燕麦组之外的所有6个组,因此推断该地区可能是燕麦属的现代分布中心和多样性中心,而燕麦属的起源地尚需确证。     

Molecular phylogenetic and molecular dating of the New Zealand Gleicheniaceae

The Gleicheniaceae are an ancient family of ferns, with three of the six extant genera occurring in New Zealand:Dicranopteris, Gleichenia, andSticherus. The biogeographic origins of this family in New Zeland are unknown, and the taxonomy ofGleichenia in particular is still unclear. To address aspects of these two issues, DNA sequences from thetrnL-trnF locus and therbcL gene were produced for all of the common Gleicheniaceae species in New Zealand, as well as forGleichenia alpina from Tasmania andSticherus cryptocarpus from Chile. SeveraltrnL-trnF haplotypes were found amongst New ZealandG. dicarpa. One of these haplotypes was also observed in TasmanianG. alpina, while the other New ZealandG. dicarpa trnL-trnF haplotypes were more similar to those ofG. microphylla. These results suggest the taxonomy of New ZealandGleichenia may be more complex than presently recognized. Molecular dating of therbcL sequences with the program r8s rejected vicariant explanations for the disjunct distributions between New Zealand and elsewhere for each ofDicranopteris, Gleichenia, andSticherus. However, the direction of the inferred long-distance dispersal was not resolved.     

狭叶薰衣草的离体培养及挥发性成分的分析

为建立新疆狭叶薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)的快速繁殖体系,以种子、茎、叶为外植体,对种子萌发、愈伤组织诱导、丛芽分化和生根的最适培养条件进行了研究;用水蒸气蒸馏法提取狭叶薰衣草挥发油,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定挥发油成分。结果表明,种子浸泡的适宜时间为6 h,切开种皮培养,出芽时间最少为6 d;诱导种子出芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA2 mg/L;以茎为外植体诱导愈伤组织效果较好,适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+2,4-D 1 mg/L;诱导分化丛芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;生根的适宜培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L;盆栽薰衣草和无菌苗薰衣草的挥发油主要成分相差较大,离体培养的薰衣草的主要挥发性成分有叶绿醇、丁香油烃、氧化石竹烯等。     

10种金花茶组植物的花粉形态及分类学意义

金花茶组(Sect.Chrysantha)植物具有很高的观赏价值,但其分类存在争议.为探讨金花茶组植物花粉的形态特征和分类学意义,该研究用扫描电镜观察了10种金花茶的花粉形状、外壁纹饰以及穿孔特征,统计了极轴长、赤道轴长和萌发沟长,并进行聚类分析.结果表明:(1)10种供试金花茶植物花粉为中粒花粉,大部分花粉形状呈近球...     

牡丹组植物的药用民族植物学研究与考证

牡丹干燥根皮自古以来就有入药的传统,尤其在中药和民族药中被广泛使用.为阐明牡丹组植物在古籍中的记载情况和民族药中的利用现状,该文对中国八部经典医学古籍、37部地方志和民族药传统知识进行整理,采用民族植物学编目方法,对牡丹组植物在古籍和民族药中的入药种类、地理分布、入药部位、炮制方法和功效等相关传统知识进行考证和分析研究...     

高山被孢霉中二酰甘油酰基转移酶2同源基因的克隆、表达和活性分析

[背景] 高山被孢霉（Mortierella alpina）是一种可积累大量花生四烯酸（Arachidonic Acid,AA）的产油丝状真菌,其所产脂肪酸主要被组装到甘油骨架上以三酰甘油（Triacylglycerol,TAG）形式存在。二酰甘油酰基转移酶（Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase,DGAT）是TAG生物合成途径的关键酶,对于高山被孢霉TAG的生产具有重要意义。[目的] 通过探究高山被孢霉DGAT2在TAG生物合成方面的功能特点,以期为提高产油真菌的TAG产量及改善TAG的脂肪酸组成提供参考。[方法] 利用序列比对在高山被孢霉ATCC32222基因组中筛选出2个编码DGAT2的候选基因MaDGAT2A/2B,在酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）中异源表达后进行功能分析,并在外源添加AA条件下通过检测TAG产量进一步分析MaDGAT2A/2B的活性,最后在高山被孢霉中同源过表达MaDGAT2A/2B,通过检测重组菌总脂肪酸产量及组分以分析MaDGAT2A/2B的体内活性。[结果] MaDGAT2A在S. cerevisiae中异源表达时,重组酵母菌TAG的产量达到细胞干重的3.06%,为对照组的4.91倍;而MaDGAT2B未明显提高重组酵母菌TAG的产量。在外源添加AA时,MaDGAT2A/2B均可显著促进重组酵母菌中TAG合成,表达MaDGAT2A的重组酵母菌TAG含量为对照组的3.67倍,表达MaDGAT2B的重组酵母菌TAG含量为对照组的2.61倍。MaDGAT2A/2B在高山被孢霉中过表达对其总脂肪酸产量无显著影响,但可显著提高总脂肪酸中AA的含量,AA占总脂肪酸比例最高达到39.15%,相比对照组提高16.14%。[结论] MaDGAT2A/2B可以参与TAG的生物合成,表明2个候选基因编码的蛋白具有DGAT活性,并且可提高高山被孢霉脂肪酸中AA的含量,对于改善产油真菌的脂肪酸组成从而提高其应用价值具有重要意义。     

加查银莲花(毛茛科)的名实订正

通过标本检查, 发现毛茛科加查银莲花(Anemone jiachaensis W. T. Wang)与西藏银莲花(A. tibetica W. T. Wang)属于同一种植物, 故将前者处理为后者的异名。加查银莲花发表时被置于鹅掌草组[A. sect. Stolonifera (Ulbr.) Juz.], 但其花粉为三沟而非多沟, 与岩生银莲花亚组[A. subsect. Rupicolae (Tamura ex Chaudhary & Trifonova) Starod.]的岩生银莲花(A. rupicola Camb.)(西藏银莲花亦属于该亚组)的花粉类型一致, 而与鹅掌草组植物的多沟花粉明显不同, 从而进一步表明加查银莲花与西藏银莲花确为同一种植物而且应为岩生银莲花亚组的成员。     

Circumscription of taxa in the chasmophilous Iranian Stachys species (Lamiaceae: sect. Fragilicaulis, subsect. Fragiles) inferred from isoenzyme variation patterns

Fresh leaves of 150 individuals from 15 populations representing five putative species of Stachys sect. Fragilicaulis, subsect. Fragiles distributed in the Zagros mountains in western Iran were analyzed for isoenzyme variation. Four enzyme systems (peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) have been studied and a total of 32 bands representing seven putative loci have been analyzed by UPGMA using the Euclidean distances. UPGMA analysis resulted in the recognition of three distinct clusters among the considered populations. The average value of Shannon diversity index (H′) estimated for each population ranged from 0.05 to 2.17. The mean number of bands per isoenzyme ranges from 1.60 to 2.50. The value of Euclidean distance ranges from 0.85 to 3.79. The analysis of isoenzyme variation patterns suggests recognizing following species in Stachys sect. Fragilicaulis subsect. Fragiles: Stachys benthamiana (including Stachys megalodonta), Stachys kurdica (including Stachys ballotiformis) and Stachys asterocalyx. These data also suggest paying more attention to geographical distribution of taxa in Stachys for their taxonomic delimitation. This study provides another strong support for application of electrophoretic analysis of isoenzymes in taxonomy at species level.     

北细辛不同部位内生真菌的多样性与抑菌活性

为探讨北细辛(Asarum heterotropoides)不同部位可培养内生真菌种群结构的差异,采用植物组织平板分离法分离北细辛根、根状茎、越冬芽三个部位内生真菌,结合形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定菌株,并系统分析和比较其种类和多样性。从北细辛三个部位共分离得到117株内生真菌,其中97株归属于6纲6目8科9属17种。相似性和多样性分析表明,北细辛不同部位内生真菌的组成结构上存在差异,根部内生真菌的多样性指数最高,越冬芽最低。采用菌饼法检测其抑菌活性,G 3-3、G 4-10-1、G 2-2-1、GZJ 2-12-2对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)有抑制作用,G 3-3、G 2-2-1、GZJ 2-12-2、GZJ 1-6、G 3-8对枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)有抑制作用。GZJ 2-12-2对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、枯草芽胞杆菌均有抑制作用。