固定化谷氨酸棒杆菌T6—13细胞的酶学性质研究

比较研究了固定化谷氨酸棒杆菌细胞和自然细胞的谷氨酸脱氢酶、异拧檬酸脱氢酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的一些性质。最适pH、温度对二者酶促反应速度的影响基本相似;pH、热稳定性固定化细胞高于自然细胞;底物表观米氏常数谷氨酸脱氢酶,异柠檬酸脱氢酶有所增大,而葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶则有所下降;辅酶表观米氏常数均有所增大。这些是影响固定化细胞应用的主要因素。     

途径工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌产莽草酸

莽草酸是一种芳香族中间代谢产物,也是合成抗禽流感药物磷酸奥司他韦的前体。目前,国内外莽草酸的生产主要依靠成本较高,周期较长的植物提取法。微生物发酵法合成莽草酸具有生产成本低、周期短等优势成为研究的热点。为了构建产莽草酸的重组谷氨酸棒杆菌,此次研究从基因组水平上对谷氨酸棒杆菌体内的莽草酸代谢途径进行代谢工程改造。通过阻断莽草酸分解代谢途径、解除反馈抑制以及阻断竞争性代谢途径的策略,实现了莽草酸产量的大幅提升。结果显示,所构建的重组谷氨酸棒杆菌SKA06经72 h摇瓶发酵,莽草酸产量达到7.61 g/L,相较出发菌种提升了68倍。并且,基于染色体工程的遗传改造策略克服了引入质粒带来传代不稳定、需要添加抗生素等问题,可以为莽草酸工程菌种的选育提供重要参考。     

固定化原生质体产谷氨酸脱氢酶的研究

本文报道了用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋法制备固定化谷氨酸捧杆菌T6—13原生质体及其用于生产谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH,E．C．1．4．1．4)的研究。在一定条件下游离细胞和固定化细胞胞内可积累谷氨酸脱氢酶,但并不分泌到胞外。对数生长前期的细胞经蛋清溶菌酶处理14h后分离得到原生质体,游离原生质体和固定化原生质体可产胞外GDH。用3％海藻酸钙凝胶包埋10%的原生质体制备的固定化原生质体具有较高的产酶性,分批培养72h后发酵液中GDH活力可达到1．64×10^-2u／ml,为游离细胞胞内产酶的205％。固定化原生质体可用溶菌酶处理固定化细胞而制得,与直接固定化原生质体制备的固定化原生质体具有同样的产酶能力,且制备方便。固定化原生质体可重复使用6批次(约18天),且具有良好的贮藏稳定性。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌的乙醛酸循环与谷氨酸合成

为阐明谷氨酸棒杆菌的乙醛酸循环与菌体的生长以及谷氨酸合成之间的关系 ,以谷氨酸棒杆菌基因组测序用典型菌株Corynebacteriumglutamicum ATCC 130 32为出发菌株 ,构建了乙醛酸循环途径缺失的谷氨酸棒杆菌突变株Corynebacteriumglutamicum WTΔA。该菌株没有异柠檬酸裂解酶活性 ,不能在以乙酸盐为唯一碳源的基本培养基上生长。与出发菌株ATCC13032相比 ,WTΔA在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长时不受影响 ,说明谷氨酸棒杆菌并不需要乙醛酸循环途径提供菌体生长所需的能量和生物合成反应所需的中间产物。但是 ,与出发菌株ATCC13032相比 ,WTΔA的谷氨酸合成能力大幅下降。     

L-鸟氨酸高产菌的原生质体融合育种

以谷氨酸高产菌S9114和谷氨酸棒杆菌GS538为出发菌株,应用原生质体融合技术,定向选育出一株L-鸟氨酸高产菌株RH169,该菌株能在发酵液中积累L-鸟氨酸,质量浓度可达19.3 g.L-1。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌H+-ATPase基因失活提高谷氨酸产生量

为了证实在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,利用H⁺-ATPase基因失活构建高产谷氨酸基因工程菌的应用可行性,通过重组PCR技术部分缺失H⁺-ATPaseγ亚基基因序列,采用插入失活方法构建H⁺-ATPase失活的谷氨酸棒杆菌。考察了其谷氨酸产生能力及对生长速率的影响。实验结果表明,H⁺-ATPase失活的谷氨酸棒杆菌在含有100g/L的葡萄糖培养基中摇瓶发酵,其谷氨酸最大累积量为51.6g/L, 比野生菌株提高了42.9%。生长速率研究结果表明,H⁺-ATPase失活的谷氨酸棒杆菌生长速率略低于野生谷氨酸棒杆菌。证实了H⁺-ATPase基因失活对提高谷氨酸产量的作用,为利用H⁺-ATPase基因构建高产谷氨酸基因工程菌株提供了科学依据。     

利用原生质体融合技术选育防治植物病虫害的基因重组菌株

本试验选用抗菌蛋白产生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis) TG26和晶体蛋白产生菌苏云金芽孢杆菌(B.thuringiesis subsp,pacifeus) AS1.904的营养缺陷型衍生株,在聚乙二醇的诱导下进行原生质体种间融合,获得了表现双亲遗传性状的种间融合菌株。融合率为7.52×10~6,融合子经传代10次,稳定率为19.5%。融合菌株的菌落和细胞形态与亲本株明显不同。通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,融合菌株表达了亲本的抗菌蛋白和毒素蛋白。抑菌杀虫试验表明,融合重组菌株具有抑制多种植物病原菌和毒杀鳞翅目幼虫的能力。     

Intergeneric protplast fusion between xylanase producing Bacillus subtilis LYT and Corynebacterium acetoacidphilum ATCC 21476

Hybrids between a strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated in our laboratory and having the ability to degrade xylan and other complex polysaccharides and Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, a lysine producer, were prepared by protoplast fusion. Based on distinctive parental biochemical characteristics the fusants were grouped into 9 categories, viz. BC1 through BC9. Three of the hybrids, BC5, BC7a and BC7b, were tested for their ability to produce xylanase and lysine. Both BC7a and BC7b produced xylanase but BC5 did not, however all of them produced lysine albeit to different degrees. These results demonstrate that intergeneric gene transfer takes place through protoplast fusion between these 2 important genera of bacteria and some of the fusants inherit the useful traits of both the parents.     

Pollen-Mesophyll Protoplast Fusion and Hybrid Plant Regeneration in Nicotiana

Isolated pollen protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum L. N364 Km+ were fused with mesophyll protoplasts of N. rustica L. using PEG-high Ca/pH method. The cells resulted from fusion between immature (early-middle bicellular) pollen protoplasts and mesophyll protoplasts could divide to produce microcalli and regenerated plantlets when cultured in a selection KM8p medium containing 50 g/L kanamycin. Four plantlets were regenerated. The isoenzyme patterns of leaf peroxidases of these plantlets had bands characteristic of both parents. Root-tip squash showed that the gameto-somatic hybrids had the expected triploid chromosome number. Aside from these kanamycin-selected plantlets, six of the twenty-one plantlets that had not undergone selection were also evidenced to be gameto-somatic hybrids.     

微生物原生质体融合育种技术及其应用

工业微生物菌种选育在发酵工业中占有重要地位。微生物原生质体融合(microbial protoplast fusion)技术具有重组频率高、受结合型或致育型限制小以及遗传物质传递完整等优点,是微生物育种最常用的方法之一。结合相关研究进展,分析了原生质体融合技术的组成,包括制备、再生、融合的影响因素以及融合子的筛选方法,重点评述了原生质体融合技术应用在微生物育种中的最新进展,以及微生物原生质体融合技术的发展前景。     

棘孢小单孢菌和灰色链霉菌原生质体融合的研究

用庆大霉素产生菌——棘孢小单孢菌Micromonospora echinospora 814(Gm~r,Km~r)和链霉素产生菌Streptomyces griseus No. 45(Sm~r,Lm~r)进行了原生质体融合。以抗性为选择标记,选出了融合体。其融合频率在10~(-3)—10~(-4)之间。在电镜条件下,观察了原生质体融合的详细过程,测定了融合体的产抗生素能力,其中一株融合体F106的抗生素产量比亲本菌株814高58％。用羧甲基纤维素薄层对发酵液层析表明,有一个融合体的发酵液比亲本菌株814多一个组份,但没有测出其生物活性。     

Molecular and biochemical characterization of mechanosensitive channels in Corynebacterium glutamicum

Database searches in the Corynebacterium glutamicum genome sequence revealed homologs of the mechanosensitive channels MscL and YggB of Escherichia coli. To elucidate the physiological role of these putative channels deletion mutants were constructed. Betaine efflux induced by osmotic downshock of the mscL deletion mutant was nearly identical to that of the wild-type, whereas the yggB deletion mutant showed a reduced efflux rate. Interestingly, the double deletion strain, which was expected to have an even more decreased capability of betaine excretion, had only a slightly reduced efflux rate compared to the wild-type and did not show an increased mortality after osmotic downshift. These results led to the hypothesis that C. glutamicum may possess a third type of mechanosensitive channel not related to the MscL and YggB/KefA families. Furthermore it is unlikely that an MscM-like activity is responsible for the betaine efflux, because of the high transport capacity detected in the double deletion mutant.