外源生长激素基因在蓝太阳鱼中的整合、表达和遗传

通过基因重组, 将石斑鱼生长激素基因编码序列克隆到鲤鱼βactin基因启动子下游, 构建了“全鱼”生长激素基因表达载体pCAecGHc。采用显微注射法, 研制出转“全鱼”生长激素基因蓝太阳鱼。经过PCR、PCR Southern杂交、RT PCR等技术对转植基因在转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合和表达情况进行了检测。结果表明:转植基因在两批次P0 转基因蓝太阳鱼中的整合率为5 .60%和12. 26%, 并在转基因鱼中得到了正确表达, 表现为嵌合性表达。对转基因蓝太阳实验鱼进行了对照养殖实验, 初步显示转基因蓝太阳鱼具有较快的生长表型效应, 比对照组生长速度快20%-40%左右。应用近交策略培育出了两个转基因蓝太阳鱼F1 品系, 检测表明, 转植基因在两个品系的整合率分别为22 .03%和40 .8%。结果表明: 转植基因通过性腺传递给了子代, 同时也证实转基因P0 代的生殖腺为转植基因的嵌合体。     

转移人生长激素基因和注射人生长激素对促进银鲫生长的研究

本研究将人生长激素基因重组 DNA 导入银鲫受精卵,或用人生长激素对60日龄银鲫连续6周腹腔注射,均观察到了受体鱼的快速生长效应,转移人生长激素基因鱼在60日龄时的平均体重比对照鱼平均体重增加82%,相应体长平均值比对照鱼增加19.7%;在125日龄时,转基因组平均体重比对照组增加17.7%,相应体长平均值比对照增加3.5%。定期注射人生长激素,在6周的注射实验过程中,实验鱼的体重,体长都与对照组相近或略有减小。但是,在水泥池中饲养一个月后,注射10/μg/g 体重的实验组鱼平均体重比相应对照组鱼的平均体重增加32%;相应体长平均值增加11%。     

两种不同终止子在转基因鲤鱼中的促生长效应

转基因构建体中启动子的选择会直接影响转植基因的活性, 近年来有研究表明转基因构建体中终止子的选择会一定程度地影响转植基因的活性。为了更好地筛选转基因构建体和培育快速生长的转“全鱼”生长激素(Growth hormone, GH)基因鱼, 文章用鲤鱼β-actin基因终止子和生长激素基因终止子分别构建了转基因构建体, 显微注射得到转“全鱼”GH基因鱼P0代养殖群体, 比较两种不同终止子构建体的活性。统计分析发现, 生长激素基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈正态分布且平均体重显著高于β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体, β-actin基因终止子构建体的养殖群体的体重频率呈右倾趋势的非正态分布。值得一提的是在混合养殖组中得到一条生长最为快速的鲤鱼证实为转基因阳性且为生长激素基因终止子构建体的转基因鲤鱼。该结果表明转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼可快速生长, 并能将转植基因向下代遗传。实验结果提示生长激素基因终止子构建体比β-actin基因终止子构建体表现的促生长活性要强。     

快速生长转基因鲤鱼可望在中国实现商品化

由中国科学院院士、中国科学院水生生物所朱作言研究员主持的“快速生长转基因鲤鱼的中试研究”已通过成果鉴定。中国科学院李振声院士、中国工程院刘筠院士和林浩然院士等专家鉴定认为,该项研究建立了快速生长转基因鲤鱼的高效、安全养殖模式;对转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼食品消费安全进行了严密的科学实验,证实了转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼的食品消费安全性,为转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼的大规模商品化生产提供了科学依据,研究成果居国际领先水平。 朱作言院士主持的该项研究,筛选获得了快速生长的转“全鱼”生长激素基因黄河鲤鱼核心群200尾,其生长速度比对照鱼快140％以上。试验证明：转基因鱼怀卵量略低于普通黄河鲤鱼,受精率和孵化率与对照鱼无显著差异,转“全鱼”生长激素基因黄河鲤鱼具备大规模苗种繁育生产能力;转“全鱼”生长激素基因鲤鱼F1代的大规模养殖不仅增产,而且可降低养殖成本,并为转基因鱼的进一步选育提供材料;转“全鱼”生长激素基因三倍体鱼平均体重增长速度比对照鱼提高15％,铒料利用效率提高11．1％,由此建立了转“全鱼”生长激素基因高效、安全的养殖模式。试验还证明：摄食转“全鱼”生长激素基因鱼对小鼠的生长、脏器发育、血液生理生化指标、繁殖能力及其后代的生长发育均无影响。为此,专家建议,尽快推广养殖转基因三倍体鲤鱼,在我国建立世界首例转基因动物品种商品化生产的范例。杨淑培     

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压的调节作用

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压的调节起着重要作用。转生长激素基因鱼表现出明显的快速生长效应。生长激素促进了鲑科鱼类对海水的适应能力。本文对此进行了综述,并讨论了生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压调节作用的生理机制、生长激素与胰岛素样生长因子以及甲状腺激素的关系。     

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和

生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压的调节起着重要作用.转生长激素基因鱼表现出明显的快速生长效应.生长激素促进了鲑科鱼类对海水的适应能力.本文对此进行了综述,并讨论了生长激素及其基因转移对鱼类生长和渗透压调节作用的生理机制、生长激素与胰岛素样生长因子以及甲状腺激素的关系.     

黄颡鱼重组生长激素的制备及对其鱼苗生长的影响

生长激素在渔业生产中具有重要的应用价值, 通过制备黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)同源重组生长激素并用于促生长实验, 从而为建立鱼苗快速培育方法提供理论依据。根据已知黄颡鱼生长激素(PfGH)基因cDNA序列, 利用IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE分析方法, Western印迹表明在IPTG终浓度1.0 mmol/L、温度17℃和培养时间14h的条件下, 黄颡鱼生长激素基因在大肠杆菌中大量表达, 获得重组生长激素蛋白。然后, 随机选取黄颡鱼分为4组放入室内水族箱中进行养殖, 每箱35尾, 体质量为(0.850.01) g, 每组设3个平行, 水体循环净化。用制备的重组生长激素浓度分别为0、1、5和10 mg/L对黄颡鱼进行浸泡处理, 每周一次, 0为对照组。在养殖4周后, 对各组增重率和特定生长率进行比较, 结果表明1 mg/L组增重率和特定生长率分别比对照组提高了29.67% (P0.05)和11.90% (P0.05), 5 mg/L组增重率和特定生长率分别比对照组提高了21.32% (P0.05)和8.83% (P0.05), 各组间体成分等均无明显差异。停用生长激素4周后, 各组黄颡鱼的生长性能、体成分等均无显著差异。研究表明通过原核表达可以获得黄颡鱼重组生长激素, 用于促进鱼苗生长培育的最佳浸泡浓度为1 mg/L。       

鲤鱼生长激素基因在鲫鱼中的基因转移及PCR检测

鲫鱼群体内,个体之间的生长速度差别不大,遗传保守性较强,用常规育种方法很难获得生长速度快、个体差异较大的后代。通过基因转移技术,将外源基因如鱼的生长激素基因导入鱼的受精卵中,而获得转基因鱼是鱼类定向育种的一条有效途径。已有报道,在虹蹲鱼生长激素ｃＤＮＡ上游连结一个病毒启动子构建成表达质粒,由此获得的转基因鲤鱼比对照生长速度快２０％。但是未见有将鲤鱼生长激素基因导入鲫鱼受精卵的报导。我们克隆了鲤鱼生长激素基因,并用它构建了含有病毒启动子（Ｆｉｇ．１,插入片段为０．８Ｋｂ,位于ＸｂａＩ和ＰｓｔＩ之间）的表达质粒（Ｆｉｇ．２,命名为ｐＣＭＶ－ＴＫ－ＣＧＨ）。用该质粒对鲫鱼受精卵进行注射,共注射了１０００粒卵,获得了转基因实验鲫鱼４８０尾,孵化率为４８％。将其中１００尾幼鱼于水簇箱中进行放养。选择其中个体较大的５０尾进行ＰＣＲ（检测。其中８条鱼的基因组ＤＮＡ有０．６Ｋｂ的ＰＣＲ扩增产物（Ｆｉｇ．３）,表明其上整合有外源的鲤鱼生长激素基因,其整合率为１６％。其中最大的一条体重４．２ｇ,体长６ｃｍ,比对照（０．７ｇ,４ｃｍ）体重增加５倍,体长增加２ｃｍ（Ｆｉｇ．４）。我们构建的是高效表达质粒,其上含有巨细胞病毒增强子和     

鲤鱼生长激素基因的改造及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）改造了锂鱼生长激素基因,扩增出编码锂鱼生长激素成熟肽的序列,并将此序列克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ Ⅱ ＫＳ质粒中,序列分析后,亚克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０中。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和薄层扫描,结果表明锂鱼生长激素基因已大肠杆菌中获得表达。锂鱼生长激素成熟肽的分子量为２２０００道尔顿,表达率占细胞总蛋白的１８％以上％。     

人生长激素和转移的人生长激素基因对去垂体鱼的生长代偿效应

通过显微注射技术,将小鼠重金属螯合蛋白(MT-1)基因启动顺序与人生长激素基因顺序的重组体pMThGH注入鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)的受精卵内,由此发育的转基因鱼及其后代F1和F2均显示出快速生长效应。去垂体后,转基因鲤鱼F2持续生长,而非转基因鲤鱼和鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的生长停止。给去垂体的鲫鱼腹腔注射生物合成的人生长激素(hGH),可恢复其生长。实验结果表明,转基因鱼体内表达和体外生物合成的hGH均能代偿鲤鱼和鲫鱼的内源生长激素并刺激去垂体鱼的生长。     

转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤生态安全性检测与分析

评价了转大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus Suckley）生长激素基因鲤生态安全性问题及研究转基因鱼对天然野生鲤群体遗传污染程度。通过RAPD和SSLP方法,用265个RAPD标记和35对鲤的微卫星标记对受杂交鲤污染的哈尔滨江段黑龙江鲤群体、未受污染的抚远江段黑龙江鲤群体及模拟转基因鲤占普通鲤群体的1%和10%比例获得繁殖子代等实验群体的DNA样本进行全基因组扫描统计分析得出结论,即转基因鲤占普通鲤群体1%时对普通群体的基因污染程度是微乎其微的,远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染,转基因鲤占普通鲤群体10%时对普通鲤遗传背景的影响稍有升高,但仍然远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染程度。总之,在现有的检测技术条件及有效的监控条件下,与杂交鲤相比转基因鲤对鲤野生群体的遗传背景的影响是微弱的,而外来种和杂交种则对生态环境有严重威胁。     

细菌侵染的两种鲤鱼病生理反应及抗病性分析

通过人工接种嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)对受到细菌侵染的鲤鱼两个品种松浦鲤和德国镜鲤的病生理进行检测和分析,并采用DDRT-PCR方法对两种鲤的明显的抗感病个体基因差异进行初步分析。对血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞(RBC)、血小板(PLT)、白细胞(WBC)记数,尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、血糖(GLU)等生理生化指标进行了检测。人工接种试验表明,松浦鲤具有较强的抗病性,而德国镜鲤抗病性很差而感病性很强。DDRT-PCR结果表明,抗性基因在不同的鲤鱼群体之间及同种鲤鱼群体的不同抗感病个体之间表达水平不同。生理生化指标的变化反映出这两种鲤的抗性差异,在外来致病菌的刺激下,实验鲤体内的生理生化水平发生了变化,其中一些生化指标如谷丙转氨酶和总蛋白大幅度下降,其它生理指标表现出上升的趋势。总之松浦鲤在面对致病菌的侵染时从表型到生理生化水平上均表现出较强的抗病性。     

雌核发育草鱼同工酶分析

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分析了雌核发育草鱼尾鳍中LDH、EST、SOD三种同工酶的酶谱。研究结果表明雌核发育草鱼各个体间及与普通草鱼与LDH、EST同工酶谱上表达是一致的。雌核发育草鱼中SOD酶谱与普通草鱼存在有明显差异。在雌核发育草鱼SOD酶谱区段1中检测到一条特殊的酶带(暂称之为SOD-G),SOD-G在所检测的6尾雌核发育草鱼中普遍存在,但在普通草中未检测到,初步认为SOD-G可以作为雌核发育草鱼群体的生化遗传标记。     

Trophic reorganization of native planktivorous fishes at different density extremes of bigheaded carps in the Illinois and Mississippi rivers,USA

The widespread introduction of non-native fishes has contributed to freshwater ecosystems being considered among the most altered ecosystems globally. Of particular concern are invasive planktivorous fishes (e.g., silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis, collectively known as bigheaded carps) that have the potential to modify basal food web structure and compete for planktonic resources with native planktivores and young-of-year fishes. Bigheaded carps have proliferated throughout the Mississippi River basin, creating an outsized potential for resource competition with native fishes. Studies have showed niche overlap between bigheaded carps and native planktivores is generally high but that overlap varies among rivers. Importantly, niche overlap has not been assessed for density extremes of bigheaded carps within a river to determine whether trophic niches changed as a result of the invasion. The objectives of this study were to determine whether (1) silver and/or bighead carps share a similar isotopic niche with four native planktivores, and (2) that association varies ecologically (i.e., low- and high-densities of bigheaded carps) and spatially (i.e., between rivers). Our results generally show high trophic overlap among species, suggesting potential direct resource competition. Niche overlap was higher in study reaches with low densities of bigheaded carps compared to reaches with high densities, presumably due to intense resource competition and limiting of resources under high densities of bigheaded carps. Across density extremes, trophic reorganization by bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) was divergent from other native planktivores. Species-specific responses may be due to subtle differences in feeding strategies, degree of planktivory, food selectivity, and correlated food size distributions.

     

老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库研究

扼要介绍了老江河故道四大家鱼天然资源库的结构,并根据老江河故道水域生态系统的结构和功能特点,提出了四大家鱼的放养量应在重视种质质量的基础上,合理调控其放养结构和密度,此外文中还就保护和合理利用长江四大家鱼种质资源的有效途径以及维持老江河四大家鱼天然资源库健康运行的关键进行了分析探讨。     

草鱼生长与台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴内种群的关系

通过对草鱼鳃上台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴内种群的研究发现,随着草鱼的生长。其感染率,下蚴的平均密度都下降,其感染强度也呈下降的的趋势;草鱼鳃上囊蚴的频率分布,表明有大量的囊蚴寄生于少数草鱼鳃上,多数草鱼感染少量的囊蚴;囊蚴在草鱼不同组鳃片上的分布具有相同的变化规律;     

Long-term changes in fish community structure in relation to the establishment of Asian carps in a large floodplain river

The Upper Mississippi River System, including the Illinois River, has been invaded by a number of nonnative species including silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitirx and bighead carp H. nobilis, collectively referred to here as Asian carps. Silver carp densities in the Illinois River have increased dramatically and now represent some of the highest densities of wild silver carp anywhere in the world. Asian carps have the potential to alter existing ecosystems by consuming planktonic resources and therefore, could have the ability to alter existing fish communities as most fishes are dependent on planktonic resources during early development. However, identifying the relationship of fish community structure to the establishment of Asian carps has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Using long-term fish community data collected by the Upper Mississippi River Restoration’s Long Term Resource Monitoring element, we investigate changes in fish community structure pre- and post-establishment of Asian carps. Significant differences in the pre- and post-establishment communities were observed for the majority of gears and habitats. Species contributing to changes between establishment periods included most sportfish species and catostomids, which were less abundant post-establishment of Asian carps, while shortnose gar, grass carp, and emerald shiner were more abundant. While our analyses show Asian carps are likely contributing to major differences in fish community structure, future research and long-term monitoring should investigate the mechanisms and interactions responsible for community changes as well as identifying any potential concurrent or confounding factors such as changes in river hydrology or sedimentation.     

Humoral factors of transplantation immunity in carp]

The levels of isohemagglutinins, isohemolysins, heterohemagglutinins and lysozyme in blood serum of one and half year old carps have been fixed after scales transplantation. Since three weeks after grafting isohemagglutinins and isohemolysins were revealed in recipient fishes with the prevalence of 25% and 95% respectively. Intact carps from the same group were lack of these antibodies. Recipient and intact fishes did not differ reliably by heterohemagglutinins and lysozyme level in the blood serum. There was no correlation between destroyed allografts share and hemolysins titre of serum, so the double role of humoral antibodies in grafting immunity in carps can be assumed.     

The dynamics of the ectoparasite count and the protein level in the blood serum of infested carp under experimental conditions

Carps of one and two years age used for laboratory experiments were collected in winter time. 7 groups of carps of one year age were examined each 10th day during 70 days and 5 groups of two years age were examined each 15 days during 75 days. In carps of one year age the increase of different parasites was observed in different time: Dactylogyrus extensus--after 40 and 70 days, Icthyophthirius multifiliis--after 50 days, Trichodina sp.--after 60 days. In carps of two years age the increase of all parasite groups observed after 45 days, extremely great number of D. extensus was recorded after 60-70 days. Contents of proteins in a blood plasma of both age groups of carps is reliably decreased when the number of parasites is increased. Fluctuations of parasite abundance on the body and gills and some morphophysiological indices in carps of one year age in a control and in conditions of starvation were examined.     

Influence of environmental factors and individual traits on the diet of non-native hybrid bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix × H. nobilis) in Lake Balaton,Hungary

Planktivorous silver carp and bighead carp (collectively, the bigheaded carps) have been stocked worldwide and their invasion has caused severe impacts on many freshwater ecosystems. Exploiting the chance provided by the specific hybrid bigheaded carp stock in Lake Balaton (Hungary) covering the entire morphological range between the two species (including gill raker morphology), we implemented a comprehensive study (1) to reveal the feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps living in a mesotrophic, lacustrine habitat and (2) to assess how biotic and abiotic environmental factors and gill raker morphology affect diet composition. We found that all bigheaded carps utilized primarily zooplankton and neglected the scarce and inefficiently digestible phytoplankton, irrespective of gill raker morphology. Moreover, we observed strikingly high levels of inorganic debris consumption, but the proportion of inorganic matter in the guts was not associated directly with the concentration of suspended inorganic particles. Variance in the diet composition of bigheaded carps was related mostly to environmental factors, including the wind-induced resuspension of inorganic particles and seasonally variable availability of food resources. In conclusion, the effects of abiotic environmental factors and available food resources could overwhelm the effect of gill raker morphology in shaping the feeding habits of bigheaded carps.