伍氏游仆虫（Euplotes woodruffi）大核原基中的…

用染色体铺展技术，光镜和透射电镜技术，和有色光分光光度计量术等观察了伍氏游仆虫在２３－２５℃培养液中接合后体大核原基多线染色体的发生、发展及碎解的全过程。在发育到４－５小时的接合后体中，球形的大核原基中开始出现染色体。此时的染色体大多为颗粒状，有些染色体已从颗粒状延长而成平均３μｍ的短杆。染色体数初步计算为２ｎ＝７０－９０。约经２０分钟，染色体延长并多线化。再过约５－６小时，多线染色体发育到最高峰     

冠突伪尾柱虫有性生殖期间皮膜发育的核控制

通过显微手术去小核建立多个冠突伪尾柱虫（Pseudourostyla cristata)无小细胞系,并诱导它们与有小核细胞进行接合生殖,以评估小核及其衍生的大核原基在有性生殖期间对皮膜形态发生的影响,当无小核接合体从有小核配偶获得1枚配子核后,接合双方不仅能平行地继续核器演化,而且使第1次皮膜改组能够同步进行和正常发育,说明小核在有性周期中除了生殖功能外仍保留着某些控制皮膜发育的体功能,虽然大部分接合后体的大核原基在DNA贫乏期停止发育,但少数接合后体能够超越这一时期,并启动第2次皮膜改组和顺利完成其后续的有性发育全程,表明指令发动第2次皮膜发育的信号来自DNA贫乏期后以排出一核物质团块为标志的大核原基。     

伍氏游仆虫接合过程中老大核后碎块的去向

在伍氏游仆虫(Euplotes woodruffi)接合后体发育过程中,已呈退化状态的老大核后碎块,在细胞第二次形态发生时,逐渐恢复其正常形态结构。T形新大核原基向后延伸而与恢复正常形态的老大核后碎块紧密靠拢。此时在光镜下观察,很容易误认为二者已融合为一。但在接合后体分裂之前,老大核后碎块再次瓦解,T形大核原基缩短成棒状而与老大核后碎块分开,此时二者界限分明。细胞分裂后,残存的老大核后碎块停留于后子虫中,最后被吸收。几个关键时期大核原基和老大核后碎块DNA含量的测定,也证明新老大核不融合。本文还讨论了老大核后碎块在有性过程中的功能。     

棘尾虫接合生殖期间核对形态发生的影响

本文完成了四项实验,即1.促成棘尾虫无小核系与有小核系接合;2.诱导无小核系自系接合;3.在正常接合对上摘除全部大核或一个接合体的大核及小核;4.在正常接合后体上对老大核碎块和新大核胚基进行损伤实验。以改进过的黑色素法显示这些实验的结果,发现第一次接合形态发生和小核的有性过程都主要是由大核支持的,小核在第一次形态发生中也起重要作用。这些核产物可从一个有核接合体穿过细胞质桥去支持另一无核接合体的发育。本文还发现接合第二次形态发生由新大核胚基控制。损伤染色体和多线染色体时期的大核胚基,第二次形态发生消失或不正带。越过第二次形态发生的大核胚基显著增强耐受损伤的能力,这些结果符合Prescott等(1973)对棘尾虫大核遗传装置的设想。     

稻胚发育过程中细胞核内DNA增殖的特点

应用显微分光光度技术测定的稻胚发育过程中核DNA含量的结果表明,球形胚中细胞核DNA含量较高,多倍性明显,C值较集中在6－12C,个别的最高达238或439C,它们可能为胚柄细胞;DNA含量差异明显可能与它们的分化潜能有关。分化初期、中期及成熟胚细胞核DNA合量一般不及球形胚高,不同倍性的频率分布亦较球形胚分散,但多倍性仍明显;胚分化完全后胚细胞核DNA含量较多变动在20－56C范围内,但盾状体细胞核DNA含量明显高于胚芽、胚根原基。说明胚器官原基间核DNA的增殖或复制特点不同。核DNA含量高和不同器官原基间差异复制的不同可能是胚分化的前兆和基础。     

稻胚发育过程中细胞核内DNA增殖的特点

应用显微分光光度技术测定的稻胚发育过程中核ＤＮＡ含量的结构表明,球形胚中细胞核ＤＮＡ含量较高,多倍性明显,Ｃ值较集中在６－１２Ｃ,个别的最高达２３８或４３９Ｃ,它们可能为胚柄细胞;ＤＮＡ含量差异明显可能与它们的分化潜能有关。分化初期,中期及成熟胚细胞核ＤＮＡ含量一般不及球形胚高,不同倍性的频率分布亦较球形胚分散,但多倍性仍明显;     

冠突伪尾柱虫(Pseudourostyla cristata)接合生殖的研究 Ⅰ.核器演化

在25℃条件下,冠突伪尾柱虫接合生殖全程历时10天左右。接合生殖过程中的核器演化包括:①数十枚老的大核逐步瓦解。电镜观察表明,老的大核是以一种类似于食物泡消化的方式被吸收的,并在此过程中伴有大量溶酶体出现。②仅8枚左右小核中的一枚参与新核器的发生。首先,位于胞口后部的一枚小核膨大并进行一次预备分裂,接着发生三次成熟分裂。每一接合体内形成一枚雄原核和一枚雌原核。雄原核互向对方迁移并与其雌原核融合成为合子核。合子核分裂两次,四枚子核之一发育为大核原基,另一枚发育为小核原基,其余两枚退化。预备分裂和前两次成熟分裂各自产生的两枚子核中,仅一枚进入下一次分裂,另一枚解体消失。在第一次成熟分裂前期,“降落伞”的形成和发展经历着复杂的结构变化,持续一小时以上。③大核原基经过长时间的发育,伴有多线染色体的形成和解体等一系列变化,方达成熟状态。成熟的大核原基以伸长断裂、分叉断裂和哑铃形缢缩三种方式进行分裂,小核原基亦随之分裂,逐步形成具60枚左右大核、8枚左右小核的正常营养体。其后,大核融合,开始配后第一次无性分裂。值得注意的是,大核原基发育到将成熟时,最初的迹象是染色质向大核原基中央集结成团,染色质团与核膜之间充满着匀质的核液。当中央染色质团伸长时,又将     

冠突伪尾柱虫接合过程中小核的形态发生作用

为查明有性生殖期间小核对形态发生的影响程度和范围 ,我们利用蛋白银染色对冠突伪尾柱虫不同交配型无小核体之间的接合过程进行了跟踪观察。结果表明 :无小核细胞的交配反应能力明显下降 ;接合双方第一次皮膜形态发生如常进行 ,但纤毛器原基分化往往出现异常 ;接合后体照常进入拟包囊阶段 ,但原有纤毛器多不从皮膜上消失 ;由于没有新核器形成 ,均不能启动第二次形态发生并于拟包囊早期解体死亡。因此 ,小核对于维持接合早期及第一次皮膜改组的正常进行具有某些明显作用 ,其衍生的大核原基对于启动后续的发育则是绝对必要的     

冠窦伪尾柱虫接合过程中小核的形态发生作用

为查明有性生殖期间小核对形态发生的影响程度和范围,我们利用蛋白银染色对冠突伪尾柱虫不同交配型无小核体之间 的接合过程进行了跟踪观察。结果表明：无小核细胞的交配反应能力明显下降;接合双方第一次皮膜形态发生如常进行,但纤毛器原基分化往往出现异常;接合后体照常进入拟包囊阶段,但原有纤毛器多不从皮膜上消失。由于没有新核器形成,均不能启动第二次形态发生并于拟包囊早期解体死亡。因此,小核对于纤维接合早期及第一次皮膜改组的正常进行具有某些明显作用,其衍生的大核原基对于启动后续的发育则是绝对必要的。     

人工诱导泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅雄核发育单倍体子代的RAPD分析

用３０个经过筛选的随机引物对３组泥鳅雄核发育单倍体、２组大鳞副尼鳅雄核发育单倍体及其相应亲本进行了ＲＡＰＤ分析。结果表明,雄核发育倍体子代与其父本的ＲＡＰＤ谱带相似率为９７．０％－９７．８％,与母本相似率为３０．３％－５９．５％,子代中的非亲本谱眩为０－０．０２９,极少母本特异谱带。这一结果说明雄性发育鱼类单倍体的遗传信息主要来自父本,且存在着个体差异,雄核发育子代存在ＤＮＡ变异和母本ＤＮＡ非特异带,但并非其必要条件。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.