Lipid composition of cyanidium

The major lipids in Cyanidium caldarium Geitler are monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, plant sulfolipid, lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Fatty acid composition varies appreciably among the lipids, but the major ones are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and moderate amounts of stearic acid. Trace amounts of other acids in the C₁₄ to C₂₀ range were also present. Moderate amounts of linolenic acid were found in two strains, but not in a third. The proportion of saturated acid is relatively high in all lipids ranging from about a third in monogalactosyl diglyceride to three-fourths in sulfolipid. This may be a result of the high growth temperature. Lipases forming lysosulfolipid, and lysophosphatidyl glycerol are active in ruptured cells; galactolipid is degraded with loss of both acyl residues. Thus the lipid and fatty acid composition of Cyanidium more closely resembles that of green algae than that of the blue-green algae, although there are differences of possible phylogenetic interest.     

Relationship of changes in the fatty acid compositions and fruit softening in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

Fatty acid compositions of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) mesocarp tissues from ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’ and its firm-fleshed mutant ‘Shuangjiuhong’ were examined by gas chromatography during the developmental stages from 20 days before to 20 days after fruit ripening. Fruits were harvested at 4-day intervals from July to September. The predominant fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids with 27.66–48.93 %, 23.59–31.65 %, and 12.08–28.35 % in ‘Shuangjiuhong’, and 32.64–42.79 %, 23.53–28.95 %, 16.14–39.15 % in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) remained relatively constant throughout the ripeness period. On the contrast, from 15 days before ripening, notable decline in oleic acid and increase of linoleic and linolenic acids were observed in both cultivars. In addition, from 10 days before ripening, much lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids and higher proportion of linoleic acid were observed in ‘Shuangjiuhong’ than those found in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’. And notably higher SFA level, lower levels of UFA and IUFA in the firm-fleshed peach were investigated during those stages. Correlation analysis showed that oleic acid and SFA had very significantly positive, whereas linolenic acid, UFA and IUFA had significantly negative correlation with fruit firmness. These results above suggest that lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids, UFA and IUFA, and higher linoleic acid and SFA content represent fruits with firmer flesh and help to retain the fruit texture.     

Comparison of fatty acid patterns in plant parts and respective callus cultures of Cucumis melo

Root, hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem and leaf of Cucumis melo var. utilissimus seedlings were used for callus induction. Comparison was made between these parts, between callus tissues originating from all the parts and between each part and its callus, with respect to the fatty acid composition of total lipids. In all the parts there was a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, the predominant fatty acid in root, stem and leaf being linolenic acid whilst in the cotyledon linoleic predominated. In the hypocotyl these two acids were present in equal amounts. In callus cultures the proportion of saturated acids was greater and the predominant fatty acid was palmitic. The major unsaturated fatty acid in callus cultures was linolenic. The analysis showed that callus tissue and its respective plant part had different fatty acid patterns and that all the callus cultures had very similar patterns irrespective of their origin.     

Fatty acids in callus cultures: Stage of reversal in the proportion of unsaturated to saturated acids and of change in major components

The lipids of the cotyledon of Cucumis melo contain a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with linoleic acid as the major component, whereas those of cotyledon callus show a marked reduction in linoleic acid, an increase in linolenic acid and a predominance of palmitic acid which results in an increase in total saturated acids. The fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the cotyledons at different stages of seedling development, excised cotyledon tissue at different stages of callus initiation and in isolated callus show that the observed changes manifested in the established callus occur in the newly formed meristimatic cells as a result of the action of growth substances used for callus initiation.     

Lipids in plant tissue cultures. VIII: Reversible changes in the composition of lipids and their constituent fatty acids in response to alternate shifts in the mode of carbon supply

When heterotrophic cell cultures of red goosefoot (Chenopodium rubrum) turned photoautotrophic, their contents of various glycolipids and phospholipids increased. The total lipids and the individual lipid classes, especially monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, became richer in linolenic and poorer in linoleic acids. When photoautotrophic cell cultures were rendered heterotrophic again a reversal of changes occurred; both the composition of lipids and the patterns of their constituent fatty acids became similar to those of the starting heterotrophic cultures.The results indicate that the biosynthesis of linolenic acid in photoautotrophic cell cultures involves mainly desaturation of linoleic acid and that chain extension of hexadecatrienoic acid is possibly another, though minor pathway. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerols are apparently the substrates preferred for linolenic acid biosynthesis, whereas various phospholipids are the substrates preferred for linoleic acid biosynthesis.During a growth period of 6 weeks, the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipids from both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic cell cultures decrease with time, whereas the proportions of palmitic acid increase.     

The effect of methyl jasmonate on free fatty acids content in ripening tomato fruits

The effect of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me), applied to mature green tomato fruits cv. Modena, on the content of some fatty acids in ripe fruits was studied. Methyl jasmonate greatly increased content of linolenic acid and in the lesser degree decreased the amount of linoleic acid. The ratio of linolenic acid to linoleic acid content increased 4.5–7.7 times in methyl jasmonate treated samples in comparison to untreated-controls. JA-Me did not affect the contents of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic and oleic acids.     

Effects of growth regulators on fatty acids of soybean suspension cultures

Soybean suspension cultures were grown for 24 weeks in the absence of plant growth regulators and in the presence of 1 ppm levels each of an auxin (indole-3-butyric acid), a cytokinin (kinetin) and a gibberellin (gibberellic acid), individually and in all possible combinations. Cells grown in the presence of the auxin with and without gibberellin contained relatively greater amounts of palmitic and smaller amounts of polyunsaturated acids than did cells grown under other regimens. The combination of cytokinin and gibberellin caused a higher proportion of linoleic and a lower proportion of linolenic acids than in cells of the other groups. Neither of these regulators by itself produced the effect, and addition of auxin to the other two diminished the effect.     

Fatty Acids and Circadian Rhythms in Phaseolus coccineus: Effects of Light, Temperature, and Chemicals

Five major fatty acids, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3), were identified in polar lipid extracts from pulvini of Samanea saman and Phaseolus coccineus. In P. coccineus their distribution varied quantitatively in the laminar pulvinus, petiolar pulvinus, petiole, stem, leaf and root. Short pulses of red light did not greatly affect the relative quantities of fatty acids in dark grown P. coccineus, but a 30-minute exposure of red light generally increased the degree of unsaturation by increasing linolenic acid and decreasing linoleic and palmitic acids.     

Dependence of the fatty acid composition of the lipids in fungi of the genus Penicillium on their natural habitat conditions

The fatty acid composition of lipids was studied in Penicillium fungi growing in different habitats. Saturated fatty acids were represented by lauric, margaric, stearic and palmitic acids (the latter prevailed-- 18%-26%). Unsaturated monoene fatty acids were represented by acids from C16:1 to C18:1, diene and triene fatty acids by linoleic and linolenic acids. The predominance of linoleic acid was not found in all cultures of the genus. Changes in the fatty acid composition of lipids may be attributed to different ecological habitats of the Penicillium genus species.     

Fatty acid specificity of acyl-CoA synthetase in rat glomeruli

The fatty acid specificity of acyl-CoA synthetase in rat glomeruli for physiologically and pathologically important long-chain fatty acids was studied. The apparent Michaelis constants (Km) for substrate fatty acids increased in the order, linolenic less than linoleic less than eicosapentaenoic less than arachidonic less than oleic less than palmitic acid. The maximum velocities with these fatty acids decreased in the order, oleic greater than linoleic greater than palmitic (approximately equal to) linolenic greater than arachidonic greater than eicosapentaenoic acid. The syntheses of radioactive arachidonyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA from radioactive arachidonic and palmitic acid, respectively, were both inhibited by all fatty acids mentioned above including the substrate fatty acids, their inhibitory effects being inversely correlated with their apparent Km values. These results suggest that the enzyme in glomeruli has a unique specificity for fatty acids and that there is no arachidonic acid-specific acyl-CoA synthetase in glomeruli. The possible contribution of the glomerular enzyme with this specificity to the abnormal fatty acid levels in diabetic animals is discussed.     

Comparison of fatty acid composition in total lipid of diapause and non-diapause larvae of Cydia pomonella （Lepidoptera： Tortricidae）

Seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extracted from the whole body of Cydia pomonella L. larvae were determined by gas chromatography. The six most abundant fatty acids in both non-diapause and diapause larvae of codling moth were oleic （35%-39%）, palmitic （23%-33%）, linoleic （16%-30%）, palmitoleic （5%-10%）, stearic （1.5%-3.0%） and linolenic acids （1.0%-2.5%）. This represents a typical complement of Lepidopteran fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of total lipid of C. pomonella larvae was related to diapause. In similarity to most other reports, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased in diapause initiation state. The total lipid of diapause larvae contained more linoleic acid （25.8% vs. 16.1%） and less palmitic acid （24.7% vs. 33.4%）, than that of non-diapause larvae. The weight percentage of linoleic acid （C 18：2） increased from 16% to 26% from early-August through early-September during transition to diapause, while palmitic acid （C16：0） decreased from 33% to 25% at the same time. These changes resulted in an increase in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids （UFA/SFA） from 1.72 in non-diapause larvae to 2.63 in diapause larvae.     

Changes in content and fatty acid profiles of total lipids and sulfolipids in the halophyte Crithmum maritimum under salt stress

In the halophyte Crithmum maritimum, the sulfolipid content increased considerably in the presence of NaCl. There were no significant changes in the total fatty acid composition of sulfolipids during salt treatment, except for linoleic and linolenic acids. In comparison to the control plants, sulfolipids in NaCl-treated plants showed a decrease in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid (C18:3), and a corresponding increase in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2). As a whole, the data reported in this work suggest that sulfolipds may be one important aspect of strategies involved in salt tolerance of this halophyte.     

Multivariate approach to evaluating the fatty acid composition of seed oil in a doubled haploid population of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

The fatty acid composition of oil of the zero erucic acid commercial Brassica napus L. is typical for this species. It is rich in oleic acid and contains moderate levels of linoleic and linolenic acid. For human nutrition, it is advantageous primarily to obtain the highest possible content of oleic acid and to maintain the 2:1 ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid, while preserving the average total content of saturated acids. Uni- and multivariate analyses of variance were used for evaluation of doubled haploid lines of winter oilseed rape in respect of five fatty acids: palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3). Some proposals of studying doubled haploid (DH) lines with the use of canonical transformation were also given. In MANOVA, the five original variables (individual fatty acids) were replaced by three 'new' variables (combinations of these acids) and used to evaluate DH lines with respect to the requirements concerning the nutritional role of fatty acids. The first variable was the total content of the saturated acids (C16:0 + C18:0), the second (unchanging) was the content of the monounsaturated acid C18:1, and the third was the difference between polyunsaturated acids, i.e. between linoleic acid, and the doubled content of linolenic acid (C18:2 - 2 x C18:3).     

Effect of Growth Temperature on the Biosynthesis of Chloroplastic Galactosyldiacylglycerol Molecular Species in Brassica napus Leaves

Brassica napus leaves developed at low temperature display rapid in situ desaturation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) fatty acids leading to the production of hexadecatrienoic/linolenic acid. This was shown by radioactivity-tracer experiments to occur via a sequence of desaturations proceeding from the initially synthesized palmitic/oleic acid molecular species to palmitic/linoleic acid, palmitoleic/linoleic acid, hexadecadienoic/linoleic acid, hexadecadienoic/linolenic acid, and finally to hexadecatrienoic/linolenic acid. The results suggest that there is increased activity in all five desaturation steps in leaves developed at low temperatures. Labeling data also indicate that there is another pool of MGDG which is more slowly desaturated before galactosylation to digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). Our data further suggest that relative rates of galactosylation of chloroplastic and cytosolic MGDG molecular species may regulate the final amounts of chloroplastic and cytosolic MGDG and DGDG in the leaf. We have proposed a model for chloroplastic biosynthesis and desaturation of galactosyldiacylglycerols in the leaves of Brassica napus, a 16:3 plant.     

Molecular Mapping of Loci Affecting the Contents of Three Major Fatty Acids in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L)

The fatty acid constituents of mustard oil are palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acids. With the objective of mapping loci influencing the content of these fatty acids, a population of F₆ generation recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an inter-varietal cross of mustard was analyzed. Transgressive variation was evident for all the six fatty acids analysed irrespective of the levels of differences between the parents. The frequency distribution was normal for the linolenic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid contents, while deviation from normality was observed for the other three fatty acids. The content of erucic acid was negatively correlated with the contents of all other fatty acids, which were positively correlated. Based on single marker analysis and interval mapping, two loci each for linoleic, linolenic and erucic acids were mapped to marker intervals on three linkage groups. Position of log of odds ratio (LOD) peaks suggested presence of common, linked and independently segregating loci for the fatty acid contents. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained by individual quantitative trait loci (QTLs) ranged from 10.5 to 19.5%, whereas the cumulative action of loci detected for different traits accounted for 16.3 to 27.6% of the variance. The additive effect for an individual locus ranged from 1.09 to 4.33. Presence of the favourable alleles at both the contributing loci in most of the RILs with a high linolenic acid content and of the unfavourable alleles in the lines with a low linolenic acid content indicated the possibility of pyramiding useful genes from phenotypically similar parental lines.     

Triglyceride metabolism in germinating Andropogon gayanus seeds

Seed triglycerides of Andropogon gayanus contained 17 fatty acid moieties, principally palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. These were distributed in an essentially random manner amongst the triglycerides to form the following main types: POL, PLL, OOL, LLO and LLL. Triglycerides decreased during both light and dark germination but there was no evidence for selective hydrolysis. Free fatty acids appear to be derived from triglyceride hydrolysis but the free and triglyceride fatty acid composition differed. Less palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids and more stearic, linolenic and C₂₀-acids were found in the free state than combined in the triglycerides. Free fatty acids did not accumulate during germination.     

Fatty Acid Distribution in Glycolipids and Phospholipids in Cotyledons of Germinating Soybeans

This investigation was conducted to observe changes in the fatty acid distributions of glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL) in cotyledons of soybean seeds which were germinated either in the dark or the light at 28°C for 8 days. The GL isolated from the total lipids of cotyledons at different germinating stages were : acyl sterylglycoside (ASG), monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGD), digalactosyl diglyceride (DGD) and sulfolipid (SL). The PL isolated from the same total lipids as described above were : diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl inositol (PI).

During germination of soybean seeds, the content of linoleic and linolenic acids in MGD or DGD was markedly higher than that of the other GL. The positional distribution of fatty acids in PE, PC and PI was shown in all PL, in which saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid, were highly concentrated in position 1 and unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, mainly occupied position 2. A remarkable difference in the changing patterns of fatty acid composition, which depended on the germinating conditions tested, was observed between GL and PL. The changes in fatty acid composition of GL were more marked in the light-grown seedlings than in the dark-grown, whereas those of PL were more remarkable in the latter than in the former. Therefore, the positional distribution of fatty acids in PL was more evident in the light-grown seedlings than in the dark-grown ones.

These results suggest the metabolic fate of GL and PL in cotyledons of soybean seeds, probably owing to the differences in the two germinating conditions tested.     

Lipid and sterol composition of the pollen of the west african oilpalm, Elaeis guineensis

The lipid classes, fatty acid methyl esters and the sterols of oilpalm pollen were analysed. The neutral lipid fraction consisted of triglycerides, esterified and free sterols and trace amounts of hydrocarbons. Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine represented the polar lipids. The major fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids together with small to trace amounts of oleic, stearic, arachidic, myristic, lauric, palmitoleic and margaric acids. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated over saturated ones in the ratio of 3:2. The 4-desmethyl sterols were the major phytosterols in the free form but they constituted a lower proportion of the sterols in the esterified state. 28-Isofucosterol was isolated and characterized as the principal sterol.     

桐油脂肪酸组成分析和甘三酯结构判定

采用2-氨基-2-甲基丙醇（2-amino-2-methylpropanol,AMP）衍生化、GC／MS法分析桐油的脂肪酸组成：软脂酸3．41％,硬脂酸3．71％,油酸7．07％,亚油酸7．51％,亚麻酸1．31％,十八碳共轭三烯酸73．19％,未定出成分3．80％;采用RP—HPLC／APCI—MS法分离桐油中的甘三酯组分,并根据特定甘三酯断裂生成的特征甘二酯离子的丰度比初步判定主要甘三酯的结构。     

Lipid composition ofAcetabularia mediterranea (Lamour.) Variations during cap morphogenesis

Summary YoungAcetabularia mediterranea cells without cap have a fatty acid composition different from other green algae currently used for biological research. They contain important quantities of palmitic and oleic acid, but are very poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acid. (These polyunsaturated fatty acids are predominant in higher plants and many green algae.)