初论中国兜兰属植物的保护策略及其潜在资源优势

兜兰属植物是最受人们喜爱的兰科植物之一 ,中国是兜兰属植物的主要产地。与世界其他地区一样 ,我国兜兰属植物也面临持续的商业采集压力。本文回顾了世界兜兰属植物的贸易、栽培和育种的历史 ,认为有菌播种方法可以更有效地保护兜兰属植物的多样性 ,同时也能够为兜兰属植物的人工栽培和育种提供新的手段。目前我国兜兰属植物一方面仍遭受各种人为因素的干扰 ,急需采取措施加以保护 ;另一方面对我国兜兰属植物的认识还不够全面和深入 ,还不能对人为因素影响的程度和范围作出客观的评价 ,特别是有关兜兰属植物的繁育技术还很薄弱。针对这种现状 ,作者提出在较长时期内我国兜兰属植物的保护策略宜以原地保护 (insituconservation)为主 ,同时积极开展有关兜兰属植物保护生物学的基础研究 ,大力发展和完善迁地保护 (exsituconservation)技术体系。最后 ,讨论了我国兜兰属植物的潜在资源和生态等方面的优势。     

蝴蝶兰属植物杂交育种研究进展

对蝴蝶兰属(Phalaenopsis)植物的种质资源, 杂交育种过程中亲本的选择和某些观赏性状的遗传规律、杂交组合登录情况等进行了综述,并且对我国杂交育种中存在的问题进行了探讨,最后结合蝴蝶兰属植物遗传育种现状,就如何加快我国蝴蝶兰属植物杂交育种和新品种培育的进程提出了建议。     

独蒜兰属种质资源及杂交育种研究进展

独蒜兰属(Pleione D. Don)为兰科(Orchidaceae)极具观赏价值的一个属,有24个原生种,9个自然杂交种,并已在英国皇家园艺协会登录杂交群431个,该属植物深受人们的喜爱,具有巨大的市场开发潜力。我国为该属植物的分布中心和物种多样性中心,但我国在该属植物的资源开发和育种方面远落后于欧洲。为加强其资源保育和可持续开发利用,本文从独蒜兰属植物种质资源、杂交育种两个方面进行综述,重点介绍了近50年来育种家在独蒜兰属植物杂交育种过程中针对不同的育种目标所取得的成果,并对其资源、育种和产业面临的问题进行总结和展望,为开展独蒜兰属育种提供了一些思路和方向。     

开白花的兜兰

兰科兜兰属植物,在欧美也俗称拖鞋兰,因其花形奇特而优美,花期长(短者3周,长者6—8周)而深受园艺界人士和花卉爱好者青睐,是栽培极为普遍的“洋兰”之一。 与其它花卉一样,人们在驯化种植原生兜兰的同时,就开展了杂交育种工作,以期获得更多更好的园艺栽培品种。经过园艺工作者长期的努力,至今已培育了数以千计的兜兰园艺品种,从而更加提高了兜兰的观赏性,进一步推动了兜兰栽培的普及。     

报春花属植物的育种研究进展

本文对报春花属植物引种的历史和现状、育种途径和育种成果进行了综述。报春花属是报春花科最大的属, 全世界约500余种, 我国有296种。国外在杂交育种、多倍体育种、组织培养和体细胞融合等方面取得了许多研究成果, 而国内有关报春花属植物育种的研究相对较少。目前通过杂交育种或多倍体育种等手段已培育出众多花色丰富、花型各异或不含报春碱的报春花新品种。今后我国应在保护种质资源的基础上, 加强报春花新品种的培育, 并尽快实现产业化生产。     

报春花属植物的育种研究进展

本文对报春花属植物引种的历史和现状、育种途径和育种成果进行了综述.报春花属是报春花科最大的属,全世界约500余种,我国有296种.国外在杂交育种、多倍体育种、组织培养和体细胞融合等方面取得了许多研究成果,而国内有关报春花属植物育种的研究相对较少.目前通过杂交育种或多倍体育种等手段已培育出众多花色丰富、花型各异或不含报春碱的报春花新品种.今后我国应在保护种质资源的基础上,加强报春花新品种的培育,并尽快实现产业化生产.     

贵州省野生兜兰属植物资源现状及保护成效分析

兰科(Orchidaceae)兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)植物花形奇特,研究价值和观赏价值都很高,对环境要求严格,是生物多样性保护中的“旗舰”类群。为掌握贵州省野生兜兰属植物资源现状和保护成效,该研究对野生兜兰属植物进行专项调查,对其资源量、分布格局、受威胁因素和就地保护等进行分析。结果表明:(1)共调查到8种兜兰属植物的103个分布点,分布于27个县,以南部、西南部为主要分布区,生境复杂多样,自然分布不均衡。(2)各物种分布面积从大到小的顺序为硬叶兜兰>小叶兜兰>麻栗坡兜兰>巨瓣兜兰>带叶兜兰>长瓣兜兰>白花兜兰>同色兜兰,资源丰富度从高到低的顺序为硬叶兜兰>小叶兜兰>带叶兜兰>巨瓣兜兰>麻栗坡兜兰>白花兜兰>长瓣兜兰>同色兜兰。(3)该类群受干扰因素复杂,受威胁较为严重,其中过度采挖、干旱、生境退化和破碎化是其濒危的主要原因。(4)该属“有效保护(EP)”2种,“较好保护(WP)”1种,“一般保护(GP)”2种,“较少保护(LP)”3种,未找到目标物种以致“保护状况不明(PSU)”2种。已调查到的物种保护率达100%,但分布点保护率仅29.13%,各物种分布点保护率差异显著; 建议相关部门有针对性地提升全省兜兰属植物的保护强度,进一步优化保护方式和范围,确保这些珍稀濒危的植物资源得到持续的生存发展。     

中国兜兰属植物生态地理分布

分析了国产兜兰属植物的生态地理分布特点和发展趋势及兜兰属植物的系统演化趋势与生态地理环境的关系。国产兜兰野生种共有 18种 ,主要分布于热带过渡地区 (南亚热带 ) ,主产西南各省区 ;大多数种类生长于石灰岩山地 ,多为半附生兰 ,呈丛生生长 ,另一部分生长于酸性砂岩面的腐叶土上 ,多为地生兰 ,呈单株生长或分蘖状散生 ;大部分兜兰分布于较高海拔地区 ;国产兜兰属中最原始的短瓣亚属绝大部分种类仅分布在滇东南地区与贵州、广西连成一片的岩溶地貌的石灰岩地区 ,而兜兰属中较进化的兜兰亚属大部分种类在本区皆有分布。以上说明滇东南的石灰岩地区可能是兜兰属的起源中心和演化中心 ,中国的南亚热带地区是兜兰属植物的生态多样性中心     

封面说明

飘带兜兰(p. parishii)是兜兰属植物中的姣姣者,为最佳观赏花卉之一。兜兰属(paphiopedilum pfitz)植物又称灯笼兰,拖鞋兰,为兰科中最原始的类群之一,共约60余种,主要分布于亚洲南部如印、缅、泰、越、印尼以及我国云南、广西等西南各省区。飘带兜兰每年七八月份抽出花葶。高达38～40cm,总状花序,以后相继开出三朵大形的花,每朵花长、宽各     

基于转录组数据揭示4种兜兰的全基因组复制历史

多倍化或全基因组复制(WGD)是物种多样性发生的重要驱动力。目前, 在蕨类、菊科以及豆科等类群丰富的植物中已多次报道全基因组复制事件, 而兰科(Orchidaceae)全基因组复制事件报道极少, 与其丰富的物种多样性存在矛盾, 推测与前期样本量小但类群跨度大的研究策略有关。选取染色体数目变异丰富且多样性较高的兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)为兰科植物代表类群, 基于共享数据库中4种兜兰的转录组数据, 采用同义替换率(K_s)、系统发生基因组学以及相对定年的方法分析兜兰属植物是否发生过全基因组复制事件。结果表明, 在4种兜兰中均检测到3次全基因组复制事件, 分别发生在110.17-119.77 Mya (WGD1)、60.95-74.19 Mya (WGD2)和38.19-45.85 Mya (WGD3)。其中, WGD3为新检测到的全基因组复制事件, 推测其发生在杓兰亚科(Cypripedioideae)与姐妹类群分化后, 兜兰属与姐妹类群分化之前。此外, 3次全基因组复制事件发生后优先保留的基因拷贝在功能上多与当时的环境胁迫响应相关, 推测全基因组复制提高了兜兰属植物祖先对当时极端环境变化的适应性。     

On Paphiopedilum malipoense sp. nov.—An Intermediate Form Between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium,with a Discussion on the Origin of the genus

Paphiopedilum malipoense S. C. Chen et Tsi is a very interesting new species with its flower similar to that of Cypripedium, especially section Cypripedium. It belongs to subgenus Brachypetalum, the most primitive group of Paphiopedilum, but differs from its allied species in hgniva elliptic-lanceolate sepal with cuspidately acuminate apex, rather narrow petals and horizontal lip, which are of common occurrence in many cypripediums, but very rare in paphiopedilums. Apparently, this is an intermediate form, or a link, between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but it does not seem to arise from hybridization between them, because no Cypripedium has been found wherever Paphiopedilum occurs. The new species is distributed in southeastern Yunnan of China. In this area, as well as in river valleys of western Yunnan or the Hengduan Mountains, there have been four species of the same genus reported before. As we know, the Hengduan Mountains and their adjacent areas are rich in Cypripedium. The differentiation of the genus there is remarkable. All five sections it contains occur there and three of them are quite distinctive. For example, the general appearance of the section Bracleosa is dissimilar to that of any other cypripediums, but closely resembles that of Listera. It appears that the difference between sect. Bracteosa of Cypripedium and sect. Brachypetalum of Paphiopedilum is not necessarily wider than that between sect. Bracteosa and sect. Cypripedium of the same genus. Apparently, it is reasonable to consider Paphiopedilum to be an evolutional branch of Cypripedium extending into tropical area, with its primitive group (subgenus Brachypetalum) still remaining in its northern fringe area. This primitive subgenus has eight species, distributed from western Yunnan to the Malay Peninsula. Five of them, including the intermediate and primitive form published here, are found in the hilly land of southeastern Yunnan and the river valleys of western Yunnan. All these facts suggest its area of origin: the river valleys of the Hengduan Mountains and the lower hilly land contiguous to the southof them.     

远缘杂交和异源多倍体化技术在水稻育种中的应用

从野生稻遗传资源在育种中的作用出发,概述了栽培稻与野生稻远缘杂交和多倍体化在水稻育种中的应用。对远缘杂交中的杂交不亲和性以及杂种不育等问题采用激素处理、胚挽救等途径解决,对所获杂种从形态学、细胞学、生物化学以及分子生物学等多方面鉴定,对栽野杂种存在的野生性状通过选择与改造相结合的方法而淘汰,对其有利基因则加以选择和聚合以获得稳定优良品种。这些从理论上和实践上证明远缘杂交和多倍体化相结合的异源多倍体化是获得高产优质水稻新品种的一条新途径。     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G. hirsutumXG. arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G. hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

杂种优势的形成机制及其在动物遗传育种中的应用

在现代化畜禽养殖业中,杂种优势的利用扮演着十分重要的角色。"显性学说""超显性学说"以及"上位性假说"是经典的数量遗传学对杂种优势解释的3种学说。随着遗传学研究和扩展,研究者们发现杂种优势是来自父、母本基因组等位基因之间的相互作用,改变了有关基因的调控网络,才提高了杂交后代的生产繁殖性能。在动物的杂交育种中,一般采用大量品系、品种进行多次试验,进而筛选出所需的优势性状个体,所以适合推广的杂交优势组合难以获得,所以对杂交育种中的不同组合的杂交优势进行准确预测变得格外的重要。     

Phytochrome and blue light-mediated stomatal opening in the orchid,paphiopedilum

Guard cells of the orchid genus, Paphiopedilum have been reported to lack developed chloroplasts and detectable chlorophyll a autofluorescence. Paphiopedilum stomata lack a photosynthesis-dependent opening response but have a blue light-specific opening. The present study found that low fluence rate green and red light elicited stomatal opening in Paphiopedilum and this opening was reversed by far red light, indicating the presence of a phytochrome-mediated opening response. Phytochrome-dependent, red light-stimulated opening was largest under low fluence rates and decreased to near zero as fluence rate increased. A recently discovered green light reversibility of blue light-specific stomatal opening was used to probe the properties of the blue light response in Paphiopedilum stomata. Blue light-stimulated opening was completely reversed by green light in the presence of far red light. Red light enhanced the blue light response of Paphiopedilum guard cells when given as a pretreatment or together with blue light. Analysis of guard cell pigments showed that guard cells have small amounts of chlorophyll a and b, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and lutein. Zeaxanthin content increased in response to blue light or ascorbate and declined in the dark or under illumination in the presence of dithiothreitol, indicating the presence of an active xanthophyll cycle. Thus Paphiopedilum stomata possess both a blue light-mediated opening response with characteristics similar to species with normal chloroplast development and a novel phytochrome-mediated opening response.     

翡翠兜兰,中国云南兰科一新种

对兰科新种翡翠兜兰(Paphiopedilum smaragdinum)作了描述与绘图。新种产云南西部高黎贡山,与虎斑兜兰有亲缘关系,但花淡黄绿色无斑点和斑纹,退化雄蕊矩圆形,先端有短尖,短尖长1～1．5mm,易于区别。     

兰属、兜兰属、石斛属植物叶片的扫描电镜观察

对兰科植物的兰属、兜兰属及石斛属１６个种折叶片及其横断面进行了扫描电镜的观察。兰属各种叶片上表皮细胞均为矩形,上表皮细胞表面具小乳突或不明显突起。石斛属及兜兰属的各个种上下表皮细胞均为多边形,但石斛属表皮细胞表面无坦无纹饰,而兜兰属花叶类上表皮细胞表面明显呈乳突状,绿叶类呈龟背状隆起。兰属及石斛属叶片叶肉组织没有栅栏组织及海绵组织的分化,而兜兰属的绿叶类叶肉不分化;花叶类叶肉有分化。