玉米根系生长及向水性的模拟

用面向对象的程序设计（ＯＯＰ）技术组建了玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓ）根系生长的三维模型,并用该模型模拟了根系在不同土壤水分剖面以及有、无向地性响应时的生长过程,探讨了根系向水性产生的机制以及向水性与向地性之间的关系．模型中将根系前沿看作由根尖构成的群体,每个根尖都对其周围环境独自作出响应,其中只有少数能继续分支． 模拟结果显示,玉米根系各单根受局部水势的影响而以不同速率伸长,即可造成总体的向水性． 如果土壤剖面上的水势由下到上递减,由此引起的单根伸长速率的不均匀分布将使整个根系在总体上表现出收拢和一致向下的生长趋势,并导致下层的根量相对增加．根系的向地性虽能使上述趋势增强,但它与向水性的机制是完全不同的     

硫营养对重金属胁迫下玉米和小麦根系导水率的影响

以‘秦单4号’玉米和‘小偃22’小麦为供试材料,通过室内玉米水堵和小麦盆栽试验,采用静态压力室法测定了不同硫营养水平与不同重金属胁迫处理下根系导水率（Lpr）的变化。结果表明：玉米Lpr经100μmol／LHg^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cu^2＋胁迫处理后分别降低到CK的13％、79％和45％,Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋对其Lpr的抑制效应分别为同浓度Hg^2＋的62．9％及24．3％;施硫处理的玉米Lpr在无Cu^2＋胁迫条件下都极显著高于无硫处理,且低硫处理显著较高,在Cu^2＋胁迫条件下亦都极显著高于无硫处理,并且Cu^2＋胁迫对其Lpr的抑制效应随着硫浓度增大而逐渐减小;不施硫和施硫处理的小麦Lpr在500mg／kgZn^2＋胁迫下分别比相应CK降低36．89％和37．71％,在400mg／kgCu^2＋胁迫下则分别比相应CK降低了34．61％和12．29％。研究发现,重金属Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋对玉米和小麦根系导水率具有显著的抑制作用且Cu^2＋〉Zn^2＋,施硫对Cu^2＋胁迫下的玉米和小麦根系导水率都具有显著的保护作用,并随硫浓度增加而增强。     

松嫩平原不同株型玉米品种根系分布特征比较研究

采用土柱模拟栽培法与大田试验相结合的方法,对松嫩平原不同株型玉米的根系分布特征进行了比较。结果表明,平展型玉米和紧凑型玉米根干重最大值出现的时期不同,二者根干重分别在抽丝后15d和抽丝后30d时达到最大值,成熟时紧凑型玉米根干重比平展型高12．2％,二者根系垂直分布有明显的差异,在20cm以下的根干重比率,平展型玉米在19％以下,而紧凑型玉米高于23％,紧凑型玉米的深层根量较多,在深40～100cm土层内根干重比率比平展型高42．3％,二者的根系水平分布也不同,紧凑型玉米根系水平分布较集中,在距植株0～10cm水平范围内,根系分布比率比平展型玉米高9．6％,紧凑型玉米深层根量较多,水平分布集中,耐密植,是易获得高产的重要原因之一。     

玉米根系分布空间和空间密度分布的数学模型

应用重积分研究了土壤层中散根型和直根型玉米根系的分布空间,同时研究了玉米根系的空间密度分布．     

高梁根系生长发育规律及动态模拟

高粱［Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ（Ｌ．）Ｍｏｅｎｃｈ］又名蜀粟，有悠久的栽培历史和独特的抗逆性及适应性，在我国旱作农区，凡不适于玉米、小麦栽培的干旱或半干旱瘠薄耕地，种植高粱均能获得较高和较稳定的籽粒产量［１］，高粱这种抗逆性较强的特点与其有发达的根系系统有关，但由于研究方法和手段的原因，在国内对高粱根系研究开展的还较少，本试验在大田条件下系统研究高粱根系生长发育规律，并与玉米根系进行比较，为进一步开展高粱抗逆性研究和抗旱育种提供依据。１　材料和方法试验于１９９６年在中国科学院石家庄农业现代化…     

玉米根系形态性状和空间分布对水分利用效率的调控

玉米根系形态性状(总根长、根系表面积和根系干物质重)与植物整体水分利用效率间具有显著或极显著的相关性,回归曲线趋势基本相同,均呈二次曲线关系,只是相关系数不同。说明从提高水分利用效率来说,根系需要维持适宜的大小。其中根长对水分利用效率的贡献是第一位的,而根系干物质重的贡献最小,根系表面积介于二者之间。从空间分布来说,玉米每层节根数、节根长度和直径在父母本和杂交种间也具有显著或极显著的差异。与中下层根量相比,母本与不抗旱的父本处于上层干土中的根系数量明显较多,且根系直径大,吸水困难。而杂交种在干旱条件下上层根重和数量维持不变,或略高于不抗旱品种,但中层和下层根系数量和长度明显高于不抗旱品种,且根系直径小于不抗旱品种,这样从多的有效根系数量和低的吸水阻力两方面保证了水分的吸收,从而使其产量和水分利用效率均最高,说明通过根系形态特性和空间分布的优化能够调节作物整体的水分利用效率。     

接种AMF对玉米根系及土壤水分分布的影响

西部露天煤矿区气候干旱,提高矿区植物利用深层土壤水是矿区生态环境恢复的重要步骤,明晰微生物生态修复技术下植物根系及土壤水分分布特征对于矿区生态重建具有重要意义。为了探讨接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对玉米根系形态及土壤水分分布的影响,本研究以饱和粉质黏土作为隔水层,砂土作为土壤层来进行室内土柱试验,共设置了不种玉米不接种AMF (CK)、种植玉米不接种AMF (YM)、种植玉米接种AMF (YF) 3个试验处理,并在试验过程中对土壤水分分布和植物生长相关指标进行监测。结果表明：试验前期接菌处理下土壤平均含水率比不接菌处理低14.5%,而试验后期接菌处理比不接菌处理高20.1%,同时还发现97.4%的玉米根系主要分布在0–40 cm的土层中。与不接种AMF处理相比,接种AMF的玉米细根的根长度、根体积和根表面积占比分别增加4.4%、1.2%和2.6%。通过直接对比法和贝叶斯混合模型分析表明,接菌处理下玉米对中层土壤(10–50 cm)水分吸收为47.1%,而不接菌处理对该层土壤水分吸收则为35%。这些结果表明接种AMF能提高植物对土壤...     

玉米、小麦和大麦与蚕豆间作体系不同根系分隔方式对蚕豆结瘤的影响

本实验选取3种对土壤氮素竞争能力不同的禾本科作物大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和玉米(Zea mays)分别与蚕豆(Vicia faba)间作,建立对土壤氮素竞争能力不同的作物组合;并采用3种分隔方式(塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔和无分隔)建立同一作物组合条件下作物种间根系相互作用的不同强度,来研究不同作物组合及种间根系相互作用强度对蚕豆结瘤的影响。结果如下:(1)蚕豆的结瘤并未随3种禾本科作物氮素竞争能力的增强而增加,但是3种间作体系蚕豆的结瘤却均表现出无分隔处理多于塑料膜分隔处理,即同一间作体系种间根系相互作用越强,越有利于蚕豆结瘤的产生,存在种间互利作用;(2)在玉米/蚕豆间作体系中,无分隔处理的蚕豆根瘤数目和根瘤重显著高于塑料膜分隔处理,分别高出67.5%和70.1%;在大麦/蚕豆间作体系中也表现出无分隔处理的根瘤重显著高于塑料膜分隔处理(高出46.3%);(3)玉米/蚕豆间作体系与小麦/蚕豆和大麦/蚕豆间作体系相比,无分隔处理时土壤氮素含量显著高于后2个间作体系,但是玉米/蚕豆间作体系对蚕豆结瘤的促进作用更强。上述结果表明,在蚕豆/玉米间作体系中,玉米促进蚕豆生物固氮除了氮素竞争机制外,还可能存在其它机制。     

镉胁迫下小麦根系分泌物的变化

通过水培和砂培两种方法 ,研究了镉胁迫下小麦 ( Triticum aestivm L.)根系分泌物变化。通过研究镉对小麦根系分泌氨基酸和糖 ,根系分泌其它一些次生代谢物质等的影响 ,以及根系分泌物对蔬菜种子萌发的影响 ,探讨镉胁迫下植物根系的生理生态效应。研究结果表明 :镉胁迫下 ,小麦根系分泌物无论在量上还是质上都有变化。镉胁迫下根系分泌的电解质、糖类、氨基酸以及其它一些次生代谢物质都有所变化 ,但变化情况有差异。电解质外渗率、糖类随 Cd2 + 浓度升高而增加 ,在低浓度 Cd2 + 作用下 ( 0 .5 mg/ L) ,随处理浓度的升高 ,氨基酸分泌量增加 ;当处理浓度高于相应浓度时 ,氨基酸分泌量随浓度升高而减少。随 Cd2 + 浓度升高 ,次生代谢物分泌种类减少。这说明小麦通过改变根分泌作用而缓解镉危害。由于根系分泌次生代谢物的活动比较复杂 ,因而根系的分泌作用有待于进一步研究。根系分泌物中可能含有某些物质抑制萝卜、白菜种子萌发 ,这是涉及到植物他感作用的问题 ,值得并有待于进一步研究。初步分析小麦根系在不同的环境中对镉胁迫的响应方式 ,为以后根分泌物的深入研究提供了一定的思路 ,也为镉污染区农作物的合理栽培提供新的参考资料。     

干旱与渍涝对砂姜黑土玉米根系干重变化及其分布的影响

砂姜黑土主要分布于黄淮海平原的南部(淮北平原、沂河平原和胶莱平原等)和南阳盆地,面积约4×106ｈａ,其中河南省125×106ｈａ[1],是面积较大的中低产田。其低产的主要原因可归结为“旱、涝、僵、薄”,根本原因在于其不良的水分物理特性[2～4]。而关于旱、涝灾害对作物根系的影响还未见报道。砂姜黑土区地势平坦,土层深厚,光、热、水等自然资源比较丰富,具有适宜作物生长发育的有利条件。因而,充分了解和掌握旱、涝灾害对作物根系的影响,因时制宜灌溉、排涝和耕作,对提高该区粮食产量具有重要意义。为此,于1997～1998年探讨了干旱与渍涝对砂…     

Detection of root mucilage using an anti-fucose antibody

Plant root mucilage is known to enhance soil quality by contributing towards the soil carbon pool, soil aggregation, detoxification of heavy metal ions and interactions with rhizospheric microflora. Mucilage consists of many monosaccharide units, including fucose which can be used as an indicator for plant root based polysaccharides. This is the first report of an immunological technique developed to use anti-fucose antibodies as markers for probing and localizing fucosyl residues in mucilage polysaccharide and, in turn, for localization of plant root mucilage. Fucose was complexed with bovine serum albumin to raise antibodies against fucose. A fucose-directed antibody was shown to cross-react with root cap mucilages from grasses. This antibody was used to localize root mucilage polysaccharide in maize and wheat root caps using immunogold electron microscopy. Abundant labelling could be localized on the cell wall, and in the intercellular matrix and vesicles of the peripheral root cap cells. Labelling was less intense in cells towards the centre of the root cap tissue. Control experiments confirmed that immunogold localization of fucose was specific and reliable.     

Light-dependent Proton Excretion of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Maize (Zea mays L.) Roots

We investigated the change of root net proton excretion of seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. and Zea mays L. with daily variation of illumination using a multi-channel pH-stat system. We found an increase of net proton excretion during darkness and a drop after the beginning of illumination. Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis by norflurazone and photooxidation of chlorophylls did not change the periodicity or its induction. The induction of diurnal periodicity was possible with blue, green and red light. After induction the oscillation of net proton excretion continued for at least two cycles under constant light. We conclude that net H⁺ excretion of wheat and maize roots may be regulated by an endogenous clock or by a signal from the leaves. The nature of such a hypothetical signal remains unknown.     

Chemically enhanced phytoextraction of risk elements from a contaminated agricultural soil using Zea mays and Triticum aestivum: performance and metal mobilization over a three year period

Enhanced phytoextraction using EDTA for the remediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with less mobile risk elements Cd and Pb originating from smelting activities in Príbram (Czech Republic) was assessed on the laboratory and the field scale. EDTA was applied to the first years crop Zea mays. Metal mobilization and metal uptake by the plants in the soil were monitored for two additional years when Triticum aestivum was planted. The application ofEDTA effectively increased water-soluble Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil. These concentrations decreased over time. Anyhow, increased concentrations could be still observed in the third experimental year indicating a low possibility of groundwater pollution after the addition of EDTA during and also after the enhanced phytoextraction process under prevailing climatic conditions. EDTA-applications caused phytotoxicity and thereby decreased biomass production and increased Cd and Pb uptake by the plants. Phytoextraction efficiency and phytoextraction potential were too low for Cd and Pb phytoextraction in the field in a reasonable time frame (as less than one-tenth of a percent of total Cd and Pb could be removed). This strongly indicates that EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction as implemented in this study is not a suitable remediation technique for risk metal contaminated soils.     

Endophytic colonisation of tobacco,corn, wheat and soybeans by the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota,Hypocreales)

We demonstrate the effectiveness of three inoculation methods (foliar spray, seed immersion and root immersion) in establishing fungal the entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in tobacco, corn, wheat and soybean. Colonisation of leaves by B. bassiana was assessed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in endophytic colonisation among the different inoculation techniques.     

Mitochondrial Low-Molecular-Weight Heat-Shock Proteins and the Tolerance of Cereal Mitochondria to Hyperthermia

Relationships between the appearance of low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins (LMW HSPs) in maize, winter wheat, and winter rye mitochondria and the tolerance of the mitochondria to hyperthermia (42°C, 3 h) were studied using one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, immunochemical methods, and polarography. Heat shock inhibited respiration to a greater extent in the wheat and rye than in the maize mitochondria. A single 20-kD LMW HSP was found both inside and on the surface of mitochondria isolated from heat-treated wheat and rye seedlings. After heating maize seedlings, two LMW HSPs (28 and 23 kD) appeared inside the mitochondria, and three proteins (22, 20, and 19 kD) appeared on their surface. We suppose that the latter three proteins play an essential role in the protection of mitochondria from hyperthermic damage. It seems likely that the diversity of the hyperthermia-induced LMW HSPs in plant mitochondria affects their thermal stability.     

A Fragment of the rpoC2 Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Gene in Perennial and Annual Rye

A 1397-bp fragment corresponding to the rpoC2 chloroplast RNA polymerase gene was obtained by direct rye DNA amplification. Two rye species, Secale montanum Guss. and S. cereale L., did not practically differ in the structure of this DNA fragment (the nucleotide sequences were 99% identical). The corresponding nucleotide sequences in rye and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Genbank accession no. AB027572) were 97–98% similar. The extent of the homology of various stretches of the rpoC2 rye gene with the corresponding sequences in maize and rice was 81–95%, whereas the deduced amino acid sequences of rpoC2 in rye, wheat, maize, and rice were considerably identical (96–97% of homology). The rye fragment of the rpoC2 gene differed from the corresponding sequences in three other grass species primarily by a short (49 bp) insert into the region of numerous short repeats corresponding to nucleotides 15750/15751, 28728/28729, and 27472/27473 in wheat, maize, and rice, respectively.     

The effect of local application of fertilizer on the content of cytokinins in the xylem sap of maize

Cytokinin content in xylem sap was higher in plants grown under local supply of fertilizers as compared to those grown under homogenous distribution of nutrients in soil. The separate assay of cytokinins in xylem exudate from split root system showed that roots, which were in contact with fertilizer mainly contributed to cytokinins transported from roots to shoots. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

普通小麦与玉米不对称体细胞杂交的研究

以长期继代培养,经分化实验证明无分化能力的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.)济南177原生质体为受体,以经380uW/cm^2紫外线处理的继代第3－5天的墨西哥黑甜玉米（Zea mays L.cv.Sccharina F.Nigera)胚性悬浮组织原生质体为供体,使用PEG的方法诱导融合。融合再生的18个单细胞克隆的愈伤组织经形态学比较、染色体检查、同工酶分析、5S rRNA间隔序列分析,确认克隆1为杂种愈伤组织,杂种愈伤组织再生出来的白化苗未进行杂种鉴定。同时,初步探讨了紫外线对玉米原生质体的影响。     

On the presence of inside-out plasma membrane vesicles and vanadate-inhibited K+,Mg2+-ATPase in microsomal fractions from wheat and maize roots

We have estimated the amount of inside-out plasma membrane (PM) vesicles in microsomal fractions from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Drabant) and maize (Zea mays L.) roots; non-latent activities of the PM markers vanadate-inhibited K⁺, Mg²⁺-ATPase (ΔVO₄-ATPase) and glucan synthase II (GS II, EC 2.4.1.34) were used as markers for inside-out PM vesicles, latent activities as markers for right-side-out PM vesicles, and specific staining with silicotungstic acid (STA) as a general marker for the PM. Separation of presumptive inside-out PM vesicles from right-side-out ones was achieved by counter-current-distribution (CCD) in an aqueous polymer two-phase system. Most of the GS II activity was latent and was found in material partitioning into the upper phase; a distribution which correlated well with that of STA-stained vesicles. Thus, most of the PM vesicles had a right-side-out orientation. ΔVO₄-ATPase, on the other hand, had a dual distribution (particularly pronounced in wheat) and was recovered both in material partitioning into the lower phase and into the upper phase. This indicates that ΔVO₄-ATPase activity was present also in membranes other than the PM. Additional evidence for this interpretation came from sucrose gradient centrifugation of wheat root material. This produced two peaks of ΔVO₄-ATPase activity with the membranes partitioning into the lower phase, none of which coincided with the peak obtained with right-side-out PM vesicles. Taken together, these results indicate that only very few inside-out PM vesicles are present in the microsomal fraction, and that ΔVO₄-ATPase as a marker for the PM, in contrast to GS II, may give quite misleading results with some plant materials. This stresses the need to use well-defined preparations of scaled, inside-out PM vesicles in solute uptake studies. The distribution of Ca²⁺-inhibited ATPase, on the other hand, agreed well with those of GS II and STA-stained vesicles both after CCD and sucrose gradient centrifugation, which suggests that Ca²⁺ inhibition may be a more specific property of the PM H⁺-ATPase than vanadate inhibition.