以潮霉素B抗性为选择标记的深黄被孢霉原生质体转化

利用亚硝基胍（MNNG）诱变方法筛选了一株深黄被孢霉潮霉素B敏感型菌株M6-22-4。采用PEG介导的方法,将含有E.coli潮霉素B抗性标记的PD4质粒转入敏感株M6-22-4原生质体,并在潮霉素B浓度为400μg/mL的选择培养基上筛选转化子,获得了1.6～2.8个转化子/μg质粒DNA的转化频率。稳定性实验表明,质粒线性化后所获得的转化子在PDA培养基上传代10代以后,转接到选择平板上有31.6%仍具有HmB抗性;随机挑选了3个转化子,通过PCR方法检测到潮霉素抗性基因的存在,Southern杂交发现,潮霉素抗性基因已经以1～2拷贝数整合到深黄被孢霉M6-22-4染色体上,这是深黄被孢霉转化系统的首次报道。     

禾谷镰孢菌高产毒菌株的构建*

为研究禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum Schw.单端孢霉烯族毒素生物合成基因（产毒基因）在寄主体内的表达,作者构建了带报告基因GUS（(-葡糖苷酸酶基因）的质粒pGUSTRI6P5,并通过对野生型菌株的转化获得禾谷镰孢高产毒菌株。该质粒含有由TRI5（禾谷镰孢单端孢霉二烯合酶基因）启动子（TRI5 Prom）驱动的GUS基因编码区、潮霉素B抗性基因和拟枝孢镰孢F. sporotrichioides的产毒调控基因TRI6（FSTRI6）。用pGUSTRI6P5转化野生型菌株GZ3639后,在含潮霉素 B的培养基上选取抗性菌落,单孢分离获单孢菌株（转化子）。在GYEP（葡萄糖-酵母粉-蛋白胨）液体培养基上,转化子B4-1和B16-1的GUS比活力强,15-AcDON（15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇）产量高,且两者呈正相关（相关系数（r）分别为0.9839和0.9523）。B4-1和B16-1两个转化子可作为研究禾谷镰孢与其寄主相互作用的工具菌株。     

禾谷镰孢菌高产毒菌株的构建

为研究禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum Schw.单端孢霉烯族毒素生物合成基因（产毒基因）在寄主体内的表达,作者构建了带报告基因GUS（β-葡糖苷酸酶基因）的质粒pGUSTRI6P5,并通过对野生型菌株的转化获得禾谷镰孢高产毒菌株,该质粒含有由TRI5（禾谷镰隐单端孢霉的二烯合酶基因）启动子（TRI5 Prom)驱动的GUS基因编码区、潮霉素B抗性基因和拟枝孢镰孢F.sporotrichioides的产毒调控基因TRI6（FSTR16）。用pGUSTRI6P5转化野生型菌株GZ3639后,在含潮霉素B的培养基上选取抗性菌落。单孢分离获单孢菌株（转化子）。在GYEP（葡萄糖-酵母粉-蛋白胨）液体培养基上,转化子B4-1和B16-1的GUS比活力强,15-AcDON(15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰鼠菌烯醇）产量高,且两者呈正相关（相关系数（r)分别为0.9839和0.9523)。B41-1和B16-1两个转化子可作为研究禾谷镰孢与其寄主相互作用的工具菌株。     

三种捕食线虫真菌的REMI转化

采用REMI(restriction enzyme-mediated integration)技术,成功地用潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因(hygB)转化了捕食线虫真菌白色单顶孢(Monacrosporium candidum)、球状单顶孢(M．sphaeroides)和蠕虫节丛孢(Arthrobotrys vermicola)。这三种菌的转化率分别为10-18、25-35和0．2-3个转化子／μg DNA;它们的转化子的潮霉素抗性稳定性分别为12．5％、82．5％和87．5％。三种菌的野生型的生长在含有150μg／ml潮霉素的PDA培养基上完全被抑制,而它们的转化子一般都能在含有700μg／ml潮霉素的PDA培养基上正常生长。从每种菌中随机选择了40个转化子,在生长速率、菌丝形态、捕器形态及对线虫的捕食能力方面与野生型进行了比较,没有发现有明显差异。     

粟长蠕孢菌的原生质体转化

本文报道了利用具有潮霉素抗性标记的质粒(pAN7-1)对粟长蠕孢菌原生质体进行转化的结果。经pAN7-1质粒DNA转化处理的粟长蠕孢菌原生质体在含潮霉素(200μg/ml)的选择性培养基上出现两类转化子。一类是正常转化子,其转化率为2个转化子/μg DNA;另一类是流产转化子,其产生频率为500—600个转化子/μg DNA。DNA杂交分析结果表明,在正常转化子中质粒DNA以首尾相接、重复排列的形式整合入受体菌染色体DNA。初筛获得的转化子多数以异核状态存在,经单孢分离纯化后可通过有丝分裂稳定传代。     

农杆菌介导生防棘孢木霉菌转化体系的优化

目的:实现棘孢木霉菌T4的遗传转化并优化其转化体系.方法:以潮霉素抗性为选择标记,利用农杆菌转化法介导转化棘孢木霉菌.结果:潮霉素基因成功整合到受体菌基因组中,转化子抗性基因可稳定遗传.结论:最优的转化体系和条件为:IM和CM培养基中AS浓度为200 μg/mL,棘孢木霉T4孢子浓度为106/mL,农杆菌浓度为200 μL( OD600约0.8),共培养时间为48 h,转化效率约为50个转化子/106个孢子.     

银耳芽孢完整细胞高效转化体系的建立

银耳（Tremella fuciformis）属于高等担子菌,其担孢子芽殖产生酵母状分生孢子称为银耳芽孢．银耳芽孢单核,能像酵母那样快速生长且容易培养,具备优良外源基因表达宿主的特点．本研究以gpd—Gl启动子分别与绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp和潮霉素抗性基因hph连接构建表达载体pG1g—gfp和pG1q—hph;设置潮霉素浓度梯度在3种培养基中对银耳芽孢的敏感性进行测定,结果表明银耳芽孢在不同的培养基上对潮霉素的敏感性不同,在MA培养基上其最低敏感浓度为5μg／mL;采用电击法把pG1q—hph质粒转化进银耳芽孢完整细胞,假定转化子经MA筛选培养基筛选,结果表明银耳芽孢完整细胞电击转化的最佳参数为：STM电击缓冲液、银耳芽孢浓度1．0×10^8个／mL,电击体积200μL,表达质粒6μg,电击电压2．0kV／cm,电击后采用MB液体培养基静置预培养48h,转化率达277个／μg DNA．采用最佳电击参数把质粒pG1g—gfP和pG1g—hph按1：1共转化银耳芽孢,转化子经过筛选培养基筛选、PCR鉴定及Southern杂交验证,结果表明受鉴定的8个转化子中有3个整合了gfp基因,其共转化率为37．5％．这3个gfp基因转化子的芽孢在激光荧光显微镜下可观察到发出强烈的荧光,表明了外源gfp基因能够在银耳芽孢中获得高效率的表达．     

PEG介导的猴头菌遗传转化体系的建立

对猴头菌Hericium erinaceus原生质体制备的各种因素进行比较研究,结果表明,猴头菌原生质体制备的最佳体系为：液体培养5d的猴头菌丝,以0.6mol/L KCl作为稳渗剂,加入含1.0%纤维素酶+1.0%蜗牛酶+1.0%溶壁酶的复合酶,在30℃酶解猴头菌丝3h时,原生质体得率达到3.0×106个/mL。潮霉素敏感性测试表明,猴头菌在PDSA固体培养基上的潮霉素最低筛选浓度为60μg/mL。采用PEG介导的原生质体法,将质粒pBgGI-hph（含有灵芝gpd1-Gl启动子和潮霉素抗性基因hph）转化猴头菌原生质体,经潮霉素初步筛选以及PCR鉴定,表明有4株猴头菌拟转化子的基因组扩增出hph基因;转化子经过多次转接后进行Southern杂交验证,结果表明4个转化子的基因组中均稳定整合了hph抗性基因。     

深黄被孢霉M6-22

应用PCR技术,从含有深黄被孢霉△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的重组质粒pTMICL6中,扩增出1.38kb的目的片段,亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的基因的重组质粒pYMID6,用醋酸锂方法转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INVSc1中,在SC-Ura合成培养基中,选择到酵母工程株YMID6.在合适的培养基及培养条件下,加入外源底物亚油酸,经半乳糖诱导后,收集菌体.通过GC-MS对酵母工程株所含的全部脂肪酸进行色谱分析,结果表明,γ-亚麻酸的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的8.69%.     

深黄被孢霉M6-22△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在酿酒酵母中的表达

应用PCR技术,从含有深黄被孢霉△6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的重组质粒pTMICL6中,扩增出1.38kb的目的片段,亚克隆到大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母的穿梭表达载体pYES2.0,在大肠杆菌中筛选到含有目的基因的重组质粒pYMID6,用醋酸锂方法转化到酿酒酵母的缺陷型菌株INVSc1中,在SC-Ura合成培养基中,选择到酵母工程株YMID6.在合适的培养基及培养条件下,加入外源底物亚油酸,经半乳糖诱导后,收集菌体.通过GC-MS对酵母工程株所含的全部脂肪酸进行色谱分析,结果表明,γ-亚麻酸的含量占酵母总脂肪酸的8.69%.     

Disruption of the Fatty Acid Δ<Superscript>6</Superscript>-Desaturase Gene in the Oil-Producing Fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mortierella isabellina</Emphasis> by Homologous Recombination

The γ-linolenic acid-producing fungus Mortierella isabellina 6-22 is an important industrial strain. To clarify the biosynthetic pathways for polyunsaturated fatty acids in this strain, a disruption vector pD4MI6, including 5′ and 3′ regions of the fatty acid Δ⁶-desaturase open reading frame as homologous recombination elements and the Escherichia coli hygromycin B (HmB) phosphotransferase gene (hph) as selectable marker, was successfully constructed. Following transformation of pD4MI6 into the hygromycin B-sensitive recipient strain M. isabellina 6-22-4, a Δ⁶-desaturase gene-defective mutant strain was selected that was unable to produce γ-linolenic acid as determined by gas chromatography and molecular analysis. The morphology and physiology of the mutant, such as colony shape, color, and growth rate, were changed dramatically compared with that of strain M. isabellina 6-22-4.     

A comparison of the phenotypic and genetic stability of recombinant Trichoderma spp. generated by protoplast- and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Four different Trichoderma strains, T. harzianum CECT 2413, T. asperellum T53, T. atroviride T11 and T. longibrachiatum T52, which represent three of the four sections contained in this genus, were transformed by two different techniques: a protocol based on the isolation of protoplasts and a protocol based on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Both methods were set up using hygromycin B or phleomycin resistance as the selection markers. Using these techniques, we obtained phenotypically stable transformants of these four different strains. The highest transformation efficiencies were obtained with the T. longibrachiatum T52 strain: 65-70 transformants/microg DNA when transformed with the plasmid pAN7-1 (hygromycin B resistance) and 280 transformants/107 spores when the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was performed with the plasmid pUR5750 (hygromycin B resistance). Overall, the genetic analysis of the transformants showed that some of the strains integrated and maintained the transforming DNA in their genome throughout the entire transformation and selection process. In other cases, the integrated DNA was lost.     

Characterization of hygromycin-resistant transformants of thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

Hygromycin-resistant stable transformants of the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, were obtained by electroporation of germinating aleurospores with a plasmid pMP6, coding for hygromycin resistance. Southern hybridization analysis revealed that the gene is integrated into the chromosome. The hygromycin-resistant transformants were characterized for morphological changes, growth response towards the presence of antagonistic metabolites (hygromycin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, cylcoheximide, benlate and acriflavine) on plates and enzyme production (amylases, pectinases and xylanase) in shake flask cultures. A hygromycin-resistant transformant hyg 33 was characterized as non-sporulating, 2-deoxy-D-glucose-resistant, acriflavine-sensitive and xylanase hypo-producer and is being used as parental strain for breeding strains through protoplast fusion.     

深黄被孢霉利用不同碳源产油脂比较

本研究主要探讨深黄被孢霉M2菌株对生物质全糖的利用,考察其碳源同化能力、不同碳源下产脂情况以及对玉米皮渣的利用能力。研究结果表明,M2菌株能够利用葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖和甘露糖进行生长和油脂积累。M2菌株以6%糖浓度的玉米皮渣水解液为底物发酵培养,油脂微生物生物量达18.2g/L,干菌体油脂含量45.7%,单位体积发酵液油脂产量为8.3g/L。     

Fate of transformed Trichoderma harzianum in the phylloplane of tomato plants

A propiconazole-resistant Trichoderma harzianum strain with high phylloplane survival capability was transformed with the E. coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph), coding for hygromycin B resistance. Four transformants were analysed for survival ability on the phylloplane of tomato plants grown under glasshouse conditions in comparison with their prototype and a yellow, hygromycin B-sensitive mutant. Over 2 weeks, the four transformants showed higher survival rates in comparison with the wild-type strain. The yellow mutant TF3/973 did not significantly differ in survival from the transformants. Both hygromycin B resistance and mitotic stability of transformants were evaluated during growth in vitro and after reisolation from tomato phylloplane. Hybridization patterns with the complete plasmid indicated that all four transformants were mitotically stable after several rounds of vegetative growth without selective pressure and during 2 weeks on tomato plants. None of the transformants had lost the ability to grow in the presence of both propiconazole and hygromycin B after growth under the same conditions. The results are discussed in relation to risk assessment of the release of transgenic fungi.     

深黄被孢霉发酵生产γ-亚麻酸的研究

以深黄被孢霉AS 3.3410(Mortierella isabellina AS 3.3410)的变异株M_6为出发菌株,γ—亚麻酸含量210mg/L,经紫外线和微波处理得到变异株M_(6-22),摇瓶发酵γ-亚麻酸含量1181mg/L,200升发酵罐发酵γ-亚麻酸含量达到1350mg/L。对200升罐发酵的后提取工艺进行了研究,以乙醇和正己烷分步抽提效果最好。脲素包合法的实验结果表明,在70～75℃、3h的条件下可以使γ-亚麻酸由7.2％浓缩到72％。     

Surrogate transformation of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, using genetically modified Acremonium endophyte.

Summary Conditions have been developed for transforming protoplasts of the perennial ryegrass endophyteAcremonium strain 187BB. Unlike most other ryegrass endophytes, this strain does not produce the lolitrem B neurotoxin and is therefore suitable as a host for surrogate introduction of foreign genes into grasses. Transformation frequencies of 700–800 transformants/g DNA were obtained for both linear and circular forms of pAN7-1, a hygromycin (hph) resistant plasmid. Up to 80% of the linear transformants were stable on further culturing but only 25% of the circular transformants retained hygromycin resistance. Integration of pAN7-1 into the genome was confirmed by Southern blotting and probing of genomic digests of transformant DNA. Both single and tandemly repeated copies of the plasmid were found in the genome and both the number and sites of integration varied among the transformants. At least 13 chromosomes were identified in 187BB using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis. Probing of Southern blots of these gels confirmed that pAN7-1 had integrated into different chromosomes. The -glucuronidase (GUS) gene,uidA, was also introduced into 187BB by co-transformation of pNOM-2 with pAN7-1. GUS activity was detected by growing the transformants on plates containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl -D-glucuronic acid and by enzyme assays of mycelial extracts. Severalhph- anduidA-containing transformants were reintroduced into ryegrass seedlings and expression of GUS visualized in vivo, demonstrating that 187BB can be used as a surrogate host to introduce foreign genes into perennial ryegrass. Molecular analysis of fungal isolates from the leaf sheath confirmed that the pattern of pAN7-1 and pNOM-2 hybridizing fragments was identical to that observed in the fungus used as inoculum.     

根癌农杆菌介导的白腐丝状真菌——黄孢原毛平革菌的转化

利用农杆菌介导的方法成功地对黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）进行了遗传转化。将含有潮霉素磷酸转移酶融合基因的双元质粒pCH61300转入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）208中,然后用该转化菌分别感染黄孢原毛平革菌的分生孢子和原生质体,获得16株可能的转化子,经复筛,共获得6株潮霉素抗性水平为100μg/mL的稳定转化子,分生孢子和原生质体的转化频率没有明显差别。PCR检测结果显示,抗性基因已导入黄孢原毛平革菌细胞中;Southern杂交表明,TDNA以单拷贝形式整合到黄孢原毛平革菌基因组中。其中的一个转化子菌落形态与原野生型菌株相比有所不同,菌丝稀薄,分生孢子较少。利用分生孢子转化更为简便易行,无需特殊的设备和制备原生质体,此方法为深入开展该菌的遗传转化研究奠定了基础。