深圳城市生态大数据智慧管理和服务平台技术集成与应用研究

生态环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,城市生态大数据智慧管理和服务平台建设是生态城市和美丽城市建设的需要。以深圳市为例,借助物联网、移动互联网、计算机、数据库和网络地理信息系统技术,以及时空地理大数据整合和共享、大数据挖掘分析和云端一体化业务协同等关键技术,结合城市生态系统评估分析决策模型/方法/对策库,在实现深圳市“空-地-网-统计-众源”等多源异构生态大数据有效集成的基础上,搭建了 “数据采集-信息提取-知识发现-决策生成-快速服务”全流程、一体化的深圳市生态大数据智慧管理和服务平台,构建了面向业务部门和科研人员等专业用户的生态野外数据调查采集系统和城市生态监测与评估管理决策分析系统,以及面向社会大众的深圳生态大调查APP。平台首次揭示了深圳市1979年以来不同生态系统的格局、构成、过程、服务和健康状况的变化,提升了深圳市生态环境综合决策科学化、生态环境监管精准化、生态环境公共服务便民化水平。平台有效降低了用户数据收集与处理和操作专业模型的难度,突破了原始数据应用的瓶颈和难点,提高了专业模型在业务部门中的使用率。未来,依靠“生态大数据+生态专业模型”的技术方案实现从数据到知识的挖掘,是实现城市生态大数据智慧化和专业化管理的关键,也是全面提高城市生态环境保护信息化服务水平的重要途径。     

Hierarchical semantic information modeling and ontology for bird ecology

Birds have become an increasing concern for ecological preservation and safety. This paper proposes hierarchical architecture of semantic sensing information for bird acoustic data representation in bird ecological environment. This architecture provides various real-time sensing data such as bird calls using acoustic sensors in sensor networks. In this paper, we implement an ontology structure of hierarchical semantic information representation in bird’s ecological environment. Information of this architecture supports to recognize bird calls, identify birds, classify species, and to track a bird behavior in bird ecological environment. All of this would indicate that we suggest relationship between phenomenon data to service/semantic information in bird ecology.     

Arbor 3D: an interactive environment for examining phylogenetic and taxonomic trees in multiple dimensions

This paper examines a new technique for the visualization of and the interaction with trees, objects frequently used to convey hierarchical relationships in biological data. Motivated by the quality of 2D tree interaction, we adapt the planar tree-of-life metaphor to a virtual, semi-immersive 3D environment. A 3D environment extends the utility of this metaphor by allowing the user to view an entire data set in a single screen. Interrogation of the tree is implemented using 3D input devices. This real-time interrogation of the tree itself provides a quick means by which to qualitatively analyse the hierarchical data. In this paper, we describe the techniques underlying the implementation of such an environment. We conclude by considering the utility of tree metaphors as a basis for the representation of highly dimensional data sets. AVAILABILITY: Arbor3D (source code, a binary executable for SGI IRIX 6.4, Perl parsers, and sample Newick data files) are available via the Internet (http://xian.tamu.edu/Arbor3D/). Arbor3D can be displayed in "CAVE simulator" mode on an SGI workstation screen, or as an interactive virtual environment on a projection workbench. CONTACT: druths@rice.edu; echen@cs.rice.edu; leland@xian.tamu.edu     

生态环境移动数据采集系统研究与实现

针对快速、实时、有效采集并录入生态环境野外调查大样本量、多源数据的需求,充分应用移动GIS技术、移动智能终端、3G等现代信息技术优势,提出了基于ArcGIS for Mobile的移动数据采集方案,研究解决了包括系统运行机制、数据访问模式、移动数据库技术等面向全国生态环境野外调查的移动GIS关键技术,设计并研发野外调查移动数据采集系统。该系统采用C#和Java语言,以SQL Server 2008 为服务器端的数据库环境,在Microsoft Visual Studio 2008集成开发环境上实现设计开发,并在全国生态环境10年变化遥感调查与评估项目土地覆盖类型地面核查、生态系统参数野外观测等工作中予以应用。实践检验表明：该系统实现了野外调查数据的数字采集、智能校验、实时上传与有效管理,简化了填报程序,规范了填报内容,提高了工作效率,能够为生态环境相关的调查数据采集提供信息化支持。     

Data management for large‐scale scientific computations in high performance distributed systems

With the increasing number of scientific applications manipulating huge amounts of data, effective high-level data management is an increasingly important problem. Unfortunately, so far the solutions to the high‐level data management problem either require deep understanding of specific storage architectures and file layouts (as in high-performance file storage systems) or produce unsatisfactory I/O performance in exchange for ease-of-use and portability (as in relational DBMSs). In this paper we present a novel application development environment which is built around an active meta-data management system (MDMS) to handle high-level data in an effective manner. The key components of our three-tiered architecture are user application, the MDMS, and a hierarchical storage system (HSS). Our environment overcomes the performance problems of pure database-oriented solutions, while maintaining their advantages in terms of ease-of-use and portability. The high levels of performance are achieved by the MDMS, with the aid of user-specified, performance-oriented directives. Our environment supports a simple, easy-to-use yet powerful user interface, leaving the task of choosing appropriate I/O techniques for the application at hand to the MDMS. We discuss the importance of an active MDMS and show how the three components of our environment, namely the application, the MDMS, and the HSS, fit together. We also report performance numbers from our ongoing implementation and illustrate that significant improvements are made possible without undue programming effort. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Integrated system for bioprocess monitoring and diagnosis using a local area network

Bioprocess monitoring and data analysis utilizing a local area network (LAN) is described in which an integrated computer environment provides for real-time monitoring from several remote personal computers with easy evaluation of the current process status and providing a common utilization of fermentation data. The computer network also enhances the decision-making process in the management of the production plant. Bioprocess control utilizing a LAN environment is expected to promote better utilization of fermentation data accumulated through repeated operations and to realize advanced control of fermentation processes. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

贵州省安顺市土地资源信息空间数据库的建立与应用

1　引　　言要制订不会危及环境的土地资源开发和保护计划 ,必须首先掌握可靠的、较新的有关土地资源的时空信息[3 ] .近年来 ,以ＧＩＳ和遥感技术为主的现代信息科学技术在土地覆盖/利用调查与填图[2 ,6] 、土地资源动态变化监测[13 ] 、土地质量退化与土壤侵蚀监测[5,8] 、土地资源评价[12 ] 与管理[10 ] 中得到了广泛应用 .这些技术可以较好地解决以往传统方法在获取、分析和处理大量、复杂土地信息中的众多限制 ,使我们得以动态地、综合地分析土地资源环境信息[4,7] .贵州省安顺市地处我国西南岩溶山区 ,生态环境脆弱 ,土地资源相对不足…     

植物应答非生物胁迫的代谢组学研究进展

代谢组学技术是研究植物代谢的理想平台, 通过现代检测分析技术对胁迫环境下植物中代谢产物进行定性和定量分析, 可以监测其随时间变化的规律。而各种组学平台包括基因组学、转录组学及代谢组学的整合, 更是一个强有力的工具箱, 将所获得的不同组学的信息联系起来, 有利于从整体研究生物系统对基因或环境变化的响应, 如可判断代谢物的变化是从哪一个层面开始发生的, 帮助人们揭开复杂的植物胁迫应答机制。该文对近期代谢组学技术及其与蛋白质组学、基因组学技术相结合探索植物应答非生物胁迫的研究进行了综述。代谢组学的应用, 拓展了对植物耐受非生物胁迫分子机制的认识, 开展更多这方面的研究, 再通过植物代谢组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和基因组学整合, 有助于从整体水平上把握植物胁迫应答机制。     

The important choice of reference environment in microevolutionary climate response predictions

It is well documented that individuals of wild populations can adjust to climate change by means of phenotypic plasticity, but few reports on adaptation by means of genetically based microevolution caused by selection. Disentanglement of these separate effects requires that the reference environment (the environmental zero point) is defined, and this should not be done arbitrarily. The problem is that an error in the reference environment may lead to large errors in predicted microevolution. Together with parameter values and initial mean trait values, the reference environment can be estimated from environmental, phenotypic and fitness data. A prediction error method for this purpose is described, with the feasibility shown by simulations. As shown in a toy example, an estimated reference environment may have large errors, especially for small populations. This may still be a better choice than use of an initial environmental value in a recorded time series, or the mean value, which is often used. Another alternative may be to use the mean value of a past and stationary stochastic environment, which the population is judged to have been fully adapted to, in the sense that the expected geometric mean fitness was at a global maximum. Exceptions are cases with constant phenotypic plasticity, where the microevolutionary changes per generation follow directly from phenotypic and environmental data, independent of the chosen reference environment.     

Display and analysis of electrophysiological data under WindowsMMM

Conclusion Windows represents an attractive environment in which to implement a data analysis program. This environment benefits from a number of tools and programs that allow manipulation and analysis data interactively. Windows also has networking facilities that enable analysis of data from any microcomputer connected to the network. This approach leads to more efficient use of electrophysiological set-ups. Object-oriented development tools provide new opportunities to develop applications for neuroscientists and should facilitate sharing independently designed algorithms.     

A novel approach for pilot error detection using Dynamic Bayesian Networks

In the last decade Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) have become one type of the most attractive probabilistic modelling framework extensions of Bayesian Networks (BNs) for working under uncertainties from a temporal perspective. Despite this popularity not many researchers have attempted to study the use of these networks in anomaly detection or the implications of data anomalies on the outcome of such models. An abnormal change in the modelled environment’s data at a given time, will cause a trailing chain effect on data of all related environment variables in current and consecutive time slices. Albeit this effect fades with time, it still can have an ill effect on the outcome of such models. In this paper we propose an algorithm for pilot error detection, using DBNs as the modelling framework for learning and detecting anomalous data. We base our experiments on the actions of an aircraft pilot, and a flight simulator is created for running the experiments. The proposed anomaly detection algorithm has achieved good results in detecting pilot errors and effects on the whole system.     

A nonparametric and a parametric version of a test for the detection of the presence of a major gene applicable on data for the complete nuclear family

Summary Nonparametric and parametric tests are suggested for detecting the presence of a major gene for a quantitative trait. The model for the determination of the quantitative trait is an additive one with polygenic, family environment, and individual environment components. The power functions with respect to the major gene effect have been calculated by simulation, and the tests have therefore been compared with each other. The tests have been applied to nuclear family data on human obesity, and the results compared with those obtained using other methods on the same data.This work was done while the author was a visitor at the Istituto di Genetica Biochemica ed Evoluzionistica, CNR, Pavia     

Case–Control Studies of Gene–Environment Interaction: Bayesian Design and Analysis

Summary With increasing frequency, epidemiologic studies are addressing hypotheses regarding gene‐environment interaction. In many well‐studied candidate genes and for standard dietary and behavioral epidemiologic exposures, there is often substantial prior information available that may be used to analyze current data as well as for designing a new study. In this article, first, we propose a proper full Bayesian approach for analyzing studies of gene–environment interaction. The Bayesian approach provides a natural way to incorporate uncertainties around the assumption of gene–environment independence, often used in such an analysis. We then consider Bayesian sample size determination criteria for both estimation and hypothesis testing regarding the multiplicative gene–environment interaction parameter. We illustrate our proposed methods using data from a large ongoing case–control study of colorectal cancer investigating the interaction of N‐acetyl transferase type 2 (NAT2) with smoking and red meat consumption. We use the existing data to elicit a design prior and show how to use this information in allocating cases and controls in planning a future study that investigates the same interaction parameters. The Bayesian design and analysis strategies are compared with their corresponding frequentist counterparts.     

geophylobuilder 1.0: an arcgis extension for creating 'geophylogenies'

Evolution is inherently a spatiotemporal process; however, despite this, phylogenetic and geographical data and models remain largely isolated from one another. Geographical information systems provide a ready-made spatial modelling, analysis and dissemination environment within which phylogenetic models can be explicitly linked with their associated spatial data and subsequently integrated with other georeferenced data sets describing the biotic and abiotic environment. geophylobuilder 1.0 is an extension for the arcgis geographical information system that builds a 'geophylogenetic' data model from a phylogenetic tree and associated geographical data. Geophylogenetic database objects can subsequently be queried, spatially analysed and visualized in both 2D and 3D within a geographical information systems.     

Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and its regulation

During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products before they are marketed. The results show that approximately 10% of pharmaceutical products are of note regarding their potential environmental risk. For human medicinal products, hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants and antineoplastics indicated an environmental risk. For veterinary products, hormones, antibiotics and parasiticides were most often discussed as being environmentally relevant. These results are in good correlation with the results within the open scientific literature of prioritization approaches for pharmaceuticals in the environment. UBA results revealed that prospective approaches, such as ERA of pharmaceuticals, play an important role in minimizing problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the regulatory ERA framework could be improved by (i) inclusion of the environment in the risk–benefit analysis for human pharmaceuticals, (ii) improvement of risk management options, (iii) generation of data on existing pharmaceuticals, and (iv) improving the availability of ERA data. In addition, more general and integrative steps of regulation, legislation and research have been developed and are presented in this article. In order to minimize the quantity of pharmaceuticals in the environment these should aim to (i) improve the existing legislation for pharmaceuticals, (ii) prioritize pharmaceuticals in the environment and (iii) improve the availability and collection of pharmaceutical data.     

Investigating species–environment relationships at multiple scales: Differentiating between intrinsic scale and the modifiable areal unit problem

In ecology, multi-scale analyses are commonly performed to identify the scale at which a species interacts with its environment (intrinsic scale). This is typically carried out using multi-scale species–environment models that compare the relationship between ecological attributes (e.g., species diversity) measured with point data to environmental data (e.g. vegetation cover) for the surrounding area within buffers of multiple sizes. The intrinsic scale is identified as the buffer size at which the highest correlation between environmental and ecological variables occurs. We present the first investigation of how the spatial resolution of remote sensing environmental data can influence the identification of the intrinsic scale using multi-scale species–environment models. Using the virtual ecologist approach we tested this influence using vegetation cover spatial data and a simulated species–environment relationship derived from the same spatial data. By using a simulation model there was a known truth to use as a benchmark to measure accuracy. Our findings indicate that by varying the spatial resolution of the environmental data, the intrinsic scale may be incorrectly identified. In some cases, the errors in the intrinsic scale identified were close to the maximum value possible that could be measured by this experiment. Consequently, multi-scale ecological analyses may not be suitable for distinguishing scale patterns caused by the relationship between an organism and its environment from scale patterns caused by the effect of changing spatial resolution: a phenomenon referred to as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Thus, observed scale-dependent ecological patterns may be an artefact of the observation of ecological data, not the ecological phenomenon. This study concludes with some suggestions for future work to quantify the effect of the MAUP on multi-scale studies and develop generalisations that can be used to assess when multi-scale analyses have the potential to produce spurious results.     

Patterns in the species–environment relationship depend on both scale and choice of response variables

Multi-scale investigations of species–environment relationships are an important tool in ecological research. The scale at which independent and dependent variables are measured, and how they are coded for analysis, can strongly influence the relationships that are discovered. However, little is known about how the coding of the dependent variable set influences community-level analyses. In this study, we used canonical correspondence analysis to quantify species–environment relationships between environmental factors collected at three spatial scales and the structure of a forest bird community in the Oregon coast range. The main question in our analysis was how coding the bird data as abundance versus presence/absence affected the nature and strength of observed relationships. As we expected, the structure of the bird community was better described overall using abundance data than it was using presence/absence data. However, individual species and life-history groups appeared to exhibit different species–environment relationships in abundance versus presence/absence data. In particular, common species with a high frequency of occurrence among sample points exhibited a stronger 'abundance' signature, whereas uncommon species with a low frequency of occurrence exhibited a stronger 'presence/absence' signature. In addition, the apparent importance of plot-level factors in explaining the variation in the bird community was greater for abundance data, whereas patch and landscape factors were more important in the presence/absence data. Thus, conclusions about the relative importance of factors at different scales is largely contingent on the way in which the species-response data are coded for analysis. For communities as a whole, and for individual species within them, the strength and nature of species–environment relationships can differ dramatically between analyses using presence/absence versus abundance data.     

A computer based culturing system for measuring the photosynthetic response of phytoplankton to a fluctuating environment

A microcomputer-controlled culturing system developed to simulate temperature and salinity fluctuations in an estuary is described. The system consists of a microcomputer, interfacing hardware, a continuous culture apparatus, and system software. The system can regulate the temperature and salinity of a continuous phytoplankton culture based on user-defined models of the physical environment and particle transport in a natural environment. The microcomputer also provides efficient data acquisition and data storage. The system was designed to facilitate expansion and modification and can easily be adapted to accomodate various studies of phytoplankton production. Details of a simulation and representative data are presented.     

生态环境大数据面临的机遇与挑战

随着大数据时代的到来和大数据技术的迅猛发展,生态环境大数据的建设和应用已初露端倪。为了全面推进生态环境大数据的建设和应用,综述了生态环境大数据在解决生态环境问题中的机遇和优势,并分析了生态环境大数据在应用中所面临的挑战。总结和概括了大数据的概念与特征,又结合生态环境领域的特点,分析了生态环境大数据的特殊性和复杂性。重点阐述了生态环境大数据在减缓环境污染、生态退化和气候变化中的机遇,主要从数据存储、处理、分析、解释和展示等方面阐述生态环境大数据相较于传统数据的优势,通过这些优势说明生态环境大数据将有助于全面提高生态环境治理的综合决策水平。虽然生态环境大数据的应用前景广阔,但也面临着重重挑战,在数据共享和开放、应用创新、数据管理、技术创新和落地、专业人才培养和资金投入等方面还存在着许多问题和困难。在以上分析的基础上,提出了生态环境大数据未来的发展方向,包括各类生态环境数据的标准化、建设生态环境大数据存储与处理分析平台和推动国内外生态环境大数据平台的对接。