Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对同一植物的毒性差异。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋各处理浓度均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,但Ｃｄ２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果：Ｃｄ２＋处理最初诱导ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但随浓度加大时间延长酶活性急剧下降;Ｈｇ２＋处理的酶活性变化相对平缓,其中５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＨｇ２＋处理的ＰＯＤ活性持续上升。实验结果表明,在相同处理时间和浓度条件下,Ｃｄ２＋比Ｈｇ２＋对菱的毒性要大。依据实验结果,作者探讨了重金属对植物的毒害机制     

Hg2+污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶细胞超微结构伤害的研究

报道了Ｈｇ＾２＋污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶毒害引起的叶片受害症状和叶肉细胞的超微结构变化。冬芽在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度５ｍｇ／Ｌ处理１５ｄ时,叶片开始褪绿,腺毛收缩扭曲,粘液减少,细胞中高尔基体消失,核糖体减少,线粒体出现解体。在相同处理时间中,随着Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度增加,细胞出现质膜收缩,胞间连丝断裂,核仁裂解成多个小核仁,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体解体。在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度１５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,细胞核解体,细胞死亡。经观察,Ｈｇ＾     

TFP刺激裂殖酵母细胞钙离子内流的质膜效应

ＴＦＰ（１０－１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可引起裂殖酵母（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｐｏｍｂｅ）细胞Ｃａ＾２＋内流,ＴＦＰ浓度不同,促进Ｃａ＾２＋内流程度也不一样,５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＦＰ的促进作用最大。并且ＴＦＰ浓度越大,Ｃａ＾２＋内流出现峰值也越早,１０、２０、５０、１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＦＰ处理后,胞内总钙出现峰值时间分别为４５、４５、３０、１５分钟。胞外Ｈ＾＋浓度也会对ＴＦＰ引起的     

Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较了Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋对同一植物的毒性差异,Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾＾２＋各处理浓度与均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,Ｃｄ＾２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ＾２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果;Ｃｄ＾２＋处理最艉地ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但     

汞,镉污染对黑藻叶细胞伤害的超微结构研究

黑藻（Ｈｙｄｒｉｌｌａ ｖｅｒｔｉｅｉｌｌａｎ（Ｌ．ｆ．）Ｒｏｙｌｅ）植株分别在Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋梯度浓度的污染水中培养,在培养的时间段中（Ｈｇ＾２＋为３ｘｄ,Ｇｄ＾２＋为６ｄ）,随着浓度的递增,叶片逐渐出现均匀退绿症状。电镜观察发现,叶细胞遭受Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋毒害初期,高尔基体消失,内质网膨胀后解体,叶绿体中的类囊体和线粒体中的脊突胀成呈囊泡状,核中染色质涕 集。随着叶细胞遭受毒害程度     

Cd^2＋污染对莼菜叶片形态学伤害反应的研究

重点研究了Ｃｄ＾２＋胁迫下莼菜叶片的受害症状及叶肉细胞超微结构的变化。当Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度大于２μｇ·ｇ＾－１时,莼菜叶面将在短期内出现不同程度的受害症状。莼菜叶片遭受Ｃｄ＾２＋毒害初期,叶肉细胞质体中的少数基粒会发生膨胀或解体,线粒体的脊出现瓦解,部分核仁裂解成数块大小不等的颗粒。随着叶肉细胞遭受毒害程度的加深,质体中较多的类囊体便出现解体,多种膜性结构如：质体、线粒体的外包膜以及核膜、液泡膜等均遭     

高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）─ATP酶对Ca~（2＋）反应的变化及Mg~（2＋）的作用

本实验观察了正常及高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶对不同浓度Ｃａ２＋及Ｍｇ２＋的反应。结果表明：（１）在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）,此酶最适反应的Ｃａ２＋浓度为１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＷＫＹ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;两肾一环型肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）为１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｃａ２＋高于以上各相应浓度时该酶活性受到抑制;（２）作为该酶激动剂的Ｍｇ２＋有其最适激活浓度,在ＷＫＹ大鼠、ＲＨＲ及Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠均为４．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;（３）高浓度Ｍｇ２＋（３６．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可以逆转高浓度Ｃａ２＋对该酶的抑制作用。以上结果表明,底物Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化对Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的催化活性影响极大,该酶活性的促发及维持必须有适宜浓度的Ｍｇ２＋。高血压时此酶对Ｃａ２＋的敏感性增高,且Ｍｇ２＋对酶保护作用更为明显。本结果提示,胞内高浓度Ｃａ２＋不仅是高血压发生的原因之一,并可能与其发展及恶化有关。     

高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋—ATP酶对Ca^2＋反应的变...

本实验观察了正常及高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶对不同浓度Ｃｕ＾２＋Ｍｇ＾２＋的反应。结果表明：（１）在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）,此酶最适反应的Ｃａ＾２＋浓度为１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＷＫＹ大鼠为１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;两肾一环型肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）为１０＾－７ｍｏｌｇ／Ｌ,Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;Ｃａ＾２＋高于以上各相应浓度时该酶活性受到抑制;（２）作为该酶     

神经节苷脂（Gangliosides）对人红细胞膜Ca~（2＋）－Mg~（2＋）ATPase的影响

神经节苷脂（Ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ）是红细胞膜Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一种激活剂,这种激活作用也是依赖于Ｃａ~（２＋）存在。在２００μｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ~（２＋）存在的反应体系中,１００μｇ／ｍＬＧａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ对Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的激活作用最大,为基本酶活性的１５０％以上。实验还发现ＣａＭ拮抗剂三氟拉嗪（ＴＦＰ）、粉防已碱（Ｔｅｔ）等也同样抑制Ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｓ的这种激活作用。其抑制的ＩＣ_（５０）值为２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３０μｍｏ１／Ｌ;而此浓度下抑制剂存在的反应体系中,对Ｃａ~（２＋）－Ｍｇ~（２＋）ＡＴＰａｓｅ的基本活性影响不大。     

中毒剂量谷氨酸引起大脑皮质神经细胞的钙振荡及其机制探讨

目的和方法：本文观察中毒剂量谷氨酸对大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞内Ｃａ２＋ 含量变化的影响,并对其机制进行探讨。将１ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ谷氨酸加入大脑皮质神经细胞培养液中通过激光共聚焦扫描显微镜（ｌａｓｅｒ ｃｏｎｆｏｃａｌｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ,ＬＣＳＭ） 观察细胞内Ｃａ２＋ 含量的变化。结果：①１ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ谷氨酸作用后在观察的８６ 个细胞中,７１ ％ 的细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋ 浓度发生钙振荡,发生钙振荡的波型均为尖峰型：②在抑制细胞内钙库释放后加入１ ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ 谷氨酸,细胞内Ｃａ２＋ 浓度上升,但没有产生钙振荡;而抑制细胞外Ｃａ２ ＋ 内流后加入１ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 谷氨酸,细胞内Ｃａ２ ＋ 发生钙振荡,但振荡幅度逐渐下降直至振荡消失。结论：中毒剂量谷氨酸引起神经细胞钙振荡形成的可能机制是：细胞内钙库的释放和摄取是Ｃａ２ ＋ 发生振荡的必要条件,而振荡的维持则依赖于细胞外Ｃａ２＋ 的内流     

Inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) and its metabolite 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine

2′,2′-Difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (dFdC, gemcitabine) is a cytidine analogue active against several solid tumor types, such as ovarian, pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer. The compound has a complex mechanism of action. Because of the structural similarity of one metabolite of dFdC, dFdUMP, with the natural substrate for thymidylate synthase (TS) dUMP, we investigated whether dFdC and its deamination product 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (dFdU) would inhibit TS. This study was performed using two solid tumor cell lines: the human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 and its dFdC-resistant variant AG6000. The specific TS inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) was included as a positive control. Using the in situ TS activity assay measuring the intracellular conversion of [5-³H]-2′-deoxyuridine or [5-³H]-2′-deoxycytidine to dTMP and tritiated water, it was observed that dFdC and dFdU inhibited TS. In A2780 cells after a 4 h exposure to 1 μM dFdC tritium release was inhibited by 50% but did not increase after 24 h, Inhibition was also observed following dFdU at 100 μM. No effect was observed in the dFdC-resistant cell line AG6000; in this cell line only RTX had an inhibitory effect on TS activity. In the A2780 cell line RTX inhibited TS in a time dependent manner. In addition, DNA specific compounds such as 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-beta-D-arabino-pentafuranosylcytosine and aphidicoline were utilized to exclude DNA inhibition mediated down regulation of the thymidine kinase.Inhibition of the enzyme resulted in a relative increase of mis-incorporation of [5-³H]-2′-deoxyuridine into DNA. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of in situ TS inhibition the ternary complex formation and possible inhibition in cellular extracts of A2780 cells, before and after exposure to dFdC, were determined. With the applied methods no proof for formation of a stable complex was found. In simultaneously performed experiments with 5FU such a complex formation could be demonstrated. However, using purified TS it was demonstrated that dFdUMP and not dFdCMP competitively inhibited TS with a Ki of 130 μM, without ternary complex formation. In conclusion, in this paper we reveal a new target of dFdC: thymidylate synthase.     

A concise synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl 2-azido-2-deoxy- and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranosides

4-nitrophenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-alpha- and beta-D-mannopyranosides were prepared from methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose, respectively. Chemoselective reduction of both azides with hydrogen sulfide readily afforded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-4,6-di-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D- and -beta-D-mannopyranosides in higher yields than reduction with triphenylphosphine or a polymer-supported triarylphosphine. Subsequent de-O-acetylation yielded 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranoside in 20% and 44% overall yields, respectively.     

Ca2+位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程

以拟南芥为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了Ca2+在硫化氢(H2S)诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的关系。结果表明： H2S诱导气孔关闭, Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和质膜Ca2+通道阻断剂硝苯地平(Nif)能不同程度抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭,而内质网钙泵阻断剂毒胡萝卜素(Thaps)对H2S的作用无显著影响。由此推测, Ca2+参与调节H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程,且胞质中Ca2+来源于胞外Ca2+的内流。另外, H2S诱导拟南芥叶片NADPH氧化酶基因AtRBOHD和AtRBOHF以及细胞壁过氧化物酶基因AtPRX34表达增强,促进叶片和保卫细胞中H2O2积累, EGTA对此起抑制作用,而外源CaCl2处理上调AtRBOHD、AtRBOHF和AtPRX34的表达。表明Ca2+可能位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

拟南芥血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)与过氧化氢的相互作用

拟南芥的血红蛋白1(AtGLB1)属于非共生的血红蛋白。在低氧胁迫中对植物细胞中过氧化氢(H2O2)内稳态的维持起了很重要的作用。为了检测AtGLB1与H2O2能否直接相互作用,我们扩增了拟南芥的AtGLB1基因,并将其克隆到原核表达质粒pET32a中,测序鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21。IPTG诱导目的蛋白表达后,镍离子亲和层析柱(Ni2+-NTA)纯化了靶蛋白。体外表达的氧合的AtGLB1能与H2O2直接相互作用。因此,与H2O2反应可能是AtGLB1清除低氧胁迫下产生的H2O2的一种方式。     

Synthesis of [2S-2-H]- and [2R-2-H]hexadecanoic acids

[2S-2-²H]- and [2R-2-²H]hexadecanoic acids were synthesized in overall yields of 59–67%. Methyl(2R)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoate, from the acid produced by Hansenula sydowiorum, was converted to the p-toluenesulphonate, reduced to trideutero alcohol with lithium aluminium deuteride and oxidized to [2S-2-²H]hexadecanoic acid. Methyl (2S)-2-chlorohexadecanoate, which was a by-product of tosylation and was also prepared by chlorinatioon of the hydroxy ester with thionyl chloride, on reduction and oxidation as before gave [2R-2-²H]-hexadecanoic acid. Intermediates were fully characterized, isotopic purity was 97% and optical purity was maintained throughout the syntheses. Attempts to reduce the tosyl or chloro groups, only, with sodium borodeuteride gave low yields probably due to preferential reduction of the ester group; 1,2-epoxyhexadecane was obtained from the tosylate and 2-chlorohexadecan-1-ol from the chloro ester.     

H2O2对水稻Rubisco稳定性的影响

H2 O2 浓度低于 2 0mmol·L-1时 ,Rubisco分子稳定 ;高于 2 0mmol·L-1则Rubisco的大亚基之间发生交联 ,全酶发生聚沉。H2 O2 处理后 ,Rubisco表面巯基数目减少 ,对两种蛋白水解酶尤其是胰蛋白酶的敏感性增强 ,大亚基水解明显增加。H2 O2 处理只会增加Rubisco大亚基的水解程度 ,不会造成新的水解位点     

人乳头瘤病毒2(HPV-2)变异株的突变E2蛋白转录抑制作用的研究

皮肤寻常疣的发生与多种基因型别HPV的感染密切相关.本研究利用PCR方法对1例临床罕见的寻常疣患者感染的HPV-2毒株LCR及E2基因序列进行扩增、测序,分别构建含HPV-2变异株及原毒株LCR的重组CAT基因报导质粒pBLCAT-LCR和表达突变及野生型E2蛋白的重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-E2,通过瞬时转染HeLa细胞,研究变异株启动子活性及突变E2蛋白的转录抑制作用.结果显示,患者感染的HPV-2变异株LCR及E2基因均存在多处点突变.变异株早期启动子活性明显高于原毒株;突变的E2蛋白转录抑制作用较野生型E2蛋白显著降低;变异株LCR上E2结合位点核苷酸的突变明显降低E2蛋白对病毒早期启动子的抑制作用.提示HPV-2变异株启动子活性增强及突变E2蛋白转录抑制作用的降低与这一罕见巨大寻常疣临床表型之间存在着重要的联系.     

拟南芥H_2O_2突变体的筛选及特性分析

通过化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)获得突变体筛选群体.在5 mmol/L H2O2胁迫下,以叶片温度差异为筛选指标,利用远红外成像技术进行突变体的筛选,获得了对H2O2不敏感突变体hpi1(hydrogen peroxide-insensitive1)和敏感突变体hps1(hydrogen peroxide-sensitive1).进一步研究发现,两种突变均为单基因隐性突变,气孔密度同野生型一样,而叶片温度、气孔开度和叶片失水率则有明显的差异.种子萌发实验表明,hpi1对甘露醇(Man)和NaCl不敏感而对ABA敏感,hps1则对3种胁迫都表现出敏感特性.