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1.
By R. P. Lessa A. Monteiro P. J. Duarte-Neto A. C. Vieira 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》2009,25(3):256-268
A total of 17 fishery systems covering gillnets, traps and seines targeting fish and crustaceans as well as hand-collected mussels in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil) were compared and analyzed in the present study using the RAPFISH method and 57 attributes to qualify five evaluation dimensions: economic, social, ecological, technological and management. The aim was to determine the sustainability of each field from the fishery (i.e. stocks) and social standpoint (i.e. fishermen). With regard to sustainability, it was generally apparent that the fisheries analyzed are far from any ideal that would permit long-term exploitation, but are nonetheless also distant from the extremes of non-sustainability in the environments investigated. The low degree of organization demonstrated in most fisheries of Pernambuco and the low level of schooling among the fishermen contribute toward maintaining the status quo, with an increase in situations of conflict and a lack of valorization regarding the activities. The shrimp system is the least sustainable, mainly due to its environmental impact; however, this is compensated by the relatively higher quality of living provided stakeholders through its exploitation. The evaluation dimensions showed the most sustainable system in Pernambuco to be the stationary 'uncovered pound net', followed by the line system. Alternative procedures for integrated fishery management, such as an increase in statistical data, coastal zoning to limit shrimp farms and establishing protected areas are proposed and discussed. Such procedures may contribute toward the formulation of public policies for the fishery industry of the state, which is essentially made up of artisanal fisheries with low yields and exercised by the 11 926 fishermen affiliated with coastal fishing colonies. 相似文献
2.
Although ecosystem-based management can lead to sustainable resource use, its successful implementation depends on stakeholders’
acceptance. A framework to integrate scientific knowledge about the ecosystems with stakeholders’ preferences is therefore
needed. We propose here a ‘Public Sentiment Index,’ or PSI, as an integration framework that combines an ecosystem model (Ecopath
with Ecosim; EwE) with a public choice model (the damage schedule). Using Chesapeake Bay as a case study, we demonstrate the
development of the PSI, based on judgments of Bay stakeholders, including ‘watermen’ (commercial fishers), seafood wholesalers
and retailers, recreational fishers, representatives from non-governmental organizations, scientists and managers on a range
of Bay ecosystems. The high PSI for Chesapeake Bay suggests a consensus amongst Bay stakeholders who, understanding the need
for restoring the Bay ecosystem, may accept difficult policy choices and support their implementation. 相似文献
3.
Making Sense in Time: Remote Sensing and the Challenges of Temporal Heterogeneity in Social Analysis of Environmental Change—cases from Malawi 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article contributes to the encouraging recent trend toward more critical examination of the linkages between remote sensing
and social analysis of environmental change. Using two case studies from Malawi, we explain the importance of thinking about
temporal scale when using remote sensing data. Specifically, from our on-the-ground research, we came to appreciate three
important issues: (1) multiple causation and multiple temporal scales operating simultaneously—making inference of casual
relations between particular social factors and observed land use changes difficult; (2) ‘visible’ vs. ‘invisible’ processes
and events; and (3) ‘continuous’ vs. ‘punctuated’ social and environmental processes. We observe that in each case, social
differentiation is key to understanding which temporal frames are most relevant in understanding observed land use dynamics.
We conclude that, while these are not entirely new observations, research on the applications of remote sensing in social
analysis of environmental change could be enriched by more rigorous examination of linkages between environmental change,
temporal scale, and the social relations (including social differentiation) that can help to explain how and why particular
temporal frames are most salient.
相似文献
Pauline E. PetersEmail: |
4.
This article investigates the impact of transnational environmental organizations on rural people involved in conservation
by exploring the impacts of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) ivory trade
ban on Namibia’s elephant conservation policy. This case study examines how rural African people are put into categories of
‘conservation heroes’ or ‘environmental villains’ by local conservation practitioners, government officials in Namibia and
transnational conservation actors. Findings indicate that the approach of state officials and conservation organizations (CO)
results in incomplete representations of both rural African people and the cultural importance these people attach to elephants.
The article concludes that current environmental narratives associated with rural African people have been used as powerful
‘tools of persuasion’ at the state and international level to support and legitimate conservation policy and resource use
in relation to the concerns of transnational environmental actors to the exclusion of rural African people. 相似文献
5.
The objective of this paper is the structural and narrative reconstruction of representations of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and
‘landscape’, held by rural residents of the Dadia Forest Reserve. Data collection involved in-depth interviews. Employing
a social representations’ approach, we recovered representational elements that are expected in the case of rural belief systems,
such as negative dispositions towards wolves and foxes, as well as elements of an urban adherence, such as nature’s independence.
Representational elements refer to visual aspects of the countryside, which seem compatible with the figurative nucleus of
the rural idyll. Concerning ‘wildlife’, residents focused on vultures, which comprise the main tourist attraction of the reserve.
Scientific knowledge adds to the complexity of the narrative schema, which corresponds to the representation of ‘wildlife’.
Interviewees perceived the rural landscape as an interface between the natural and the human-conditioned environment. Our
study shows that interviewees make no reference to environmental conservation or quality of life issues, as it could be expected
according to relatively wide definitions of the term ‘environmentalism’. Environmental messages reinforced by ecotourism development
seem to be recalled primarily in terms of their compatibility with the perceived economic benefit of local people. Despite
ecotourism development, representational elements that diverge from a tourist version of ‘nature’, ‘wildlife’ and ‘landscape’
were not pronounced within rural belief-systems. Further interventions within the study area are needed, in order to address
a variety of topics under the environmental conservation discourse and raise the environmental awareness of rural residents. 相似文献
6.
This communication focuses on respected older womens’ (‘Aunties’) experiences of climate and other environmental change observed
on Australia’s Erub Island in the Torres Strait. By documenting these experiences, we explore the gendered nature of climate
change, and provide new perspectives on how these environmental impacts are experienced, enacted and responded to. The way
these adverse changes affect people and places is bound up with numerous constructions of difference, including gender. The
responses of the Aunties interviewed to climate change impacts revealed Solastalgia; feelings of sadness, worry, fear and
distress, along with a declining sense of self, belonging and familiarity. 相似文献
7.
Juliette C. Young Mariella Marzano Rehema M. White David I. McCracken Steve M. Redpath David N. Carss Christopher P. Quine Allan D. Watt 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2010,19(14):3973-3990
Conflicts between the conservation of biodiversity and other human activities occur in all habitats and can impact severely
upon socio-economic and biological parameters. In a changing environment, with increasing pressure on ecosystem goods and
services and increasing urgency for biodiversity conservation, these conflicts are likely to increase in importance and magnitude
and negatively affect biodiversity and human well-being. It is essential, however, to better understand what is meant by ‘biodiversity
conflicts’ in order to develop ways to manage these effectively. In view of the complexity of the social and ecological contexts
of conflicts, this paper explores ‘biodiversity impacts’ linked to agricultural, forestry and other sectoral activities in
the UK. The paper then describes the transition from ‘biodiversity impacts’ to ‘biodiversity conflicts’, illustrating this
concept with specific examples. While generalisations relating to conflict management are made difficult by their unique contextual
settings, this paper suggests approaches for their management, based on the experiences of scientists who have been involved
in managing conflicts. We consider the role of science and scientists; trust and dialogue; and temporal and spatial scales
in biodiversity conflicts and highlight the combined role they play in successful biodiversity conflict management. Recommendations
are also made for future research on biodiversity conflicts in a changing environment. 相似文献
8.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
9.
Andreas Jørgensen Matthias Finkbeiner Michael S. Jørgensen Michael Z. Hauschild 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2010,15(4):376-384
Background, aim and scope
A relatively broad consensus has formed that the purpose of developing and using the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is to improve the social conditions for the stakeholders affected by the assessed product’s life cycle. To create this effect, the SLCA, among other things, needs to provide valid assessments of the consequence of the decision that it is to support. The consequence of a decision to implement a life cycle of a product can be seen as the difference between the decision being implemented and ‘non-implemented’ product life cycle. This difference can to some extent be found using the consequential environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA) methodology to identify the processes that change as a consequence of the decision. However, if social impacts are understood as certain changes in the lives of the stakeholders, then social impacts are not only related to product life cycles, meaning that by only assessing impacts related to the processes that change as a consequence of a decision, not all changes in the life situations of the stakeholders will be captured by an assessment following the consequential ELCA methodology. This article seeks to identify these impacts relating to the non-implemented product life cycle and establish indicators for their assessment. 相似文献10.
Social Learning Processes in Swiss Soil Protection—The ‘From Farmer - To Farmer’ Project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Flurina Schneider Patricia Fry Thomas Ledermann Stephan Rist 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):475-489
Social learning approaches have become a prominent focus in studies related to sustainable agriculture. In order to better
understand the potential of social learning for more sustainable development, the present study assessed the processes, effects
and facilitating elements of interaction related to social learning in the context of Swiss soil protection and the innovative
‘From Farmer - To Farmer’ project. The study reveals that social learning contributes to fundamental transformations of patterns
of interactions. However, the study also demonstrates that a learning-oriented understanding of sustainable development implies
including analysis of the institutional environments in which the organizations of the individual representatives of face-to-face-based
social learning processes are operating. This has shown to be a decisive element when face-to-face-based learning processes
of the organisations’ representatives are translated into organisational learning. Moreover, the study revealed that this
was achieved not directly through formalisation of new lines of institutionalised cooperation but by establishing links in
a ‘boundary space’ trying out new forms of collaboration, aiming at social learning and co-production of knowledge. It is
argued that further research on social learning processes should give greater emphasis to this intermediary level of ‘boundary
spaces’.
相似文献
Stephan RistURL: www.cde.unibe.ch |
11.
Martin Ivanov 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2001,74(4):563-573
The members of the ‘modern’ snake families Colubridae, Viperidae and Elapidae (representatives of the family Colubridae appeared in Europe as the first) might have penetrated into the areas of Central Europe probably across the Mazury -Mazowsze continental bridge. The ‘modern’ families penetrated into West Europe across the Rhine Graben by several immigration waves. Based on the known marine incursions into the Rhine Graben and adjacent areas, a total of four distinct waves of dispersal of both the Asiatic and North American immigrants can be discerned within the Early Oligocene — Middle Miocene time span. The Early Miocene (MN 1–MN 2a) and the Early / Middle Miocene (MN 3–MN 4/5) dispersals of snakes are responsible for the final displacement of representatives of the ‘ancient’ family Boidae out of West and Central Europe. The Early and the Middle Miocene migrations have likewise initiated the evolution of the modern European snake fauna. 相似文献
12.
Many estimates of ‘marine protected area (MPA) effects’ may be confounded by environmental heterogeneity between MPA and ‘Control’
sites. However, the magnitude and extent of such confounding is generally unknown. Here, the effects of microhabitat availability
on estimates of MPA performance were explicitly explored. Abundance of a reef fish species, Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825), available microhabitat, and, microhabitat preference for C. striatus within six ‘Ra’ui’ (traditionally managed MPAs) and six paired ‘Control’ sites on the island of Rarotonga, Cook Islands,
were estimated. Response ratios accounting for available microhabitat qualitatively modified inferences of Ra’ui effectiveness
for two of the six Ra’ui when contrasted with response ratios not accounting for available microhabitat. However, analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that available microhabitat accounted for significant variation in C. striatus densities between Ra’ui and Control, rather than protection. Our results suggest that adjusting for microhabitat availability
may significantly alter our perception of the effects of Ra’ui on C. striatus. Our framework, in concert with our ANCOVA models, provides a stronger assessment of MPA effects. Further, we conclude that
metrics of environmental heterogeneity should be incorporated into future assessments of MPA effectiveness, with our work
describing one potential framework to accomplish this. 相似文献
13.
The subphylum Crustacea includes the most successful species among aquatic alien invaders. The impacts of invasive alien crustaceans
(IAC) are often substantial, due to the complex trophic role of most of these species leading to cascading effects throughout
the invaded ecosystems. IAC also have the potential to cause a shift in the ‘keystone’ ecosystem functions, changing energy
flux and nutrient cycles which together affect critical ecosystem services such as biodiversity, fisheries yield and water
quality. Although no individual trait appears to be a good predictor of invasion success, a combination of some characteristics
such as eurytolerance, omnivory and certain r-selected life-history traits results in a high probability of alien crustacean species becoming invasive. Both environmental
factors, such as habitat heterogeneity in the invaded ecosystems, and evolutionary factors, such as adaptations to new environmental
conditions, also play important roles during establishment. Therefore, individual environmental niche models, including genetic
algorithm, have the highest likelihood of providing useful predictive information about invasion success and spread of alien
Crustacea. Attempts to control IAC through biocides or mechanical removal have had mixed success in the past but a strategic
combination of different methods may lead to some success in the future. 相似文献
14.
Mariana G. Bender Gustavo R. Machado Paulo José de Azevedo Silva Sergio R. Floeter Cassiano Monteiro-Netto Osmar J. Luiz Carlos E. L. Ferreira 《PloS one》2014,9(10)
In the last decades, a number of studies based on historical records revealed the diversity loss in the oceans and human-induced changes to marine ecosystems. These studies have improved our understanding of the human impacts in the oceans. They also drew attention to the shifting baseline syndrome and the importance of assessing appropriate sources of data in order to build the most reliable environmental baseline. Here we amassed information from artisanal fishermen''s local ecological knowledge, fisheries landing data and underwater visual census to assess the decline of fish species in Southeastern Brazil. Interviews with 214 fishermen from line, beach seine and spearfishing revealed a sharp decline in abundance of the bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, the groupers Epinephelus marginatus, Mycteroperca acutirostris, M. bonaci and M. microlepis, and large parrotfishes in the past six decades. Fisheries landing data from a 16-year period support the decline of bluefish as pointed by fishermen''s local knowledge, while underwater visual census campaigns show reductions in groupers'' abundance and a sharp population decline of the Brazilian endemic parrotfish Scarus trispinosus. Despite the marked decline of these fisheries, younger and less experienced fishermen recognized fewer species as overexploited and fishing sites as depleted than older and more experienced fishermen, indicating the occurrence of the shifting baseline syndrome. Here we show both the decline of multigear fisheries catches – combining anecdotal and scientific data – as well as changes in environmental perceptions over generations of fishermen. Managing ocean resources requires looking into the past, and into traditional knowledge, bringing historical baselines to the present and improving public awareness. 相似文献
15.
The impact category ‘land use’ describes in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology the environmental impacts of occupying,
reshaping and managing land for human purposes. Land use can either be the long-term use of land (e.g. for arable farming)
or changing the type of land use (e.g. from natural to urban area). The impact category ‘land use’ comprises those environmental
consequences, which impact the environment due to the land use itself, for instance through the reduction of landscape elements,
the planting of monocultures or artificial vegetation, or the sealing of surfaces. Important environmental consequences of
land use are the decreasing availability of habitats and the decreasing diversity of wildlife species. The assessment of the
environmental impacts of land use within LCA studies is the objective of this paper. Land use leads to a degradation of the
naturalness of the area utilised. In this respect the naturalness of any area can be defined as the sum of land actually not
influenced by humans and the remaining naturalness of land under use. To determine the remaining naturalness of land under
use, this study suggests applying the Hemeroby concept. “Hemeroby is a measure for the human influence on ecosystems” (Kowarik
1999). The Hemeroby level of an area describes the intensity of land use and can therefore be used to characterise different
types of land use. Characterization factors are proposed, which allow calculating the degradation of the naturalness of an
area due to a specific type of land use. Since the resource ‘nature/naturalness’ is on a larger geographical scale by far
not homogeneous, the assessment of land use needs to be regionalised. Therefore, the impact category ‘land use’ has been subdivided
into the impact sub-categories ‘land use in European biogeographic regions’. Following the general LCA framework, normalization
values for the impact sub-categories are calculated in order to facilitate the evaluation of the characterization results
with regard to their share in a reference value. Weighting factors, which enable an aggregation of the results of the different
land use sub-categories and make them comparable to other impact categories (e.g. climate change or acidification) are suggested
based on the assumption that the current land use pattern in the European biogeographic regions is acceptable. 相似文献
16.
Pascal Lesage Tomas Ekvall Louise Deschênes Réjean Samson 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):497-513
Goal, Scope and Background
The principal aim of this paper is to evaluate the environmental attributes and consequences of a ‘rehabilitation for residential redevelopment’ scenario. It is contrasted to a non-intensive and low-cost ‘exposure minimization’ scenario, assumed to be the default intervention option to obtain compliance. This paper also aims to (1) quantitatively evaluate the relative environmental significance of primary, secondary and tertiary impacts, and (2) to compare conclusions obtained from attributional and from consequential LCA of the same decision. 相似文献17.
Robert I Colautti Sarah A Bailey Colin D. A. van Overdijk Keri Amundsen Hugh J. MacIsaac 《Biological invasions》2006,8(1):45-59
Biological invasions by nonindigenous species (NIS) can have adverse effects on economically important goods and services,
and sometimes result in an ‘invisible tax’ on natural resources (e.g. reduced yield). The combined economic costs of NIS may
be significant, with implications for environmental policy and resource management; yet economic impact assessments are rare
at a national scale. Impacts of nuisance NIS may be direct (e.g. loss of hardwood trees) or indirect (e.g. alteration of ecosystem
services provided by growing hardwoods). Moreover, costs associated with these effects may be accrued to resources and services
with clear ‘market’ values (e.g. crop production) and to those with more ambiguous, ‘non-market’ values (e.g. aesthetic value
of intact forest). We characterised and projected economic costs associated with nuisance NIS in Canada, through a combination
of case-studies and an empirical model derived from 21 identified effects of 16 NIS. Despite a severe dearth of available
data, characterised costs associated with ten NIS in Canadian fisheries, agriculture and forestry totalled $187 million Canadian
(CDN) per year. These costs were dwarfed by the ‘invisible tax’ projected for sixteen nuisance NIS found in Canada, which
was estimated at between $13.3 and $34.5 billion CDN per year. Canada remains highly vulnerable to new nuisance NIS, but available
manpower and financial resources appear insufficient to deal with this problem.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
18.
Patrick Hofstetter Thomas Baumgartner Roland W. Scholz 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(2):95
Methods for Life Cycle Impact Assessment have to cope with two critical aspects, the uncertainty in values and the (unknown) system behaviour. LCA methodology should cope explicitly with these subjective elements. A structured aggregation procedure is proposed that differentiates between the technosphere and the ecosphere and embeds them in the valuesphere. LCA thus becomes a decision support system that models and combines these three spheres. We introduce three structurally identical types of LCA, each based on one coherent but different set of values. These sets of values can be derived from the Cultural Theory and are labeled as ‘egalitarian’, ‘individualistic’, and ‘hierarchic’. Within Life Cycle Impact Assessment, a damage oriented assessment model is complemented with both a newly developed precautionary indicator designed to address unknown damage and an indicator for the manageability of environmental damages. The indicators for unknown damage and for manageability complete the set of indicators judged to be relevant by decision makers. The weights given to these indicators are also value-dependent. The framework proposed here answers the criticisms that present LCA methodology does not strictly enough separate subjective from objective elements and that it fails to accurately model environmental impacts. 相似文献
19.
Paul Comtois 《Aerobiologia》1997,13(2):75-82
Pierre Miquel (1850–1922) was one of the fathers of Aerobiology, which he called Atmospheric Micrography. After studying both
Pharmacy and Medicine, he decided to investigate, under strict protocols, the living organisms of the atmosphere, brought
to light by Pasteur some 20 years earlier. All his aerobiological work was done at Paris Montsouris Observatory where he was
‘chief micrographer’ for 34 years. He was an active promoter of using only volumetric methods, and an early believer in ‘micrography
statistics’. His most important works dealing with aerobiology were related to weather influences on atmospheric bioaerosols
and on their impacts on epidemic diseases. 相似文献
20.
Matthew R. Gilligan 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1980,5(2):109-116
Synopsis Reef fish community composition in three segments of a peninsular rocky shoreline in the Gulf of California was estimated
over four periods by visual observation. ‘Point’ and ‘bay’ segments had regular and distinct species compositions over most
periods while a ‘middle’ segment was least distinct but consistently had the greatest number of species. Compositional change
along the peninsula was least regular during the coldest sea temperature period (April). Mean species turnover between segments
was highest between point and bay. Within segments, the point had greater compositional predictable composition (lowest species
turnover). When species with regular frequency of encounter were classified into ‘point’, ‘middle’, ‘bay’, and ‘no trend’
groups it was found that comparatively more ‘point’ species had pelagic eggs and comparatively more ‘bay’ species had demersal
eggs. Beta diversity of rocky-shore fishes along the physical gradient of the Punta Doble peninsula reflects a transition
between exposed and protected rocky shoreline communities. The correlated physical environmental characteristics associated
with exposed and protected habitats are discussed in relation to diversity regulation and dispersal strategies in reef fishes. 相似文献