玫烟色拟青霉北京变种

1980年,自北京农家温室内,温室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporartorum)上分离到玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)的若干菌株。用13号菌株的典型培养与本菌的原种做比较,发现在形态上与原种相似,但菌落色泽、生长速度及形成孢梗束的能力不同。故定名为玫烟色拟青霉北京变种(P.fumosoroseus var.beijingensis Fang et Q.T.Chen n.var.)。     

紫外线照射对玫烟色拟青霉产孢子能力的影响

目的:探讨紫外线照射对玫烟色拟青霉产孢子能力的影响.方法:利用20W紫外 灯对玫烟色拟青霉的原生质体悬浮液进行了不同照射时间、对孢子悬浮液进行了不同照射距 离和时间组合的紫外线照射处理.结果:紫外灯下30cm照射原生质体90 s及紫外灯下20cm照射孢子20min两个处理中,菌落直径最大菌株的菌丝生长速度显著高于出 发菌株,产孢量也分别是出发菌株的1.4及1.6倍.结论:适宜的紫外线照射处理可以提高玫烟色拟青霉的产孢子能力.     

玫烟色拟青霉最适液体培养条件的研究

通过对不同营养和不同培养条件下玫烟色拟青霉菌丝生物量和产孢量的研究,结果表明:葡萄糖为玫烟色拟青霉液体培养的最适碳源,蛋白胨为该菌生长的最适氮源,C/N为10∶1~20∶1最适于玫烟色拟青霉菌丝生长和产孢;25℃2、4 h全光照条件,对该菌生长和产孢均有利。接种后144~168 h时,菌丝生物量和产孢量均达到高峰,分别为31.72 mg/mL、24.62孢子/mL,为黑暗条件下的1.5倍和18.3倍,因此玫烟色拟青霉液体发酵终点应选择在接种后144~168 h为最好。     

害虫防治用玫烟色拟青霉分生孢子粉的干燥工艺优化

用液－固两相法生产的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Pfr116菌株的分生孢子粉,在高真空冷冻干燥,高真空室温抽干,35℃下烘干和低真空低热干燥条件下进行不同程序的干燥处理,以筛选适合该菌孢子粉生产的干燥工艺条件。结果表明,低真空（0.1MPa),低热（30℃）抽干20－24h的干燥方法最适合用于该菌孢子粉的干燥,既能保证含水量在9.0%以下,又能保证87％以上的活孢率和1130亿－1310亿／g的含孢量,而且操作简便,成本较低,可作为高纯度孢子粉生产的首选干燥工艺,高真空（15.86Pa)条件下无论冻干还是室温抽干,虽然孢子粉的含水量（2．2％－8．7％）和含孢量（1270亿－1360亿/g)指标符合生产要求,但活孢率仅62％,说明该菌孢子不适合在高真空条件干燥,在35℃下烘干24h所获孢子粉含水量,24h萌发率和含孢量分别为9．6％,82．8％和1200亿／g。该方法也可在生产中应用,但其活孢率显著低于（P＜0．05）,低真空低热抽干≤24h的孢子粉。     

玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型模拟

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella是我国南方十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,已对田间常用的化学杀虫剂产生了严重的抗性。为寻找有效的小菜蛾生物防治措施,本实验研究了一株分离自家白蚁的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (SCAU-PFCF01)对小菜蛾2～4龄幼虫的致病力。实验采用浸液法,供试浓度为1×10³、1×10⁴、1×10⁵、1×10⁶和1×10⁷个孢子/mL。结果表明：随玫烟色拟青霉孢子浓度的升高,小菜蛾的感病死亡率增加,在浓度为1×10⁷ /mL时,小菜蛾2、3和4龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为96%、85%和80%。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致病力与供试龄期有关,其感病的敏感顺序为2龄、3龄和4龄。用时间 剂量 死亡率模型（time-dose-mortality model,TDM）对各龄幼虫的致病力数据进行模拟,所建模型均顺利通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,表明模型拟合良好,并由模型估计出了该菌株对小菜蛾各龄幼虫的致死剂量与致死时间。2龄幼虫接种后第7天、3龄幼虫接种后第5天、4龄幼虫接种后第4天的LC₅₀估计值分别为1.17×10⁴、1.44×10⁴和5.21×10⁴ /mL,LC₉₀估计值分别为1.98×10⁶、3.82×10⁷和1.29×10⁸ /mL。玫烟色拟青霉对小菜蛾幼虫的致死时间与浓度相关,供试各龄幼虫的LT₅₀值随着孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而递减,在1×10⁵～1×10⁷ /mL的范围内,2龄幼虫的LT₅₀值从3.16天降低到1.72天,3龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.21天降低到1.83天,4龄幼虫的LT₅₀从3.69天降低到2.04天。即2龄幼虫致死所需的时间最短,其次为3龄幼虫,4龄幼虫致死所需的时间最长。结果显示了该株玫烟色拟青霉在小菜蛾的生物防治中具较强的应用潜力。     

温湿度对玫烟色棒束孢IF‐1106菌株孢子萌发及对烟粉虱致病力的影响(英文)

B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种重要的世界性农业害虫。玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea是防治烟粉虱的一种重要的虫生真菌。对不同温度(20、23、26、29、32℃)、不同湿度(53%、65%、75%、85%、95%)下玫烟色棒束孢IF‐1106菌株分生孢子萌发及其对烟粉虱的致病力进行了测定。结果表明:温度对孢子的萌发有显著影响,26℃时孢子萌发率最高。当相对湿度低于75%时,孢子不萌发或萌发率较低;当相对湿度为85%–95%时,孢子萌发率显著升高。26℃时,烟粉虱2龄若虫的累计死亡率最高。随着相对湿度增大,病菌的致病力增强。当相对湿度为53%–95%时,烟粉虱2龄若虫累计死亡率从54.55%增加到88.89%。玫烟色棒束孢的致病力与孢子萌发率呈正相关,但温度比相对湿度对其影响更明显。结果表明,玫烟色棒束孢IF‐1106菌株侵染烟粉虱的最佳条件是温度26℃和相对湿度大于85%。     

菜青虫感染玫烟色拟青霉后血淋巴蛋白质含量及几种保护酶活力的变化

对玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus侵染3、4龄菜青虫Pieris rapae后,其血淋巴中蛋白质含量、体内保护酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力进行了研究。结果表明,感病的3、4龄菜青虫血淋巴中蛋白质含量明显低于同期未感染的幼虫;感病虫体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活力发生了不同程度的改变,其中对3龄菜青虫体内酶活力的影响比4龄幼虫大。此外被侵染的3、4龄菜青虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力在感病前期显著高于同期未感染的菜青虫,而在感病后期明显低于同期未感染的菜青虫。     

烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的抗性机理

通过增效剂生物测定、生化分析以及钠离子通道基因ⅡS4-6 cDNA片段的RT-PCR扩增,探讨了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的抗性机理。结果表明：对于采自田间的6个烟粉虱抗性品系,磷酸三苯酯（TPP）和胡椒基丁醚（PBO）对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯均有显著的增效作用,而DEM对4种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂均无明显的增效作用。烟粉虱抗性品系的α-NA羧酸酯酶和β-NA羧酸酯酶活性分别是敏感品系的2.16～2.65倍和1.22～1.41倍,抗性品系的谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性与敏感品系没有差异,表明羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶在烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性中具有重要的作用,而谷胱甘肽S转移酶与抗性无关。通过RT-PCR克隆了6个烟粉虱田间抗性品系的钠离子通道结构域ⅡS4-6 cDNA片段的序列（420 bp）,发现与敏感品系相比,有2个位点发生突变,分别为L925I突变和I917V突变,L925I突变在所有6个烟粉虱田间抗性种群中均有发生,该位点突变已被证实与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂密切相关,表明神经不敏感性可能是烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯产生抗性的另一个重要因子。     

棉田烟粉虱种群动态及杀虫剂的影响

本文记述了烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius))各龄若虫形态特征、生物学特性,以及1977—1984年八年的田间种群动态及杀虫剂对其影响.烟粉虱是上海郊区常发性棉田害虫,但密度较低,为害不重,除棉花外还为害大豆等作物.烟粉虱从7月上旬在棉田出现,8—9月为发生盛期.一般年份有三个高峰日,每年高峰日出现有一定规律.烟粉虱田间种群积累增长数和10℃以上积温呈S形曲线相关,文中给出不同数量类型年份的相关曲线,可以用于预测种群增长趋势.10月下旬以后种群数量明显下降.调查中发现二种寄生蜂寄生若虫,对粉虱种群有一定影 响.在每年用药7—9次的常规用药田块粉虱种群可以被压制到较低水平,但寄生蜂也全部损失,在每年用药3—4次的控药田块,虽粉虱数量较多,但寄生蜂数量也有上升趋势,而影响粉虱种群数量.     

粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程

本文通过扫描电镜和透射电镜 ,观察了粉虱拟青霉对黑刺粉虱的侵染过程。用粉虱拟青霉分生孢子接种于黑刺粉虱幼虫后 ,12h孢子萌芽 ,36h菌丝穿透寄主表皮进入体腔 ,在虫体内进行生长繁殖 ,逐渐充满虫体内部 ,5d后 ,菌丝穿透寄主表皮长出体外 ,并继续生长 ,逐渐将整个虫体包裹 ,形成一个半球形的子痤 ,颜色也由白色变为栗褐色或棕红色。     

Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) biotypes in India

Host plant performance, esterase, and virus transmission tests revealed cassava-strain and sweetpotato-strain populations of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotypes in India. Individuals from the sweetpotato-reared population did not breed on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, and the cassava-strain-reared individuals failed to develop on sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lam. Eggplant, Solanum melongena L., and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., were common hosts for both biotypes. The cassava-strain whiteflies but not the sweetpotato-reared whiteflies successfully transmitted cassava mosaic virus from disease-infected cassava seedlings to healthy cassava seedlings. Presence of biotypes in B. tabaci is reported for the first time from India.     

Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under laboratory conditions

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important pests in tropical and subtropical agriculture and is a key pest in greenhouse production worldwide. Current management of B. tabaci relies upon frequent applications of insecticides. Insecticide use not only directly affects pest populations through acute toxicity but also has indirect (sublethal) effects on pest physiology or behavior. In this study, we described sublethal effects of imidacloprid on adult feeding, immature development, adult fecundity, and F1 development of B. tabaci. Honeydew excretion of adults feeding on leaves treated with LC20 and LC40 concentration was significantly lower than that on untreated leaf discs. Egg production of B. tabaci adults subject to LC20 and LC40 concentrations also was less than untreated individuals. Upon transfer to untreated leaves, honeydew excretion and egg production recovered well within 24 and 48 h, respectively. Exposure to LC20 and LC40 concentrations significantly affected developmental time of B. tabaci eggs and nymphs, whereas it did not affect adult molting rate. We did not find sublethal effects on longevity and fecundity of B. tabaci adults when exposed to LC90 and LC40 concentrations for 24 h, and on egg hatching rate, nymphal mortality, and molting rate of the subsequent F1 generation. Exposure to imidacloprid at LC40 concentration significantly decreased the number of females in the F1 generation. Imidacloprid negatively affects development and reproduction of exposed individuals, and sex ratio of subsequent (F1) generation of B. tabaci, which probably disrupts B. tabaci population dynamics, slows population increase, and reduces infestation levels. Therefore, it is necessary to consider potential impact from imidacloprid for integrated management of the pest.     

Potentiation/Antagonism of pyrethroids with organophosphate insecticides in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The binary mixtures of pyrethroids cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and deltamethrin plus organophosphates ethion, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, acephate, methamidophos, methyl parathion, and triazophos were evaluated on putatively resistant field populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Pakistan using a leaf-dip bioassay. Ethion exhibited good potentiation with all the pyrethroids. Quinalphos potentiated cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin but not bifenthrin. Acephate was potentiating with bifenthrin and fenpropathrin but antagonistic with zeta-cypermethrin. A potentiation effect was also found when methamidophos was mixed with bifenthrin and fenpropathrin. However, profenofos was antagonistic with cypermethrin, bifenthrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Similarly, bifenthrin + methyl parathion and deltamethrin + triazophos mixtures were antagonistic when tested on several populations of B. tabaci. Chlorpyrifos was antagonistic with cypermethrin but had an additive effect with fenpropathrin.     

Development and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci （Homoptera： Aleyrodidae） on three bean species

Abstract The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B-biotype on three bean species were studied at 26±1°C in the laboratory. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 27.80 days on garden beans to 18.20 days on soybeans. The survivorship from egg to adult on soybeans, cowpeas and garden beans was 77.14, 70.14 and 64.28%, respectively. The average longevity of female adults ranged from 12.30 days on soybeans to 9.80 days on garden beans, and the oviposition of B. tabaci varied from 160.85 eggs on soybeans to 98.00 eggs on garden beans. Life table parameters were calculated as biological attributes for Bemisia tabaci populations fed on three bean species. The results indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), the finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R₀) were high for populations fed on soybeans, with values of 0.1857, 1.2041 and 82.1576, respectively. The corresponding values were less for populations fed on garden beans, with values of 0.1097, 1.1159 and 31.2661, respectively. The parametric values for cowpeas were intermediate between soybeans and garden beans but no significant difference were observed for the r_m values for soybeans and cowpeas. Experimental evidence in our investigation indicated that Bemisia tabaci is best adapted and shows the greatest preference for soybean of the three bean species tested in this study.     

Combining azadirachtin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) to control Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Both azadirachtin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith have been used to control the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, but with only moderate effectiveness. Azadirachtin is a botanical insecticide derived from the neem tree, and P. fumosoroseus is an entomopathogenic fungus. To test whether these two agents might be more effective for whitefly control if used together, different rates of each were combined in laboratory bioassays in factorial treatment. Both tank mixes and separate sprays were tested. Up to 90% nymphal mortality was obtained when both the fungus and azadirachtin were combined, a significant increase over the 70%, or less, mortality obtained when only one agent was used; however, the combined effects were less than additive. Azadirachtin had moderately inhibitory effects on growth and germination of P. firmosoroseus, which may explain this antagonism.     

Discovering new insect viruses: whitefly iridovirus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci)

Adult whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), collected from the field were screened for viral pathogens using a cell line from the silverleaf whitefly, B. tabaci, B biotype (syn. B. argentifolii). Homogenates from the field-collected whiteflies were applied to cell cultures and checked for cytopathic effects (CPE). Cells were observed to develop cytoplasmic inclusions and to have a change in morphology. Cells displaying CPE were observed using a transmission electron microscope and found to be infected with a virus. The virus particles had an icosahedral shape and an approximate size of 120-130 nm. The virus was observed in defined areas of the cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus. Analysis using polymerase chain reaction, Southern blot hybridization, and DNA sequencing confirmed that the virus discovered infecting the whitefly cell cultures was an iridovirus. Sequence analysis showed that the amplimer (893 bp) had a 95% homology to the invertebrate iridescent virus type 6 major capsid protein gene. Discovery of new viruses of whiteflies may provide renewed interest in using pathogens in the development of innovative management strategies. This is the first report of an iridescent virus isolated from whiteflies, B. tabaci, collected from the field.     

Antagonism between Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid when combined for Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control

Imidacloprid and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin are both used to control the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. We tested whether the two control strategies acted additively, synergistically, or antagonistically when combined for whitefly control. We found antagonism in that B. bassiana inhibited the effectiveness of imidacloprid. When B. bassiana was combined with imidacloprid, insect response was either less than or similar to (depending on B. bassiana rates) that when imidacloprid was used alone. Adding imidacloprid to B. bassiana treatments always increased mortality, but the increase was less than additive. Beauveria bassiana spore germination and colony formation were not inhibited by imidacloprid in vitro, and B. bassiana did not adsorb or degrade imidacloprid in a tank mix. We hypothesize that B. bassiana caused a behavioral response that reduced insect feeding and uptake of imidacloprid.     

B型烟粉虱与温室白粉虱不同虫态的碱性磷酸酶性质比较

为了探明B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci B-biotype 和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum体内的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)在两者竞争替代中所起的作用,以对硝基苯磷酸二钠 (pNPP)为底物,采用个体测定和群体测定的方法,研究比较了2种粉虱不同虫态中该酶的性质。结果表明：2种粉虱的碱性磷酸酶比活力在整个发育历期均逐渐增加,成虫期达到最大。温室白粉虱2至4龄若虫（伪蛹）期的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是B型烟粉虱对应龄期酶比活力的2.58、2.68和3.14倍; B型烟粉虱雌雄成虫的碱性磷酸酶比活力分别是温室白粉虱雌雄成虫酶比活力的1.24和1.26倍,且2种粉虱雌虫的酶比活力显著大于其雄虫。2种粉虱2龄若虫到成虫的碱性磷酸酶最适pH均为7.8,最适温度均为47℃;在1龄若虫中均未能检测到该酶活性。测定并比较2种粉虱不同虫态碱性磷酸酶动力学特征参数的结果显示,温室白粉虱碱性磷酸酶在3、4龄若虫的亲和力以及在2, 3, 4龄若虫的酶蛋白浓度均显著大于B型烟粉虱的对应值,而在成虫期2种粉虱的亲和力、酶蛋白浓度无差异,B型烟粉虱的活化能显著小于温室白粉虱。据此推测,B型烟粉虱利用碱性磷酸酶在若虫期进行组织骨化和生长发育不如温室白粉虱,但羽化为成虫后利用其进行解毒代谢则可能强于温室白粉虱。     

国内烟粉虱B生物型的分布及其控制措施研究

收集了国内 15个省 2 6个不同地区的烟粉虱种群 ,根据有关报道合成了一个随即引物H16 ,对不同地区的烟粉虱DNA进行了RAPD -PCR扩增 ,根据扩增结果分析了不同烟粉虱种群的生物型。结果表明 ,在以上不同省市和地区中 ,北京、山东等 11个省 19个地区都有烟粉虱B型的分布。以烟粉虱B型为防治对象 ,比较了使用高效氯氰菊酯、高效大功臣 2种化学农药 ,和应用桨角蚜小蜂、粉虱座壳孢 2种寄生性天敌 ,对黄瓜上烟粉虱种群的控制效果 ,结果表明在一个世代内 ,喷施高效大功臣 (10 0 0× ,1次 ) ,喷施粉虱座壳孢 (5× 10 6 个孢子 /ml,2次 ) ,和释放桨角蚜小蜂 (3头雌蜂 /株 ,2次 ) ,对烟粉虱种群的控制作用分别达到 78.2 1%、95 .74 %和 5 7.5 8% ,三者都可以对烟粉虱起到较好的防治效果。     

吡蚜酮对烟粉虱取食干扰效应的探讨

采用甘兰叶片浸液法测定了吡蚜酮对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫、卵、1龄若虫和3龄若虫的致死作用。在所测试的浓度范围(9.38～300mg/L)内,烟粉虱若虫和成虫的校正死亡率均随吡蚜酮浓度的增大而顺次显著增大。取食75～150mg/L、9.38～37.5mg/L吡蚜酮处理叶片和清水处理叶片的存活成虫个体单头蜜露量(分别为0.37～0.42、0.59～0.72、1.48mm2)间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。用EPG技术研究了吡蚜酮对烟粉虱口针刺吸的不同阶段和取食活性的影响。接触低浓度吡蚜酮(75mg/L)时,最初粉虱能够正常开始取食,但不能从韧皮部正常吸取汁液。高浓度的吡蚜酮(300mg/L)抑制了口针向植物的插入。综合上述结果,说明吡蚜酮可望成为防治番茄黄曲叶病毒病载体-烟粉虱的重要药剂之一。